Waseem Rehmani
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REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
MSC SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN
Assessment of
Green Open Space’s Impacts
on Human Wellness
in selected areas of Urban Lahore
Student Name
: Waseem Anwar Rehmani
Roll Number
:-|99|16MT|4601
Supervisors
: •
Ms Nazia Iftakhar, B-Arch, MS (Remote
Sensing & GIS), MS (Urban & Regional
Planning)
•
Mr Omer Shujat Bhatti, B-Arch, MPM,
MSED, MS Proj. Mgmt, PGD, PhD Scholar
(Env. Science Continue)
Department of Environmental Design, Health & Nutritional
Sciences, Allama Iqbal Open University
June, 2024
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__________________________________
Assessment of Green Open Space’s
Impacts on human wellness in
selected areas of Urban Lahore
By
Waseem .A. Rehmani
M.Sc, B.Sc-Civil Engineering, MIEPAK, P.E, PMP® & PBA® - PMI® (USA)
(MSED -2022)
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the MSc
Sustainable Environmental Design (Master of Sciences) at the
Department of Environmental Design, Health & Nutritional Sciences,
Faculty of Sciences, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad.
Advisors
Ms Nazia Iftakhar, B-Arch, MS (Remote Sensing &
GIS), MS (Urban & Regional Planning)
Mr Omer Shujat Bhatti, B-Arch, MPM, MSED, MS
Proj. Mgmt, PGD, PhD Scholar (Env. Science
Continue)
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Month, Year
June, 2024
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
1 ABSTRACT
1.1 OBJECTIVES
To investigate the demographic characteristics of individuals visiting
green spaces in Lahore.
To assess the frequency and preferred frequency of visits to green
spaces among different demographic groups.
To identify the primary reasons for visiting green spaces and their
importance for mental, physical, and overall well-being.
To examine the accessibility and perception of green spaces in
neighborhoods.
To explore the impact of green spaces on physical health, mental
well-being, and community interaction.
To provide recommendations for enhancing the utilization and
benefits of green spaces based on the findings.
1.2 METHODS
Quantitative Methodology. Utilized a structured questionnaire
administered to a sample population in Lahore.
Questionnaire Design. Developed a comprehensive questionnaire
encompassing demographic details, visit frequency, reasons for
visiting, perceptions, and well-being assessments.
Sampling Strategy. Employed stratified random sampling to ensure
representation across age, gender, education, and residency duration
categories.
Data Collection. Conducted surveys in person at 15 green spaces
across Lahore to gather responses.
Data Analysis. Employed statistical tools such as frequencies,
percentages, and cross-tabulations to analyze the collected data.
Ethical Considerations. Ensured participants' anonymity and
confidentiality and obtained informed consent before data collection.
1.3 FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Findings
Demographics. Majority of respondents were aged between 3060, predominantly male, with education levels ranging from 12-14
years.
Marital Status. Most respondents were married, followed by
single and divorced individuals.
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Visitation Patterns. Monthly visits were the most common, with
relaxation and stress relief being the primary reason for visiting.
Well-being Impact. Green spaces positively influenced mental and
physical well-being, with most respondents reporting feeling
relaxed and experiencing improved mood after visits.
Conclusions
“Green spaces play a crucial role in enhancing well-being, with
significant positive impacts on mental and physical health.
Visitation frequency and reasons vary among individuals,
highlighting the diverse needs and preferences of visitors.
Accessibility to green spaces is essential for promoting a healthy
lifestyle and community well-being.”1 (Maas, 2006)
Recommendations
Improve accessibility. Enhance access to green spaces,
particularly for individuals living in areas with limited availability.
Enhance amenities. Invest in amenities such as walking paths,
seating, and recreational facilities to cater to diverse visitor needs.
Promote awareness. Raise awareness about the benefits of green
spaces for mental and physical health through educational
campaigns and community initiatives.
Maintenance and safety. Ensure proper maintenance and safety
measures within green spaces to encourage frequent visitation
and enhance visitor satisfaction.
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2 ACCEPTANCE BY THE COMMITTEE
Accepted by the Faculty of the Department of Environmental Design,
Health & Nutritional Sciences, Allama Iqbal Open University, in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the M.Sc (Sustainable Environmental
Design) Degree.
Viva Voce Committee
(Chairperson)
Ms Nazia Iftakhar, B-Arch, MS (Remote Sensing & GIS), MS (Urban & Regional Planning)
(Research Supervisor)
Mr Omer Shujat Bhatti, B-Arch, MPM, MSED, MS Proj. Mgmt, PGD, PhD Scholar
(Env. Science Continue)
(Research Supervisor)
(Day, Month, Year)
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3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I extend my heartfelt gratitude to all those who have contributed to
the realization of this thesis, "Assessment of Green Open Space's
Impacts on Human Wellness in Urban Lahore."
First and foremost, I express my deepest appreciation to my thesis
advisors; Ms Nazia Iftakhar, B-Arch, MS (Remote Sensing & GIS), MS
(Urban & Regional Planning) and Mr Omer Shujat Bhatti, B-Arch,
MPM, MSED, MS Proj. Mgmt, PGD, PhD Scholar (Env. Science
Continue), whose guidance, expertise, and unwavering support have
been invaluable throughout this journey. Their insightful feedback
and encouragement have inspired me to push the boundaries of
knowledge and strive for excellence in every aspect of this study.
I am also thankful to the faculty members of Department of
Environmental Design, Health & Nutritional Sciences, Allama Iqbal
Open University for their invaluable guidance and mentorship. Their
wisdom, encouragement, and scholarly insights have enriched my
academic experience and shaped the direction of this research.
To my family, whose unconditional love, encouragement, and
understanding have been my pillars of strength, I offer my heartfelt
gratitude. Their unwavering support and belief in my abilities have
been a constant source of inspiration and motivation.
I am grateful to the participants of this study, whose willingness to
share their experiences and perspectives has been instrumental in
shaping the findings and conclusions of this thesis. Their insights have
provided valuable insights into the complex relationship between
urban green spaces and human well-being.
Finally, I extend my gratitude to all those who have supported and
encouraged me throughout this academic journey. Their support has
been invaluable, and I am deeply grateful for the opportunity to
undertake this research and contribute to the growing body of
knowledge in this field.
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4 FORWARDING SHEET
The Project entitled “Assessment of Green Open Space’s Impacts on
Human Wellness in selected areas of Urban Lahore” by Waseem Anwar
Rehmani, Roll Number :-|99|16MT|4601
has been completed under my guidance and I am satisfied with the
quality of student’s research work.
Date
Adviser-1
Ms Nazia Iftakhar, B-Arch, MS
(Remote Sensing & GIS), MS
(Urban & Regional Planning)
Date
Adviser-2
Mr Omer Shujat Bhatti, B-Arch,
MPM, MSED, MS Proj. Mgmt,
PGD, PhD Scholar (Env. Science
Continue)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
-
ABSTRACT
I
OBJECTIVES
METHODS
FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
I
I
I
2
ACCEPTANCE BY THE COMMITTEE
III
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
IV
4
FORWARDING SHEET
V
5
PREFACE
6
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
XII
1
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 BACKGROUND
6.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT
6.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
6.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
6.5.1 QUESTIONNAIRE PROFORMA IN ENGLISH.
FIGURE 61 QUESTIONNAIRE PROFORMA IN ENGLISH
6.5.2 QUESTIONNAIRE PROFORMA IN URDU.
6.6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
6.6.1 POPULATION
6.6.2 SAMPLE
6.6.3 RESEARCH TOOL
6.6.4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
6.6.4.1 Data Collection
6.7 RESEARCH DELIMITATIONS
6.8 DEFINITIONS
-
7
24
7.1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
URBAN GREEN SPACES – EDITED BY RUI ALEXANDRE CASTANHO & JOSE CABEZAS FERNANDEZ 24
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VALUING U.S. NATIONAL PARKS AND PROGRAMS – EDITED BY LINDA J. BILMES & JOHN B. LOOMIS
24
7.3 URBAN GREEN SPACES AND HEALTH A REVIEW OF EVIDENCE BY KATHLEEN WOLF
26
7.4 THE EXPERIENCE OF NATURE A PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE. CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS BY
KAPLAN, R., & KAPLAN, S
27
7.5 GREEN AND BLUE OPEN SPACES AND MENTAL HEALTH NEW EVIDENCE AND PERSPECTIVES FOR
ACTION BY MUDU PIERPAOLO ET ALL (WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION)
28
7.6 NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS TO CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION IN URBAN AREAS BY NADJA
KABISCH ET ALL
29
7.7 URBAN OPEN SPACES BY HELEN WOOLLEY
30
7.8 OPEN SPACE, PEOPLE SPACE BY PETER ASPINALL
31
7.9 GREEN SPACE IN THE COMMUNITY BY STEFFAN ROBEL
32
7.2
-
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
-
RESEARCH DESIGN
POPULATION
SAMPLE
RESEARCH TOOLS
COLLECTION OF DATA
STATISTICAL TESTS USED TO ANALYZE THE DATA IN DETAIL
DATA COLLECTION & ANALYSIS
38
9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.2 TOTAL AREA AND GREEN OPEN SPACES IN LAHORE
9.3 AN OVERVIEW OF GEOGRAPHICAL BOUNDARIES OF LAHORE
9.3.1 LAHORE DISTRICT
9.3.2 TEHSIL LAHORE CANTT
9.3.3 TEHSIL – MODEL TOWN
9.3.4 TEHSIL – LAHORE CITY
9.3.5 TEHSIL – SHALIMAR
9.3.6 TEHSIL – RAIWIND
9.4 SELECTED PARKS FOR CONDUCTING THE STUDY
9.4.1 JALLO PARK
9.4.1.1 Location map – jallo park
9.4.1.2 summary of answers – jallo park
9.4.2 LAHORE WILDLIFE PARK
9.4.2.1 location map - LAHORE WILDLIFE PARK
9.4.2.2 summary of answers - LAHORE WILDLIFE PARK
9.4.3 DEFENCE RAYA GOLF & COUNTRY CLUB
9.4.3.1 location map - DEFENCE RAYA GOLF & COUNTRY CLUB
9.4.3.2 summary of answers - DEFENCE RAYA GOLF & COUNTRY CLUB
9.4.4 BAGH-E-JINNAH
9.4.4.1 location map - Bagh-e-Jinnah
9.4.4.2 summary of answers - Bagh-e-Jinnah
9.4.5 LAHORE GARRISON GOLF & COUNTRY CLUB
9.4.5.1 location map - LAHORE GARRISON GOLF & COUNTRY CLUB
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9.4.5.2 summary of answers - LAHORE GARRISON GOLF & COUNTRY CLUB
9.4.6 RACE COURSE (JILANI PARK)
9.4.6.1 location map - RACE COURSE (Jilani Park)
9.4.6.1 summary of answers - RACE COURSE (Jilani Park)
9.4.7 GREATER IQBAL PARK
9.4.7.1 location map - GREATER IQBAL PARK
9.4.7.2 summary of answers - GREATER IQBAL PARK
9.4.8 MODEL TOWN PARK
9.4.8.1 location map - Model Town Park
9.4.8.1 summary of answers - Model Town Park
9.4.9 GULSHAN-E-IQBAL PARK
9.4.9.1 location map - Gulshan-e-Iqbal Park
9.4.9.1 summary of answers - - gulshan-e-Iqbal Park
9.4.10 SHALIMAR BAGH
9.4.10.1 location map - SHALIMAR BAGH
9.4.10.1 summary of answers - SHALIMAR BAGH
9.4.11 JAM-E-SHIRIN PARK
9.4.11.1 location map - Jam-e-Shirin Park
9.4.11.1 summary of answers - Jam-e-Shirin Park
9.4.12 NASIR BAGH
9.4.12.1 location map - NASIR BAGH
9.4.12.1 summary of anSWERS - NASIR BAGH
9.4.13 SAINT MARY’S PARK
9.4.13.1 LOCATION MAP - SAINT MARY’S PARK
9.4.13.1 SUMMARY OF ANSWERS - SAINT MARY’S PARK
9.4.14 AYUBIA PARK
9.4.14.1 LOCATION MAP - Ayubia Park
9.4.14.1 SUMMARY OF ANSWERS - Ayubia Park
9.4.15 SECTOR G, SPORTS COMPLEX
9.4.15.1 LOCATION MAP - SECTOR G, SPORTS COMPLEX
9.4.15.2 SUMMARY OF ANSWERS - SECTOR G, SPORTS COMPLEX
10
-
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
102
10.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
10.1.1 DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
10.1.1.1 Age (Question-1)
10.1.1.2 Gender (Question-2)
10.1.1.3 Education Level attained (Question-3)
10.1.1.4 Marital Status (Question-4)
10.1.1.5 Number of Children (Question-5)
10.1.1.6 Living in Lahore for ? (Question-6)
10.1.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS:
10.1.2.1 Occupation (Question-7)
10.1.2.2 Monthly Income (Question-8)
10.1.3 VISIT FREQUENCY AND PREFERENCES:
10.1.3.1 Your present Visit Frequency (Question-9)
10.1.3.2 Your Preferred Visit Frequency (Question-10)
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10.1.3.3 Primary Reason for Visiting (Question- Time of Visit (Question- Average Visit Time (Question-13)
10.1.4 AMENITIES AND REASONS TO VISIT:
10.1.4.1 Important Amenities (Question- Reasons to Visit More Often (Question-15)
10.1.5 WELL-BEING IMPACT:
10.1.5.1 Mental Wellbeing After Visit (Question- Physical Health Impact (Question- Overall Wellbeing After Spending Time (Question- Importance of Green Spaces for Physical Health (Question- Importance of Green Spaces for Mental Health (Question- Importance of Green Spaces for Social Interaction and Community Building
(Question-21)
10.1.6 ACCESSIBILITY AND PERCEPTION:
10.1.6.1 How do you access green spaces? (Question- Green space accessibility in your neighborhood? (Question- Mental Well-Being After Visit (Question- Physical Health Impact (Question- Overall Well-Being After Visit (Question- Importance for Healthy Lifestyle (Question- Noise Level Perception (Question- Air Quality Perception (Question- Feel Safe During the Visit? (Question-30)
10.2 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
10.2.1 DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
10.3 SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS
10.4 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS
-
11
144
RESUME
11.1 TITLE OF PROJECT
144
11.2 MAJOR DEPARTMENT
144
11.3 NAME
144
11.4 PLACE AND DATE OF BIRTH
ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
11.5 COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITIES WITH YEARS ATTENDED AND DEGREES OBTAINED ERROR!
BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
11.6 CREDENTIALS / SPECIALIZATIONS
ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
11.7 MEMBERSHIPS IN LEARNED OR HONORARY SOCIETIES ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
11.8 PUBLICATIONS
144
11.9 DATE
144
12
REFERENCES
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FIGURES
FIGURE 61 QUESTIONNAIRE PROFORMA IN ENGLISH ............................................................................ 10
FIGURE 62 QUESTIONNAIRE PROFORMA IN URDU ................................................................................ 11
FIGURE 91 LAHORE DISTRICT .................................................................................................................. 40
FIGURE 92 TEHSIL LAHORE CANTT.......................................................................................................... 41
FIGURE 93 TEHSIL MODEL TOWN ........................................................................................................... 41
FIGURE 94 TEHSIL LAHORE CITY ............................................................................................................. 42
FIGURE 95 TEHSIL SHALIMAR ................................................................................................................. 42
FIGURE 96 TEHSIL RAIWIND ................................................................................................................... 43
FIGURE 97 LOCATION MAP – JALLO PARK .............................................................................................. 45
FIGURE 98 LAHORE WILDLIFE PARK........................................................................................................ 49
FIGURE 99 LOCATION MAP - DEFENCE RAYA GOLF & COUNTRY CLUB ................................................. 53
FIGURE 910 LOCATION MAP - BAGH-E-JINNAH ..................................................................................... 57
FIGURE 911 LOCATION MAP - LAHORE GARRISON GOLF & COUNTRY CLUB ........................................ 60
FIGURE 912 LOCATION MAP - RACE COURSE (JILANI PARK) .................................................................. 65
FIGURE 913 LOCATION MAP - GREATER IQBAL PARK ............................................................................ 69
FIGURE 914 LOCATION MAP - MODEL TOWN PARK .............................................................................. 72
FIGURE 915 LOCATION MAP - GULSHAN-E-IQBAL PARK ....................................................................... 76
FIGURE 916 LOCATION MAP - SHALIMAR BAGH ................................................................................... 79
FIGURE 917 LOCATION MAP - JAM-E-SHIRIN PARK ............................................................................... 83
FIGURE 918 LOCATION MAP - NASIR BAGH ........................................................................................... 87
FIGURE 919 LOCATION MAP - SAINT MARY’S PARK .............................................................................. 90
FIGURE 920 LOCATION MAP - AYUBIA PARK ......................................................................................... 94
FIGURE 921 LOCATION MAP - SECTOR G, SPORTS COMPLEX ................................................................ 97
24.2% OF RESPONDENTS ARE AGED OVER 60, WHILE 20.9% FALL WITHIN THE 30-45 AGE RANGE.
FIGURE 101 AGE (QUESTION-1) ................................................................................................. 102
FIGURE 102 GENDER (QUESTION-2) ..................................................................................................... 103
FIGURE 103 EDUCATION LEVEL ATTAINED (QUESTION-3) ................................................................... 103
FIGURE 104 MARITAL STATUS (QUESTION-4)....................................................................................... 104
FIGURE 105 NUMBER OF CHILDREN (QUESTION-5) ............................................................................. 104
FIGURE 106 LIVING IN LAHORE FOR ? (QUESTION-6) ........................................................................... 105
FIGURE 107 OCCUPATION (QUESTION-7) ............................................................................................. 106
FIGURE 108 MONTHLY INCOME (QUESTION-8) ................................................................................... 107
FIGURE 109 YOUR PRESENT VISIT FREQUENCY (QUESTION-9) ............................................................ 108
FIGURE 1010 YOUR PREFERRED VISIT FREQUENCY (QUESTION-10) .................................................... 109
FIGURE 1011 PRIMARY REASON FOR VISITING (QUESTION-11) ........................................................... 110
FIGURE 1012 TIME OF VISIT (QUESTION-12) ........................................................................................ 112
FIGURE 1013 AVERAGE VISIT TIME (QUESTION-13) ......................................................................... 113
FIGURE 1014 IMPORTANT AMENITIES (QUESTION-14) ........................................................................ 115
FIGURE 1015 REASONS TO VISIT MORE OFTEN (QUESTION-15) .......................................................... 116
FIGURE 1016 MENTAL WELLBEING AFTER VISIT (QUESTION-16) ......................................................... 118
FIGURE 1017 PHYSICAL HEALTH IMPACT (QUESTION-17) .................................................................... 120
FIGURE 1018 OVERALL WELLBEING AFTER SPENDING TIME (QUESTION-18) ...................................... 122
FIGURE 1019 IMPORTANCE OF GREEN SPACES FOR PHYSICAL HEALTH (QUESTION-19) ..................... 125
FIGURE 1020 IMPORTANCE OF GREEN SPACES FOR MENTAL HEALTH (QUESTION-20) ...................... 127
FIGURE 1021 IMPORTANCE OF GREEN SPACES FOR SOCIAL INTERACTION AND COMMUNITY BUILDING
(QUESTION-21) .......................................................................................................................... 130
FIGURE 1022 HOW DO YOU ACCESS GREEN SPACES? (QUESTION-22) ................................................ 131
FIGURE 1023 GREEN SPACE ACCESSIBILITY IN YOUR NEIGHBORHOOD? (QUESTION-23) .................... 132
FIGURE 1024 MENTAL WELL-BEING AFTER VISIT (QUESTION-24) ........................................................ 132
FIGURE 1025 PHYSICAL HEALTH IMPACT (QUESTION-25) .................................................................... 133
FIGURE 1026 OVERALL WELL-BEING AFTER VISIT (QUESTION-26) ................................................... 134
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FIGURE 1027 IMPORTANCE FOR HEALTHY LIFESTYLE (QUESTION-27) ................................................ 135
FIGURE 1028 NOISE LEVEL PERCEPTION (QUESTION-28) ................................................................ 136
FIGURE 1029 AIR QUALITY PERCEPTION (QUESTION-29)..................................................................... 137
FIGURE 1030 FEEL SAFE DURING THE VISIT? (QUESTION-30) ............................................................. 138
TABLES
TABLE 9-1 SELECTED PARKS FOR CONDUCTING THE STUDY ................................................................. 44
TABLE 9-2 SUMMARY OF ANSWERS - JALLO PARK ................................................................................ 48
TABLE 9-3 SUMMARY OF ANSWERS - LAHORE WILDLIFE PARK ............................................................ 52
TABLE 9-4 SUMMARY OF ANSWERS - DEFENCE RAYA GOLF & COUNTRY CLUB ................................... 56
TABLE 9-5 SUMMARY OF ANSWERS - BAGH-E-JINNAH ......................................................................... 60
TABLE 9-6 SUMMARY OF ANSWERS - LAHORE GARRISON GOLF & COUNTRY CLUB ............................ 64
TABLE 9-7 SUMMARY OF ANSWERS - RACE COURSE (JILANI PARK) ...................................................... 68
TABLE 9-8 SUMMARY OF ANSWERS - GREATER IQBAL PARK ................................................................ 71
TABLE 9-9 SUMMARY OF ANSWERS - MODEL TOWN PARK .................................................................. 75
TABLE 9-10 SUMMARY OF ANSWERS - GULSHAN-E-IQBAL PARK ......................................................... 79
TABLE 9-11 SUMMARY OF ANSWERS - SHALIMAR BAGH ..................................................................... 82
TABLE 9-12 SUMMARY OF ANSWERS - JAM-E-SHIRIN PARK ................................................................. 86
TABLE 9-13 SUMMARY OF ANSWERS – NASIR BAGH ............................................................................ 90
TABLE 9-14 SUMMARY OF ANSWERS – SAINT MARY’S PARK ............................................................... 93
TABLE 9-15 SUMMARY OF ANSWERS – AYUBIA PARK .......................................................................... 97
TABLE 9-16 SUMMARY OF ANSWERS – SECTOR G, SPORTS COMPLEX ............................................... 101
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5 PREFACE
In the bustling heart of Lahore, amidst its rich tapestry of culture,
history, and rapid urbanization, lies a crucial concern that touches
every resident's life—the preservation and enhancement of our
green open spaces. As a city teeming with life and energy, Lahore has
witnessed significant transformations over the years, evolving from
its storied past as the Mughal Gardens to a sprawling metropolis.
This thesis, "Assessment of Green Open Space's Impacts on Human
Wellness in Urban Lahore," delves deep into the intricate
relationship between Lahore's urban landscape and the well-being of
its inhabitants. It emerges from a culmination of curiosity, concern,
and a fervent desire to safeguard the essence of Lahore's green
heritage while nurturing its urban vibrancy.
The journey embarked upon within these pages is one of exploration,
inquiry, and discovery. It is a testament to the collaborative efforts of
numerous stakeholders—urban planners, policymakers, community
members, and researchers—who share a common commitment to
fostering a healthier and more sustainable urban environment.
As I navigated through the labyrinth of data, research methodologies,
and analyses, I was continually humbled by the depth of insight and
resilience displayed by the people of Lahore. Their stories,
aspirations, and concerns have woven a rich tapestry of
understanding, guiding the narrative and shaping the outcomes of
this study.
This thesis is not merely a collection of words on paper; it is a call to
action, a plea for mindfulness, and a vision for a greener, healthier
future for Lahore and its residents. May it serve as a catalyst for
meaningful dialogue, informed decision-making, and transformative
change in the pursuit of a more sustainable urban landscape.
With deep reverence for Lahore's past, unwavering dedication to its
present, and boundless hope for its future, I present this thesis as a
testament to our collective journey towards a greener, healthier, and
more vibrant Lahore.
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6 INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
6.1 INTRODUCTION
The urban landscape of Lahore, Pakistan, is undergoing rapid
transformations with escalating urbanization and development. As
the city evolves, the importance of green open spaces in influencing
the well-being of its residents becomes a critical focal point. This
research embarks on a journey to assess the impact of green open
spaces on human well-being in urban Lahore, delving into the
intricate dynamics that shape the relationship between the
environment and the individuals inhabiting it.
General Context
“At a macro level, the city's expansion and modernization have
brought about changes in lifestyle, community dynamics, and the
overall urban experience. Against this backdrop, the role of green
open spaces, encompassing parks, gardens, and communal
recreational areas, emerges as a vital factor in shaping the
physical, mental, and social well-being of the urban populace.2”
(Hartig, 2014)
Transition to the Focused Area
As we narrow our lens, this research zeroes in on the specific
nuances of how these green open spaces impact the daily lives of
Lahore's residents. Beyond their aesthetic appeal, these spaces
are perceived as potential contributors to mental rejuvenation,
physical health, and community bonding. Understanding the
intricate interplay between the design, accessibility, and
utilization of these spaces is fundamental to comprehending their
true impact on human well-being.
Significance of the Focused Area
The significance of this exploration lies in its potential to inform
urban planning practices, policymaking, and community
engagement initiatives. By unraveling the complexities of this
relationship, we aim to not only contribute to academic discourse
but also provide practical insights for those tasked with shaping
the future urban fabric of Lahore.
Roadmap for Exploration
This journey will unfold through quantitative surveys. By capturing
the perspectives and experiences of urban residents during the
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summer months of February to April, we aim to shed light on the
seasonal variations and immediate impact of these green open
spaces on well-being.
In essence, this research endeavor seeks to bridge the gap between
the macroscopic urban landscape and the microcosm of individual
experiences within green open spaces, ultimately painting a
comprehensive picture of their influence on human well-being in the
urban milieu of Lahore.
6.2 BACKGROUND
“Urbanization, a hallmark of progress, has transformed Lahore into a
dynamic metropolis characterized by burgeoning infrastructure and
rapid development. As the cityscape evolves, the intrinsic value of
green open spaces takes center stage in the discourse surrounding
urban well-being. Recognizing this pivotal role, this research unfolds
against the backdrop of Lahore's urban metamorphosis, delving into
the historical, societal, and environmental context that underscores
the significance of assessing the impact of green open spaces on
human well-being.”3 (Jenks, 2000)
Historical Context
“Lahore, with its rich history and cultural heritage, has witnessed
urbanization that spans centuries. From the Mughal era's
meticulously designed gardens to the present-day expansion
driven by modern development, the city has undergone diverse
phases of urban growth. Understanding this historical continuum
provides insights into how green open spaces have been
conceived, utilized, and preserved over time.
Societal Shifts
The societal fabric of Lahore has experienced shifts mirroring the
city's evolving landscape. As the population density increases and
lifestyle patterns transform, green open spaces serve as
communal hubs fostering social interactions, recreation, and
cultural activities. This research seeks to explore how these spaces
adapt to meet the changing needs of a dynamic and diverse urban
populace.
Environmental Dynamics
The ecological dimension of Lahore's urban environment is closely
intertwined with the role of green open spaces. Amidst concerns
of air quality, noise pollution, and the heat island effect, these
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spaces emerge as crucial mitigators. Examining the symbiotic
relationship between the urban environment and green spaces
unveils their potential impact on both ecological sustainability and
the well-being of residents.”4 (Rahman, 2012)
Emerging Urban Challenges
Contemporary challenges such as stress, sedentary lifestyles, and
mental health issues have become increasingly prevalent in urban
settings. Against this backdrop, the exploration of green open
spaces as potential antidotes gains significance. The escalating
pace of urbanization necessitates a nuanced understanding of
how these spaces can contribute to fostering healthier and more
balanced urban lifestyles.
As we embark on this exploration, the background contextualizes
the research within the broader narrative of Lahore's urban
evolution, emphasizing the need to scrutinize the role of green
open spaces in shaping the well-being of its residents. This
backdrop sets the stage for a focused investigation that
transcends historical, societal, and environmental dimensions,
aiming to provide actionable insights for the sustainable
development of Lahore's urban fabric.
6.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Overall Problem Definition
The overarching problem at the crux of this research lies in
understanding and mitigating the intricate challenges posed by
urbanization and rapid development in Lahore, particularly
concerning the well-being of its residents.
Core Components of the Problem
Impact of Urbanization on Well-being
“The accelerating pace of urbanization and associated
developments in Lahore raise concerns about how these
changes influence the holistic well-being of the urban
populace.
Role of Green Open Spaces
Amidst this urban evolution, the research zeroes in on the role
of green open spaces as pivotal elements in the well-being
equation. The literature review underscores their historical
significance, societal importance, and potential contributions
to mitigating contemporary challenges such as stress,
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sedentary lifestyles, and mental health issues.”5 (Novotny,
2007)
Complex Interplay Between Design and Well-being
The observed changes and existing literature reveal a complex
interplay between the design, accessibility, and utilization of
green open spaces and their impact on individual and communal
well-being. The problem is not merely the scarcity of these spaces
but understanding how their characteristics influence the wellbeing of those interacting with them.
Urban Challenges and Well-being Deficits
Urban challenges, including environmental concerns, stressors,
and lifestyle-related health issues, manifest as a significant threat
to the well-being of Lahore's residents. The problem is rooted in
addressing these deficits and uncovering practical strategies to
enhance the urban environment's positive impact on well-being.
Research Objective in Light of the Problem
“The central objective of this research is to systematically assess
the impact of green open spaces on human well-being in urban
Lahore, aiming to provide insights into the complexities of this
relationship. By addressing the identified problem, the research
aspires to contribute knowledge that can inform evidence-based
practices for fostering a healthier and more sustainable urban
environment, mitigating the potential well-being challenges posed
by urbanization.”6 (Butt, 2014)
6.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
To assess the design characteristics of green open spaces in urban
Lahore and their impact on the perceived well-being of residents.
Design Characteristics Evaluation
Evaluate elements such as landscaping, layout, accessibility,
amenities, and aesthetic considerations.
Examine how these design characteristics align with
established principles of creating vibrant and user-friendly
urban green spaces.
Perceived Well-being Measurement
Employ methods to measure the perceived well-being of
residents utilizing these green spaces.
Utilize surveys to capture residents' perspectives on the impact
of design elements.
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Explore how the design aspects contribute to residents'
feelings of relaxation, mental rejuvenation, and overall
satisfaction.
Environmental Psychology Insights
“Draw from principles of environmental psychology to
understand the psychological impact of specific design
features.
Investigate how elements like greenery, seating arrangements,
and recreational facilities influence residents' emotional and
mental states.
Identify correlations between design characteristics and the
sense of connection with nature or community within these
spaces.”7 (Steg, 2004)
Comparative Analysis
Conduct a comparative analysis across different green spaces
within the urban landscape of Lahore.
Identify variations in design characteristics and assess their
varying impacts on residents' perceived well-being.
Consider demographic factors to understand if the impact
differs among diverse groups of urban residents.
Policy and Planning Implications
Derive insights with practical implications for urban planners
and policymakers.
Provide recommendations for optimizing design characteristics
to enhance the positive impact on residents' well-being.
Offer guidelines for future urban development projects to
integrate effective design features that contribute to a
healthier urban environment.
By focusing on these details, the objective aims to unravel the
nexus between the design attributes of green open spaces and the
well-being perceptions of residents, contributing valuable insights
to the broader research inquiry.
To examine the role of accessibility and utilization patterns of green
open spaces in influencing the physical and mental health of the
urban population.
Accessibility Assessment
Evaluate the accessibility of green open spaces in urban
Lahore, considering factors such as proximity to residential
areas, transportation infrastructure, and ease of entry.
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Analyze how these accessibility features impact the frequency
and convenience of residents' visits to these spaces.
Utilization Patterns Study
Conduct a comprehensive study of how residents utilize green
open spaces.
Explore patterns such as peak usage times, activities
undertaken, and the duration of visits.
Investigate if certain features or amenities attract more usage
and how these patterns contribute to the overall well-being of
individuals.
Physical Health Impact
“Explore the influence of green space utilization on physical
health outcomes during the summer.
Consider factors like increased physical activity, exposure to
natural elements, and potential health benefits.
Investigate if accessibility and utilization patterns correlate
with reduced stress, improved health, and overall physical
well-being.”
Mental Health Influence
Examine the role of green open spaces in promoting mental
health during the summer months.
Investigate whether accessibility and utilization contribute to
stress reduction, enhanced mood, and a sense of psychological
well-being.
Assess if specific utilization patterns align with positive mental
health outcomes for the urban population.
Weather Considerations
Consider the impact of summer weather conditions on the
accessibility and utilization of green spaces.
Explore how temperature, daylight duration, and seasonal
changes influence residents' decisions to access and engage
with these spaces.
Comparative Analysis
Conduct a comparative analysis across different green spaces
to identify variations in accessibility and utilization patterns.
Assess how these variations correlate with differing impacts on
the physical and mental health of the urban population.
Consider demographic factors to understand if the influence on
health outcomes varies among different groups.
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Recommendations for Urban Planning
Derive practical recommendations for urban planning
strategies based on the findings.
Suggest improvements in accessibility and the design of green
spaces to optimize their positive impact on physical and mental
health.
Provide insights that can inform policies for enhancing the
overall urban experience during the summer months.
By examining these details, the objective aims to unravel the
intricate relationship between the accessibility, utilization
patterns, and the health outcomes of residents engaging with
green open spaces during the summer in urban Lahore.
To explore how green open spaces contribute to community
engagement, social interactions, and overall quality of life, aiming
to provide actionable insights for urban planners, policymakers, and
community stakeholders.
Community Engagement Analysis
Investigate the extent to which green open spaces foster
community engagement.
Examine organized events, community initiatives, and the role
of these spaces as hubs for social gatherings.
Analyze how community engagement within green spaces
influences the sense of belonging and identity among
residents.
Social Interactions Observation
Conduct observational studies to understand the nature and
frequency of social interactions within green spaces.
Explore patterns of socialization, group activities, and the
diversity of interactions among different demographic groups.
Identify factors within the design and accessibility that enhance
or hinder social interactions.
Quality of Life Assessment
Employ both qualitative and quantitative measures to assess
the overall quality of life influenced by green open spaces.
Capture residents' perceptions and experiences related to their
well-being, satisfaction, and overall life quality.
Identify specific aspects of these spaces that contribute
significantly to enhancing the quality of life for urban residents.
Cultural and Recreational Contributions
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Explore the cultural and recreational aspects facilitated by
green open spaces.
Assess the role of these spaces in preserving cultural heritage,
hosting events, and providing recreational opportunities.
Investigate how these contributions enhance the overall social
fabric and quality of life within the urban landscape.
Inclusivity and Accessibility
Examine how the design and accessibility of green spaces
contribute to inclusivity among diverse demographic groups.
Identify features that make these spaces accessible and
appealing to individuals from various age groups, backgrounds,
and abilities.
Assess the inclusivity of activities and events held within these
spaces.
Community Stakeholder Perspectives
Engage with community stakeholders, including residents, local
businesses, and community organizations.
Collect insights and perspectives on how green spaces
contribute to community engagement, social interactions, and
overall well-being.
Incorporate the voices of stakeholders in shaping
recommendations for future urban planning and policy
decisions.
Actionable Insights for Stakeholders
Translate research findings into actionable insights for urban
planners, policymakers, and community stakeholders.
Provide specific recommendations for enhancing community
engagement, fostering social interactions, and optimizing the
overall quality of life through green open spaces.
Offer guidance on potential improvements in design,
programming, and management to maximize the positive
impact on community dynamics.
By exploring these details, the objective aims to uncover the social
dynamics within green open spaces and their implications for
community engagement, social interactions, and the overall
quality of life in urban Lahore. The insights derived from this
exploration will contribute to informed decision-making for urban
development and community well-being.
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6.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The Questions Age?
Gender?
Education Level attained?
Marital Status?
Number of Children
Living in Lahore for?
Occupation?
Monthly Income?
Your present Visit Frequency?
Your Preferred Visit Frequency?
Primary Reason for Visiting?
Time of Visit?
Average Visit Time?
Important Amenities?
Reasons to Visit More Often?
Mental Wellbeing After Visit?
Physical Health Impact?
Overall Wellbeing After Spending Time?
Importance of Green Spaces for Physical Health?
Importance of Green Spaces for Mental Health
Importance of Green Spaces for Social Interaction and Community
Building
How do you access green spaces?
Green space accessibility in your neighborhood?
Mental Well-Being After Visit?
Physical Health Impact?
Overall Well-Being After Visit?
Importance for Healthy Lifestyle?
Noise Level Perception?
Air Quality Perception?
Feel Safe During the Visit?
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6.5.1 QUESTIONNAIRE PROFORMA IN ENGLISH.
FIGURE 61 QUESTIONNAIRE PROFORMA IN ENGLISH
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6.5.2 QUESTIONNAIRE PROFORMA IN URDU.
Figure 62 QUESTIONNAIRE PROFORMA IN URDU
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What these questions aim to elicit from the Respondents How do the design characteristics of green open spaces in urban
Lahore influence the perceived well-being of residents?
What role do accessibility and utilization patterns of these green
spaces play in shaping the physical and mental health of the urban
population during the summer months of June and July?
In what ways do green open spaces contribute to community
engagement and social interactions, and how does this influence
overall quality of life in the urban context of Lahore?
How can the findings from this research inform actionable
strategies for urban planners, policymakers, and community
stakeholders to enhance the positive impact of green open spaces
on human well-being in Lahore's evolving urban landscape?
6.6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
6.6.1 POPULATION
Defining the Population
The population in the context of this research refers to the
residents of urban Lahore who have regular access to and utilize
green open spaces within the city. This includes individuals from
diverse demographic backgrounds, such as age, gender, socioeconomic status, and cultural affiliations, ensuring a
comprehensive representation of the urban population.
Inclusion Criteria
Residency in Urban Lahore
Individuals residing within the urban boundaries of Lahore are
included in the population.
This criterion ensures that the study focuses specifically on the
urban demographic affected by the design and utilization of green
open spaces.
Regular Users of Green Spaces
Individuals who regularly access and utilize green open spaces
during the summer months are included.
This criterion aims to capture insights from individuals actively
engaging with these spaces, providing a firsthand perspective on
the impact of design and utilization.
Diverse Demographic Representation
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The population is inclusive of individuals across various age
groups, socio-economic statuses, educational backgrounds, and
cultural affiliations.
Ensuring diversity allows for a nuanced understanding of how
different demographic segments experience and interact with
green open spaces.
Exclusion Criteria
Non-Residents of Urban Lahore
Individuals residing outside the urban boundaries of Lahore are
excluded from the population.
This exclusion maintains the research focus on the specific urban
context under investigation.
Infrequent Users of Green Spaces
Individuals who infrequently or never utilize green open spaces
during the summer months are excluded.
This ensures that insights are derived from individuals with active
engagement with the spaces under study.
Sampling Method
Stratified Random Sampling
Implementing stratified random sampling based on demographic
factors such as age, gender, and socio-economic status.
This method ensures representation from various strata within
the population, facilitating a comprehensive analysis.
Systematic Sampling
Utilizing systematic sampling to select participants based on their
frequency of green space utilization.
This method aims to capture a spectrum of experiences,
considering both regular and occasional users of these spaces.
Geographical Distribution
Ensuring geographical representation by selecting participants
from different areas within urban Lahore.
This approach accounts for potential variations in the design and
accessibility of green spaces across different neighborhoods.
Sample Size Determination
The sample size will be determined through power analysis,
considering the heterogeneity of the population and the need for
statistical significance in the research findings.
Data Collection Methods
Surveys
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Conducting structured surveys to gather quantitative data on
participants' perceptions, experiences, and well-being related to
green open spaces.
6.6.2 SAMPLE
Sampling Framework
The sampling framework for this research is designed to ensure a
representative and diverse sample that encapsulates the
heterogeneity of the urban population in Lahore. The chosen
sampling methods aim to capture insights from individuals actively
engaging with green open spaces during the summer months of
June and July.
Sampling Methods
Stratified Random Sampling
Stratification based on demographic factors including age,
gender, socio-economic status, and cultural affiliations.
This method ensures that the sample reflects the diversity
within the urban population, allowing for meaningful subgroup
analyses.
Systematic Sampling
Selection of participants based on their frequency of green
space utilization.
This method captures a spectrum of experiences, including
both regular and occasional users of green open spaces.
Geographical Distribution
Ensuring representation from different areas within urban
Lahore to account for potential variations in the design and
accessibility of green spaces across neighborhoods.
Inclusion Criteria
Age Range
Participants aged 18 and above, ensuring legal consent and the
ability to provide meaningful insights.
Regular Users
Individuals who regularly utilize green open spaces during the
specified summer months.
Diversity Across Demographics
Representation across diverse demographic factors, including
age, gender, socio-economic status, educational background,
and cultural affiliations.
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Exclusion Criteria
Infrequent Users
Individuals who infrequently or never utilize green open spaces
during June and July.
Non-Residents
Exclusion of individuals residing outside the urban boundaries
of Lahore.
Age Restriction
Exclusion of participants below the age of 18 due to legal and
ethical considerations.
Sample Size Determination
The sample size was kept at 20 per park, including 5 as a fail
safe for incomplete samples.
Selection Process
Informed consent will be obtained from participants,
emphasizing voluntary participation and the right to withdraw
at any stage.
Data Collection Methods
Surveys, to provide structured insights, while interviews will
capture nuanced perspectives and experiences.
Ethical Considerations
Ensuring participant confidentiality, informed consent, and
adherence to ethical guidelines throughout the recruitment
and data collection processes.
6.6.3 RESEARCH TOOL
Research Methodology - Research Tools
Selecting appropriate research tools is crucial for gathering
accurate and relevant data. In the context of assessing the impact
of green open spaces on human well-being in urban Lahore, the
research will utilize a combination of quantitative and qualitative
tools.
Quantitative Research Tools
Surveys
Structured surveys will be designed to collect quantitative data
from a large sample of participants.
The survey will include close-ended questions with options for
participants to rate their experiences, perceptions, and wellbeing in relation to green open spaces.
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Likert scales and numerical ratings will be used to quantify
responses.
Qualitative Research Tools
Participant Observation
Observational methods will be employed to document social
interactions, community engagement, and patterns of space
utilization within green open spaces.
Researchers will record qualitative observations to
complement survey and interview data.
Photovoice Methodology
Participants may be encouraged to use photography to express
their experiences with green spaces.
Photovoice allows participants to visually communicate their
perspectives, adding a creative and participatory dimension to
the qualitative data.
Data Analysis Tools
Statistical Software
Quantitative data from surveys and environmental assessments
will be analyzed using statistical software such as SPSS or R.
Descriptive statistics, inferential tests, and regression analysis may
be employed to derive meaningful patterns and associations.
Thematic Analysis
Qualitative data from interviews, participant observations, and
photovoice will be subjected to thematic analysis.
Themes and patterns in the qualitative data will be identified and
interpreted to extract valuable insights.
Validity and Reliability Checks
Triangulation
Employing triangulation by cross-verifying findings from different
data sources (surveys, interviews, observations) to enhance the
validity of the results.
Consistency and convergence of data across multiple methods will
be considered.
Pilot Testing
Conducting pilot tests of survey instruments and interview guides
to identify and rectify potential issues before full-scale data
collection.
Ensuring reliability through consistent and standardized data
collection procedures.
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Ethical Considerations
Informed Consent
Ensuring participants are fully informed about the research
objectives, procedures, and potential risks before providing
consent.
Respecting participants' autonomy and right to withdraw from the
study at any stage.
Confidentiality
Safeguarding participant confidentiality by anonymizing data and
using secure storage methods.
Ensuring that individual responses cannot be traced back to
specific participants.
6.6.4 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Research Methodology - Data Collection and Analysis
The data collection and analysis phase is pivotal for deriving
meaningful insights from raw information. Employing a mixedmethods approach, this research combines quantitative surveys
and qualitative interviews to directly gather primary data from
urban Lahore residents.
6.6.4.1 DATA COLLECTION
Quantitative Data Collection
Surveys
“Structured surveys distributed among the selected sample
gather quantitative data.
The survey instrument incorporates questions concerning
participants' perceptions, experiences, and well-being
regarding green open spaces.
Participants provide responses on Likert scales, enabling
quantifiable data collection8.” (Creswell, Designing and
conducting mixed methods research, 2017)
Environmental Quality Assessment
Objective environmental quality measures, including air and
noise pollution levels, are evaluated using appropriate tools.
Qualitative Data Collection
Close- Ended Questions
Answers to questions provide qualitative insights into
participants' experiences, perceptions, and feelings regarding
green open spaces.
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Close-ended questions facilitate participants in expressing their
thoughts freely, yielding rich qualitative data.
Participant Observation
Observational methods document social interactions,
community engagement, and space utilization patterns within
green open spaces.
Qualitative observations complement survey and interview
data.
Data Analysis
Quantitative Data Analysis
Survey responses and quantitative measurements will be
analyzed using Microsoft Excel.
I will use descriptive statistics to summarize the data and
inferential tests to examine relationships and patterns.
Qualitative Data Analysis
Thematic Analysis
Qualitative data from interviews, participant observations,
and photovoice will be analyzed in Excel to identify
recurring themes and patterns.
Triangulation
I will cross-verify findings from different data sources within
Excel to ensure result validity.
Consistency and convergence across multiple methods will
be considered during analysis.
Integration of Quantitative and Qualitative Findings
Integrating both quantitative and qualitative findings offers a
comprehensive understanding of green open spaces' impact on
human well-being.
Exploring how quantitative metrics align with qualitative
narratives aids in deriving meaningful conclusions.
Ethical Considerations
Informed Consent
Ensuring participants are fully informed about research
objectives, procedures, and potential risks before consenting.
Respecting participants' autonomy and right to withdraw from
the study at any stage.
Confidentiality
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Safeguarding participant confidentiality through anonymous
collection of data.
Ensuring individual responses cannot be traced back to specific
participants.
6.7 RESEARCH DELIMITATIONS
Research Delimitations
Research delimitations define the scope and boundaries of the
study, outlining specific factors or limitations that may impact the
generalizability and applicability of the findings. In the context of
assessing the impact of green open spaces on human well-being in
urban Lahore, the following delimitations were identified
Geographical Limitation
The study is limited to the urban landscape of Lahore, Pakistan.
Findings may not be directly applicable to rural areas or other
urban contexts with different environmental and socio-cultural
dynamics.
Seasonal Focus
The research specifically targets the summer months. While this
allows for capturing seasonal variations in the utilization of green
open spaces, the findings may not fully represent the dynamics in
other seasons.
Participant Demographics
The study focuses on adults aged 18 and above. Excluding younger
age groups may limit insights into the experiences of children and
adolescents in relation to green spaces.
Language Limitation
Data collection, surveys, and interviews will be conducted in
English and Urdu. Language barriers may restrict the inclusion of
individuals who do not communicate effectively in these
languages.
Time Constraints
The research aims to be focusing on the summer months. This
may limit the depth and duration of data collection and analysis,
potentially affecting the thoroughness of the study.
Generalization Limitation
Findings may be context-specific to Lahore and may not be easily
generalized to other cities or regions with distinct urban planning,
environmental policies, and cultural norms.
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Social and Cultural Dynamics
The study acknowledges the influence of social and cultural
factors on perceptions of well-being. However, delimitations
include not exploring these factors in extensive detail due to the
focused nature of the research.
Weather Conditions
The study is susceptible to weather conditions during data
collection, especially for outdoor assessments. Extreme weather
events or unexpected conditions may impact the feasibility of
certain data collection activities.
Assumption of Well-being
The study operates under the assumption that the perceived wellbeing of individuals can be accurately captured through selfreported surveys and interviews. It does not delve into potential
discrepancies between self-perception and objective well-being
indicators.
Single Researcher Perspective
The research is conducted from a single researcher's perspective,
potentially limiting the diversity of interpretations and insights
that could arise from a multi-disciplinary or multi-researcher
approach.
Acknowledging these delimitations provides transparency about the
parameters within which the research operates. While these
constraints exist, they contribute to refining the study's focus and
maintaining a realistic scope within the given constraints.
6.8 DEFINITIONS
Green Open Spaces
Green open spaces refer to areas within an urban environment
that are characterized by the presence of vegetation, such as
parks, gardens, and recreational spaces. These areas contribute to
ecological balance, aesthetic value, and serve as public spaces for
various activities.
Human Well-being
Human well-being encompasses the overall health, happiness, and
prosperity of individuals. In the context of this research, wellbeing is understood as the holistic assessment of physical, mental,
and social aspects of individuals' lives.
Urban Lahore
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Urban Lahore denotes the densely populated and developed areas
within the city of Lahore, Pakistan. It includes residential,
commercial, and recreational zones that form the urban fabric of
the city.
Impact Assessment
Impact assessment involves the systematic evaluation of the
effects or influence of a particular phenomenon or intervention. In
this research, impact assessment refers to understanding how
green open spaces influence the well-being of individuals.
Accessibility
Accessibility pertains to the ease with which individuals can reach
and utilize green open spaces. It involves factors such as
proximity, transportation, and infrastructure that affect the
availability of these spaces to the urban population.
Utilization Patterns
Utilization patterns refer to the ways in which individuals interact
with and make use of green open spaces. This includes activities,
frequency of visits, and the diverse ways these spaces are
employed for recreational or social purposes.
Mixed-Methods Approach
A mixed-methods approach involves the integration of both
quantitative and qualitative research methods within a study. This
approach allows for a comprehensive understanding by combining
statistical analysis with in-depth qualitative insights.
Seasonal Variations
Seasonal variations refer to changes in environmental conditions
and human behaviors that occur in specific seasons. In this
research, the focus is on the summer months to capture how wellbeing perceptions may differ during this period.
Environmental Quality
Environmental quality relates to the state of the natural
environment, including factors such as air and noise pollution
levels. It plays a crucial role in shaping the experiences and wellbeing of individuals within green open spaces.
Triangulation
Triangulation is a research technique that involves cross-verifying
findings from multiple sources or methods to enhance the
reliability and validity of the study. It ensures a more robust and
comprehensive understanding of the research topic.
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Thematic Analysis
Thematic analysis is a qualitative research method used to
identify, analyze, and report patterns or themes within textual or
visual data. It involves systematically organizing and interpreting
qualitative information.
Community Engagement
Community engagement involves the active participation and
involvement of residents or community members in decisionmaking processes and activities that impact their shared
environment. In this study, it explores how green open spaces
contribute to community engagement.
Psychosocial Well-being
Psychosocial well-being refers to the interconnection between
psychological and social factors that contribute to an individual's
overall sense of well-being. It includes mental health, social
relationships, and emotional resilience.
Evidence-Based Practices
“Evidence-based practices are approaches, interventions, or
strategies that are informed by rigorous research evidence. In this
context, the research aims to inform evidence-based practices for
enhancing urban well-being through green open spaces.9” (Smith,
2003)
Diversity of Interpretations
Diversity of interpretations acknowledges the potential for varied
perspectives and insights from different individuals or sources. In
a multi-disciplinary or multi-researcher approach, diverse
interpretations contribute to a more comprehensive
understanding of the research topic.
Environmental Policies
Environmental policies are regulations or guidelines established by
governing bodies to manage and protect the natural environment.
The study acknowledges the potential influence of local policies
on the perception and utilization of green open spaces.
Cultural Norms
Cultural norms are shared beliefs, values, and behaviors within a
particular community or society. The research recognizes that
cultural norms may shape how individuals perceive and engage
with green open spaces.
Self-Perception
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Self-perception refers to how individuals perceive their own wellbeing, experiences, and behaviors. The study operates under the
assumption that individuals can accurately report their
perceptions of well-being.
Single Researcher's Perspective
Single researcher's perspective acknowledges that the study is
conducted from the viewpoint of a single researcher. This
limitation may impact the diversity of viewpoints and
interpretations considered in the research.
Informed Consent
Informed consent involves obtaining explicit agreement from
participants after providing them with detailed information about
the research objectives, procedures. It emphasizes ethical
practices in research.
Anonymizing Data
Anonymizing data involves not collecting personally identifiable
information in research data to protect the confidentiality and
privacy of participants. It ensures that individual responses cannot
be traced back to specific individuals.
Eco-Neighborhood
An eco-neighborhood is a residential community designed with a
focus on environmental sustainability. It incorporates eco-friendly
practices, green infrastructure, and sustainable design principles.
Biophilic Design
Biophilic design involves incorporating elements of nature into the
built environment to enhance human well-being. It recognizes the
innate connection between humans and the natural world.
Perception-Based Questionnaire
A perception-based questionnaire gathers information based on
participants' subjective views and experiences. It explores how
individuals perceive and interpret their surroundings, in this case,
green open spaces.
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7 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
7.1 URBAN GREEN SPACES – EDITED BY RUI ALEXANDRE CASTANHO &
JOSE CABEZAS FERNANDEZ
“Urban planning intends to promote urban living conditions through
reasonable land use, always maintaining
harmony between urban planning and
nature. The cities are the focus of growth
within states; their industrialization and
growth in housing large populations
worldwide have caused a disordered and
chaotic development. The objective of
planning is to correct the urban chaos
and prevent it from happening again due
to inadequate planning, thus improving
inhabitants’ quality of life. Contextually,
urban green spaces are a pivotal piece of
this puzzle. In fact, the existence of
abundant vegetation in cities has a
universal appeal that persists beyond temporal, spatial, and cultural
divisions, incorporating itself within the concept of environmental
quality and leading to a better quality of life. Thereby, it is essential
to assess and analyze the design, function, and role of urban green
spaces in today’s and tomorrow’s cities.”10 (Spaces, 2020)
7.2 VALUING U.S. NATIONAL PARKS AND PROGRAMS – EDITED BY
LINDA J. BILMES & JOHN B. LOOMIS
“This book provides the first comprehensive economic valuation of
U.S. National Parks (including monuments, seashores, lakeshores,
recreation areas, and historic sites) and National Park Service (NPS)
programs.
The book develops a comprehensive framework to calculate the
economic value of protected areas, with particular application to the
U.S. National Park Service. The framework covers many benefits
provided by NPS units and programs, including on-site visitation,
carbon sequestration, and intellectual property such as in education
curricula and filming of movies/ TV shows, with case studies of each
included. Examples are drawn from studies in Santa Monica
Mountains National Recreation Area, Golden Gate National
Recreation Area, Everglades National Park, and Chesapeake Bay. The
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editors conclude with a chapter on innovative approaches for
sustainable funding of the NPS in its second century. The framework
serves as a blueprint of methodologies for
conservationists, government agencies,
land trusts, economists, and others to
value public lands, historical sites, and
related programs, such as education. The
methodologies are relevant to local and
state parks, wildlife refuges, and protected
areas in developed and developing
countries as well as to national parks
around the world.
Containing a series of unique case studies,
this book will be of great interest to
professionals
and
students
in
environmental
economics,
land
management, and nature conservation, as well as the more general
reader interested in National Parks.
This book explores the economic value of parks and recreation,
including their impact on property values, tourism, and local
businesses. While not specific to Lahore, it provides insights into the
economic benefits that green spaces can provide to cities.
There are many reasons to preserve our national parks beauty,
biodiversity, recreation, history, and patriotic pride. But an old adage
says that whoever makes the economic argument first wins. Linda
Bilmes and John Loomis give us one more reason national parks must
be preserved, their extraordinary economic value.
Linda Bilmes, John Loomis and their collaborators have calculated a
value of the priceless – our nation’s natural, historic and cultural
treasures cared for by the National Park Service. Their work makes an
important case for supporting these irreplaceable assets not just for
today, but to inspire generations to come.
We live at a time when our most treasured conservation and wildlife
resources are under relentless attack. We owe a debt of gratitude to
Linda Bilmes and John Loomis, for their pioneering book that
validates the real economic value and growth created by our National
Parks. Every person who values these treasures needs to read this
important mandate for change.
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Linda Bilmes and John Loomis provide an analysis of what millions of
American park visitors know in their hearts Our parks are a national
treasure deserving strong public support.
This book describes the many ways that U.S. National Parks provide
value. It explains these values in understandable economic terms and
gives intriguing examples of how they actually benefit people,
whether they visit National Parks or not.”11 (Bilmes, 2020)
7.3 URBAN GREEN SPACES AND HEALTH A REVIEW OF EVIDENCE BY
KATHLEEN WOLF
“This is a comprehensive report that highlights the various beneficial
effects of urban green spaces on health. The report outlines several
key health benefits associated with urban
greenery, including improved mental
health, reduced cardiovascular morbidity
and mortality, decreased risk of obesity
and type 2 diabetes, and better pregnancy
outcomes. The mechanisms through which
these benefits are achieved include
psychological relaxation and stress
alleviation, increased physical activity, and
reduced exposure to air pollutants, noise,
and excess heat.
The report also delves into the
characteristics of urban green spaces that
are linked to specific health benefits, discussing measures and
indicators of green space availability, accessibility, and usage that
have been used in previous studies. These measures are examined in
the context of their public health relevance and their applicability for
monitoring progress towards international health and environmental
goals, such as the global Sustainable Development Goals.
Furthermore, the report proposes an indicator for assessing the
accessibility of green spaces and illustrates its application in three
European cities. It also includes a detailed methodological toolkit for
GIS analysis of land use and population data, making it a valuable
resource for citizens, academics, and urban leaders interested in the
intersection of urban planning, green spaces, and public health.
This book reviews the evidence on the link between urban green
spaces and human health. It covers a wide range of health outcomes,
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including physical activity, mental health, and air quality. It provides a
strong foundation for understanding the potential health benefits of
green spaces in urban areas.”12 (Wolf, 2016)
7.4 THE EXPERIENCE OF NATURE A PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE.
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS BY KAPLAN, R., & KAPLAN, S
“Main Focus
Understanding the human experience of nature and its
psychological benefits.
Core Arguments
Humans have an innate connection to nature, seeking it out for
various reasons.
Nature
provides
restorative
experiences, mitigating stress and
promoting well-being.
Certain features of the natural
environment
contribute
to
its
restorative qualities.
Key Concepts
Attention Restoration Theory (ART)
Proposes that nature provides relief
from mental fatigue caused by directed
attention tasks in our daily lives.
Spending time in nature allows our
capacity for focus to recover.
Soft fascination. A state of relaxed alertness induced by natural
environments, prompting curiosity and exploration without
demanding focused attention.
Benefits of nature experiences Reduced stress, improved mood,
enhanced creativity, increased sense of well-being.
Characteristics of restorative environments Complexity,
coherence (patterns in nature), mystery, being away (from the
built environment).
Impact and Significance
The book's concepts on restorative environments have influenced
landscape architecture, urban planning, and park design,
promoting the inclusion of nature in built environments.
It has sparked further research into the psychological benefits of
nature and its role in promoting human health.
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“The Experience of Nature" offers a valuable framework for
understanding the importance of nature for human well-being. It
highlights the restorative power of natural environments and calls for
incorporating them into our lives for improved mental and emotional
health.”13 (Kaplan, 1989)
7.5 GREEN AND BLUE OPEN SPACES AND MENTAL HEALTH NEW
EVIDENCE AND PERSPECTIVES FOR ACTION BY MUDU PIERPAOLO
ET ALL (WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION)
“This report from the World Health Organization (WHO) explores the
growing body of evidence linking access to
green and blue spaces (GBS) with improved
mental health and well-being.
Key Findings
The report highlights a positive
relationship between exposure to GBS
and mental well-being. People living
near or having frequent interactions
with parks, gardens, forests, bodies of
water, etc., experience: Reduced mental distress and anxiety.
Improved mood and positive wellbeing.
Lower likelihood of depression and medication use for mental
health conditions.
Enhanced cognitive function.
The report discusses various mechanisms through which GBS may
benefit mental health: Stress reduction. Nature experiences can promote relaxation and
lower stress hormones.
Attention restoration. Exposure to GBS allows our attention to
recover from directed attention fatigue.
Physical activity. Green spaces encourage physical activity, which
boosts mood and well-being.
Social interaction. Parks and green spaces facilitate social
connections, which are crucial for mental health.
Psychological benefits. Nature can provide a sense of peace, awe,
and connection to something larger than oneself.
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Beyond the findings. The report acknowledges the need for
further research to: Understand the specific characteristics of GBS that are most
beneficial for mental health.
Explore how cultural contexts and individual preferences
influence the relationship between GBS and mental health.
Develop evidence-based guidelines for incorporating GBS into
urban planning and public health interventions.
Call to Action
The WHO emphasizes the importance of promoting access to GBS
for all populations, especially in rapidly urbanizing areas.
The report encourages policymakers, urban planners, and public
health professionals to integrate GBS into urban design and
development strategies.
It highlights the potential of GBS to contribute to mental health
promotion and prevention efforts globally.
The report underscores the significance of green and blue spaces for
mental well-being and advocates for their inclusion in urban planning
and public health initiatives.”14 (Mudu, 2021)
7.6 NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS TO CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION
IN URBAN AREAS BY NADJA KABISCH ET ALL
“This is an open access book that examines the use of nature to help
cities adapt to climate change. It argues
that incorporating green spaces and
natural features into urban design can
provide multiple benefits, including
reducing
heat
waves,
managing
stormwater runoff, and improving air
quality.
The book brings together insights from
researchers,
policymakers,
and
practitioners to highlight the importance
of these nature-based solutions (NBS) for
urban areas around the world. It
emphasizes the potential of NBS to create
a synergy between climate change adaptation, biodiversity
conservation, and social well-being in cities.
Key aspects of the book :REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
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Scientific evidence for using NBS to adapt to climate change
impacts in cities.
Case studies showcasing successful implementations of NBS
around the globe.
Discussion on the social, economic, and equity considerations of
implementing NBS in urban areas.
Recommendations for policymakers and practitioners on how to
best integrate NBS into urban planning and development.
Overall, the book aims to bridge the gap between science, policy,
and practice in order to encourage the widespread adoption of
NBS as a way for cities to become more resilient to climate
change.”15 (Kabisch, 2017)
7.7 URBAN OPEN SPACES BY HELEN WOOLLEY
“This book, offers a comprehensive examination of the role and
significance of open spaces in urban environments. Authored by
Helen Woolley, an expert in urban design and planning, this book
provides valuable insights into the design,
management, and social functions of
urban open spaces.
The publication begins by exploring the
historical evolution of urban open spaces,
tracing their origins from ancient
civilizations to modern cities. It examines
the cultural, social, and economic factors
that have influenced the development of
open spaces over time, highlighting their
evolving role as places for recreation,
social interaction, and community
engagement.
Woolley delves into the various types of
urban open spaces, including parks, plazas, squares, and greenways,
analyzing their design principles, spatial qualities, and aesthetic
features. Through case studies and examples from around the world,
the book illustrates the diversity of open spaces and their
contribution to urban life and well-being.
Furthermore, the book addresses contemporary issues and
challenges related to urban open spaces, such as access and equity,
sustainability, and the integration of nature into the built
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environment. It discusses strategies for enhancing the quality and
functionality of open spaces, including participatory design processes,
green infrastructure initiatives, and place-making approaches.
With a focus on the intersection of design, planning, and social
dynamics, "Urban Open Spaces" offers practical guidance for
professionals involved in the creation and management of urban
environments. It advocates for the importance of preserving and
enhancing open spaces as essential components of livable, vibrant,
and resilient cities.
This book serves as a valuable resource for urban designers, planners,
policymakers, and community stakeholders seeking to understand
the significance of urban open spaces and harness their potential to
create more inclusive, sustainable, and enjoyable urban
environments.”16 (Woolley, 2003)
7.8 OPEN SPACE, PEOPLE SPACE BY PETER ASPINALL
“The book offers a comprehensive exploration of the relationship
between open spaces and people in
urban environments. Published in 2007,
this book delves into the multifaceted
dynamics of open spaces, examining their
design, use, and impact on individuals and
communities.
The authors begin by contextualizing the
importance of open spaces within the
broader framework of urban planning and
design. They highlight the diverse
functions and benefits of open spaces,
ranging from recreation and leisure to
social interaction, cultural expression, and
ecological sustainability.
Through a combination of theoretical insights and practical examples,
Ward Thompson and Travlou analyze the spatial qualities and
experiential aspects of open spaces. They explore the psychological,
physiological, and social dimensions of human interaction with open
spaces, emphasizing the role of sensory experiences, aesthetics, and
environmental quality in shaping people's perceptions and behaviors.
The book also addresses key issues and challenges related to the
planning and management of open spaces, including access and
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equity, inclusivity, safety, and sustainability. It advocates for a
participatory approach to open space design and governance,
highlighting the importance of community engagement and
collaboration in creating successful and inclusive open spaces.
Drawing on interdisciplinary perspectives from urban design,
landscape architecture, psychology, sociology, and environmental
science, "Open Space People Space" offers valuable insights for
professionals, policymakers, researchers, and students interested in
the design and management of urban open spaces. It serves as a
comprehensive resource for understanding the complex interplay
between people, place, and space in the urban environment.”17
(Aspinall, 2007)
7.9 GREEN SPACE IN THE COMMUNITY BY STEFFAN ROBEL
“This is a comprehensive examination of the role and significance of
green spaces within communities. Authored by experts in the field,
this book explores the various dimensions of green spaces, their
benefits, challenges, and implications for community well-being.
The publication begins by defining green
spaces and examining their historical
evolution, from traditional parks and
gardens to contemporary urban green
infrastructure. It discusses the diverse
forms of green spaces found within
communities, including parks, gardens,
urban forests, and green corridors, and
their contributions to environmental
sustainability, biodiversity, and human
health.
Through a combination of case studies,
research findings, and practical insights,
the book explores the multifaceted
benefits of green spaces for communities. It discusses their role in
promoting physical and mental health, providing opportunities for
recreation and leisure, fostering social cohesion and community
engagement, and enhancing the overall quality of life for residents.
Furthermore, "Green Space in the Community" addresses the
challenges and opportunities associated with the planning, design,
and management of green spaces. It examines issues such as access
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and equity, environmental justice, funding and resource allocation,
and the integration of green spaces into urban development
strategies.
The book also highlights innovative approaches and best practices for
maximizing the benefits of green spaces within communities. It
discusses strategies for enhancing accessibility, improving ecological
sustainability, and promoting active participation and stewardship
among community members.
Overall, "Green Space in the Community" serves as a valuable
resource for policymakers, urban planners, landscape architects,
community organizers, and researchers interested in understanding
and harnessing the potential of green spaces to create healthier,
more vibrant, and resilient communities. It offers practical guidance
and evidence-based recommendations for leveraging green spaces as
essential components of sustainable urban development.”18 (Robel,
2015)
8 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
8.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
I will outline the research design that serves as the foundation for my
investigation into the impacts of green open spaces on human wellbeing in urban Lahore. For this study, I have quantitative qualitative
methodologies to offer a comprehensive understanding of the
research questions and objectives.
“Quantitative methods involve administering structured surveys to a
sample of urban Lahore residents, aiming to gather numerical data
on their perceptions, experiences, and well-being related to green
open spaces.
Through this, I aim to capture the multifaceted nature of individuals'
interactions with green open spaces in urban Lahore. This
methodological synthesis enables a comprehensive exploration of the
research questions, facilitating a deeper understanding of the
phenomenon under investigation.”19 (Creswell, Designing and
conducting mixed methods research, 2017)
8.2 POPULATION
Population Description
The population of interest for this study encompasses adult
residents dwelling in the urban areas of Lahore, Pakistan.
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Specifically, I am interested in individuals who regularly engage
with or utilize the green open spaces present within the city.
Inclusion Criteria
Considering the diverse composition of urban populations, the
inclusion criteria entail individuals aged 18 years and above who
reside in neighborhoods with accessible green open spaces. These
individuals may vary across different socio-economic strata,
occupations, and demographic attributes, ensuring a diverse
sample that encompasses a wide range of perspectives and
experiences.
Sampling Technique
To ensure the inclusion of relevant participants, I will employ
purposive sampling techniques. This method involves the
deliberate selection of individuals who are frequent visitors to or
residents in close proximity to green open spaces within Lahore.
By adopting this targeted approach, I can focus on participants
who possess firsthand experiences and insights into their
interactions with green open spaces and their perceived impacts
on well-being.
Rationale
The rationale behind focusing on this specific population lies in the
desire to gain a comprehensive understanding of how urban
residents engage with green open spaces and how these
interactions affect their overall well-being.
Objective
By concentrating on this subset of the population, I aim to derive
insights that can inform urban planning initiatives and policy
interventions aimed at enhancing the quality and accessibility of
urban green spaces, thereby promoting human wellness within
the urban context of Lahore.
8.3 SAMPLE
Sample Description
The sample for this study comprises a purposively selected group
of adult residents residing in urban areas of Lahore, Pakistan.
These individuals exhibit diverse backgrounds, occupations, and
socio-economic statuses, reflecting the heterogeneous nature of
the urban population. Participants are chosen based on their
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regular engagement with or proximity to green open spaces
within the city.
Sampling Technique
Purposive sampling is employed to select participants who possess
relevant experiences and insights regarding their interactions with
green open spaces and their perceived impacts on well-being. This
sampling method allows for the intentional selection of individuals
who can provide rich and meaningful data pertaining to the
research objectives.
Inclusion Criteria
“Participants are selected based on the following inclusion criteria
Age Individuals aged 18 years and above.
Residence Residents of urban areas in Lahore, Pakistan.
Engagement Individuals who frequently utilize or reside in
close proximity to green open spaces within the city.”20
(Creswell, Designing and conducting mixed methods research,
2017)
Sample Size
The sample size for this study is determined based on the principle
of data saturation, wherein recruitment continues until no new
information or themes emerge from the data collected. While
there is no predetermined sample size, efforts are made to ensure
the inclusion of a diverse range of participants to capture a
comprehensive understanding of the research phenomenon. Each
open space will aim to recruit approximately 30 participants.
Rationale
The rationale behind selecting this sample size lies in the desire to
gather insights from individuals who have direct experiences with
green open spaces in urban Lahore. By including participants who
actively engage with these spaces, the study aims to uncover
nuanced perspectives and behaviors that contribute to the overall
understanding of the research topic. A sample size of 30 per open
space allows for sufficient depth and diversity in participant
experiences, enhancing the richness of the data collected.
8.4 RESEARCH TOOLS
Quantitative Data Collection Tools
Structured Surveys
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Structured surveys are employed to gather quantitative data on
participants' perceptions, experiences, and well-being in relation
to green open spaces.
The survey instrument comprises a series of closed-ended
questions designed to elicit specific responses from participants.
Questions are carefully crafted to capture key variables such as
frequency of green space visitation, perceived benefits, and
overall satisfaction.
Likert scales are utilized to measure participants' agreement or
disagreement with statements, allowing for quantifiable data
analysis.
Environmental Quality Assessment
Objective measures of environmental quality, including air and
noise pollution levels, are assessed using appropriate tools.
Portable environmental meters, such as noise dosimeters and air
quality monitors, are employed to quantify factors contributing to
overall well-being.
Measurements are taken at various locations within green open
spaces to capture variations in environmental conditions.
8.5 COLLECTION OF DATA
Quantitative Data Collection
Quantitative data are obtained through structured surveys and
environmental quality assessments conducted within urban green
open spaces. The following steps outline the process
Survey Administration
Structured surveys are distributed among selected participants
to collect quantitative data on their perceptions, experiences,
and well-being in relation to green open spaces.
Participants are approached in identified green spaces and
invited to complete the survey questionnaire voluntarily.
Survey instruments are designed to capture key variables, such
as frequency of green space visitation, perceived benefits, and
overall satisfaction, using Likert scales for responses.
8.6 STATISTICAL TESTS USED TO ANALYZE THE DATA IN DETAIL
“The analysis of data collected from quantitative surveys involves the
application of appropriate statistical tests to derive meaningful
insights and draw valid conclusions. In this section, I outline the
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specific statistical tests that will be employed to analyze the data in
detail.”21 (Field, 2013)
Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics, including measures of central tendency
(mean, median, mode), and dispersion (standard deviation,
range), will be calculated using MS Excel to summarize and
describe the characteristics of the data.
These statistics provide an overview of the distribution and
variability of quantitative variables, such as participants'
perceptions, experiences, and environmental quality metrics.
Inferential Tests
Inferential statistical tests will be conducted to make inferences
and draw conclusions about the population based on sample data.
Depending on the research questions and data nature,
appropriate tests like t-tests, chi-square tests, and analysis of
variance (ANOVA) will be applied.
For instance, t-tests in Excel can compare means between two
groups (e.g., well-being scores of frequent versus infrequent green
space visitors), while ANOVA can analyze differences among
multiple groups (e.g., perceived benefits across age groups).
Regression Analysis
Regression analysis in Excel will examine the relationship between
independent and dependent variables and identify predictors of
well-being related to green open spaces.
Multiple regression analysis may assess the combined effect of
predictors on the outcome variable (e.g., well-being), controlling
for potential confounding variables.
Regression models will help understand how factors like green
space visitation frequency, environmental quality, and sociodemographic characteristics influence participants' well-being.
Correlation Analysis
Correlation analysis will explore the strength and direction of the
relationship between variables.
Pearson correlation coefficients in Excel can assess the linear
association between continuous variables, such as the correlation
between perceived benefits of green spaces and overall wellbeing.
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Correlation analysis will identify potential patterns and
associations, providing insights into the relationships between
different variables of interest.
By employing statistical tests in MS Excel, this study aims to
rigorously analyze collected data and elucidate the relationship
between green open spaces and human well-being in urban Lahore.
9 DATA COLLECTION & ANALYSIS
9.1 INTRODUCTION
“The data collection and analysis phase of this research is a pivotal
stage in transforming raw information into actionable insights. In this
chapter, I provide a comprehensive overview of the methodology
employed to collect and analyze data, outlining the strategies and
techniques used to gather primary data directly from residents of
urban Lahore. This chapter also elucidates the approach to data
analysis, detailing the statistical tests and qualitative methods utilized
to derive meaningful conclusions from the collected data.
The primary objective of data collection and analysis is to explore the
multifaceted relationship between green open spaces and human
well-being in urban environments. Against the backdrop of Lahore's
urban landscape characterized by rapid development and increasing
urbanization, this study endeavors to investigate how the presence
and utilization of green open spaces influence the overall well-being
of the local population.
The data collection process encompasses various dimensions,
including quantitative surveys to gather structured responses and
qualitative interviews to delve deeper into participants' perceptions
and experiences. Additionally, objective measures of environmental
quality and physical health metrics will be assessed using appropriate
tools to provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors
influencing well-being.”22 (Creswell J. W., 2018)
Through the rigorous collection and analysis of data, this study seeks
to contribute to the existing body of knowledge on the relationship
between green open spaces and human well-being. By uncovering
the intricate dynamics and underlying mechanisms at play, the
research aims to provide valuable insights for urban planners,
policymakers, and community stakeholders to enhance the quality of
urban life in Lahore and promote sustainable development.
9.2 TOTAL AREA AND GREEN OPEN SPACES IN LAHORE
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The total area of the Lahore metropolitan area is approximately
1,772 square kilometers (684 square miles).
The Metropolitan Expanse and Green Spaces of Lahore. A
Comparative Analysis with International Standards
Lahore, the cultural and historical heart of Pakistan, is a city of
contrasts. Its rich heritage and vibrant energy are juxtaposed with
the challenges of rapid urbanization. As the second-largest city in
the country, Lahore's metropolitan area has expanded
significantly, with a 2024 population of approximately 14.4 million
across a land area of 1,014 km². This growth highlights the
pressing need to balance urban development with the
preservation and expansion of green spaces.
Historically known as the 'City of Gardens,' Lahore's green
character has diminished in the face of urbanization. Currently,
green spaces account for only about 3% of the total metropolitan
area. This falls drastically short of the 25-30% recommended by
the World Health Organization (WHO) and other environmental
bodies, highlighting a concerning disparity with international
standards.
“The benefits of urban green spaces are well-documented. They
mitigate heat island effects, improve air quality, support
biodiversity, and provide essential spaces for recreation and
relaxation. Green spaces are crucial for physical and mental wellbeing, offering respite from the stresses of city life and promoting
a connection with nature.
In contrast, cities like Vienna, Singapore, and Vancouver, known
for their livability, actively prioritize and integrate green spaces
within urban planning. Lahore's limited green spaces have
potentially negative implications for both environmental health
and its residents' quality of life.”23 (Ulrich, Stress recovery during
exposure to natural and urban environments., 1991)
“To address this challenge, a multifaceted approach is needed.
Governmental policies must focus on preserving existing green
spaces, creating new ones, and ensuring environmental sustainability
is a foundational aspect of urban planning. Alongside this, raising
public awareness and fostering community engagement in green
initiatives will be crucial for long-term success.”24 (Government of the
Punjab, 2014)
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THESIS
There's also room to draw inspiration from the innovative
approaches adopted by other cities. Singapore's integration of
rooftop gardens and vertical greenery offers potential solutions
worth exploring. Community-led initiatives to transform underutilized
land into pocket parks could empower Lahore's residents to take
ownership of their neighborhoods' greening.
“In conclusion, while Lahore's metropolitan area continues to
expand, the development and maintenance of green spaces must
become an urgent priority. Meeting international standards will not
only enhance the environment but will directly benefit the city's
residents through improved health, well-being, and overall quality of
life. Envisioning a greener Lahore isn't just about preserving its past –
it's about shaping a sustainable and livable future.”25 (Lee, 2011)
9.3 AN OVERVIEW OF GEOGRAPHICAL BOUNDARIES OF LAHORE
“The Lahore District is divided into five Tehsils.”26
9.3.1 LAHORE DISTRICT
Figure 91 Lahore District
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THESIS
9.3.2 TEHSIL LAHORE CANTT
Figure 92 Tehsil Lahore Cantt
9.3.3 TEHSIL – MODEL TOWN
Figure 93 Tehsil Model Town
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9.3.4 TEHSIL – LAHORE CITY
Figure 94 Tehsil Lahore City
9.3.5 TEHSIL – SHALIMAR
Figure 95 Tehsil Shalimar
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THESIS
9.3.6 TEHSIL – RAIWIND
Figure 96 Tehsil Raiwind
9.4 SELECTED PARKS FOR CONDUCTING THE STUDY
S.No. Park Name
Location
Area
(acres)
1
Jallo Park
Jallo, Lahore
250
2
Lahore Wildlife Park
Safari Road,
Raiwind
200
3
Defence Raya Golf &
Country Club
DHA, Phase VI
180
4
Bagh-e-Jinnah
Lawrence
Road, Lahore
150
5
Lahore Garrison Golf
& Country Club
Lahore Cantt
130
6
Race Course (Jilani
Park)
Jail Road,
Lahore
110
7
Greater Iqbal Park
Circular Road,
Lahore
100
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Google Pin
HFCG+HQJ Jallo Forest
and Wildlife Park, Lahore,
Punjab
96M5+PRM Lahore
Wildlife Park, Safari Rd,
Lahore, Punjab
FF99+G6 Lahore,
Pakistan
H83J+87 Lahore
G9RW+35R, Amjad
Chauhdry Rd, Saddar
Town, Lahore, Punjab,
Pakistan
Race Course (Jilani Park)
Lahore, Jail Rd, opposite
Services Hospital ،G.O.R.
- I, Lahore, Punjab 54000
H8V5+2Q Lahore
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S.No. Park Name
Location
THESIS
Area
(acres)
Google Pin
8
Model Town Park
Model Town,
Lahore
95
F8MG+RG Model Town
Park, Model Town,
Lahore, Punjab
9
Gulshan-e-Iqbal Park
Allama Iqbal
Town
65
G78Q+HV Lahore
10
Shalimar Bagh
Shalimar Link
Road, Lahore
50
11
Jam-e-Shirin Park
Noor Jehan
Road, Gulberg,
Lahore
35
12
Nasir Bagh
15
13
Saint Mary’s Park
The Mall,
Lahore
Old Anarkali,
Lahore
14
Ayubia Park
Lawrence
Road, Lahore
10
15
Sector G, Sports
Complex
Phase 5, DHA,
St 10, Sector G
Phase 5 D.H.A,
Lahore, Punjab
9
10
Shalimar Garden,
Shalamar Town, Lahore,
Punjab 54000
G85V+HPG Jam e Shirin
Park, Noor Jehan Rd,
Block C 3 Gulberg III,
Lahore, Punjab 54000
H8C4+CG Lahore
G84M+GG8 Saint Mary's
Park, Block E 2 Gulberg
III, Lahore, Punjab
G867+522 Ayubia Park,
Block A Muslim Town,
Lahore, Punjab
F97W+H2V Sector G,
Sports Complex, Phase 5,
DHA, St 10, Sector G
Phase 5 D.H.A, Lahore,
Punjab
Table 9-1 Selected Parks for Conducting the Study
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THESIS
9.4.1 JALLO PARK
9.4.1.1 LOCATION MAP – JALLO PARK
Figure 97 Location Map – Jallo Park
9.4.1.2 SUMMARY OF ANSWERS – JALLO PARK
JALLO PARK
Q.
N
o
1
2
3
4
5
Question
Age
Gender
Education
Level attained
Marital Status
Number of
Children
Answer Choice
1
18-30
5
Male
18
Answer
Choice-
Female
12
Answer
Choice-
Other
<10
10 - 12
12 - 14
>14
0
5
16
Single
Married
Divorved
12
18
0
9
Not willing
to answer
0
Not Applicable
0
1-5
>5
12
3
14
1
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Answer
Choice 4
>60
2
0
45
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THESIS
JALLO PARK
Q.
N
o
Question
6
Living in
Lahore for ?
7
Occupation
Answer Choice
1
Answer
Choice 2
Answer
Choice 3
Answer
Choice 4
Since birth
<5 years
5 - 10 years
>10 years
1
4
Employed
Part-time
5
100,00 200,000
15
18
Unemploye
d
1
2
7
Employed
Full-time
20
51,000 100,000
10
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Rarely
1
4
18
7
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Rarely
18
5
7
0
Relaxation/Stre
ss Relief
Exercise
Socializing
Nature
Connection
16
4
8
Morning
Evening
6
1-2 hrs
2+ hrs
4
20
30 min - 1
hr
6
2
Whenever I
find time
4
3
Walking Paths
Seating
7
1
Better
Maintenanc
e
17
Playground
s
10
More
Biodiversit
y
5
6
18
1
More Relaxed
Improved
Mood
Increased
Focus
Reduced
Anxiety
7
Somewhat
Better
9
8
No Change
Worse
Student
4
8
Monthly
Income
9
Your present
Visit
Frequency
10
Your
Preferred
Visit
Frequency
11
12
13
14
15
16
Primary
Reason for
Visiting
Time of Visit
Average Visit
Time
Important
Amenities
Reasons to
Visit More
Often
Mental
Wellbeing
After Visit
upto 50,000
<30 min
Increased
Safety
6
17
Physical
Health Impact
Much Better
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>200,000
3
Restrooms
12
Recreation
al Facilities
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THESIS
JALLO PARK
Q.
N
o
Question
18
Overall
Wellbeing
After
Spending
Time
19
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Physical
Health
20
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Mental
Health
21
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Social
Interaction
and
Community
Building
Answer Choice
1
16
Answer
Choice 2
11
Answer
Choice 3
2
Answer
Choice 4
1
Much Better
Somewhat
Better
No Change
Worse
20
7
2
1
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
20
7
2
1
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
24
2
1
3
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
2
1
Car
Public
Transport
10
3
23
22
How do you
access green
spaces?
23
Green space
accessibility
in your
neighborhood
?
24
25
Mental WellBeing After
Visit
Physical
Health Impact
Walking
4
Cycle /
Motor
Cycle
3
14
Yes
No
27
3
More Relaxed
Improved
Mood
Increased
Focus
Reduced
Anxiety
18
9
2
1
Yes
No
Unsure
Worse
23
3
1
3
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THESIS
JALLO PARK
Q.
N
o
Question
26
Overall WellBeing After
Visit
27
Importance
for Healthy
Lifestyle
Answer Choice
1
Answer
Choice 2
Answer
Choice 3
Answer
Choice 4
Much Better
Somewhat
Better
No Change
Worse
25
2
2
1
Very Imp.
Somewhat
Imp.
Neutral
Not Very
Imp
19
28
Noise Level
Perception
27
1
Somewhat
Quiet
1
Somewhat
Positive
1
Yes
13
Very Quiet
27
29
30
Air Quality
Perception
Feel Safe
During the
Visit?
Very Positive
2
2
8
Somewhat
Noisy
0
Somewhat
Negative
0
Somewhat
No
Not Sure
12
4
1
Neutral
2
Neutral
Table 9-2 Summary of Answers - Jallo Park
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THESIS
9.4.2 LAHORE WILDLIFE PARK
9.4.2.1 LOCATION MAP - LAHORE WILDLIFE PARK
Figure 98 Lahore Wildlife Park
9.4.2.2 SUMMARY OF ANSWERS - LAHORE WILDLIFE PARK
LAHORE WILDLIFE PARK
Q.
N
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
Question
Age
Gender
Education
Level attained
Marital Status
Number of
Children
Living in
Lahore for ?
Answer Choice-
Male
18
Answer
Choice 2
30-45
7
Female
12
Answer
Choice 3
45-60
5
Other
<10
10 - 12
12 - 14
>14
2
3
19
Single
Married
Divorved
10
19
1
6
Not willing
to answer
0
Not Applicable
0
1-5
>5
10
1
19
0
Since birth
<5 years
5 - 10 years
>10 years
6
7
6
11
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Answer
Choice 4
>60
7
0
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THESIS
LAHORE WILDLIFE PARK
Q.
N
o
Question
7
Occupation
Answer Choice
1
Answer
Choice 3
Employed
Part-time
11
100,00 200,000
23
Answer
Choice 4
Unemploye
d
2
0
Answer
Choice 2
Employed
Full-time
15
51,000 100,000
1
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Rarely
2
4
15
9
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Rarely
15
6
9
0
Relaxation/Stre
ss Relief
Exercise
Socializing
Nature
Connection
23
4
2
Morning
Evening
4
1-2 hrs
2+ hrs
5
18
30 min - 1
hr
5
1
Whenever I
find time
8
0
Walking Paths
Seating
2
5
Better
Maintenanc
e
20
Playground
s
7
More
Biodiversit
y
4
6
16
4
More Relaxed
Improved
Mood
Increased
Focus
Reduced
Anxiety
5
Somewhat
Better
10
5
11
No Change
Worse
2
0
Student
2
8
Monthly
Income
9
Your present
Visit
Frequency
10
Your
Preferred
Visit
Frequency
11
12
13
14
15
16
Primary
Reason for
Visiting
Time of Visit
Average Visit
Time
Important
Amenities
Reasons to
Visit More
Often
Mental
Wellbeing
After Visit
upto 50,000
<30 min
Increased
Safety
9
17
Physical
Health Impact
Much Better
18
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>200,000
6
Restrooms
16
Recreation
al Facilities
50
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THESIS
LAHORE WILDLIFE PARK
Q.
N
o
Question
18
Overall
Wellbeing
After
Spending
Time
19
20
21
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Physical
Health
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Mental
Health
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Social
Interaction
and
Community
Building
22
How do you
access green
spaces?
23
Green space
accessibility
in your
neighborhood
?
24
Mental WellBeing After
Visit
25
26
Physical
Health Impact
Overall WellBeing After
Answer Choice
1
Answer
Choice 2
Answer
Choice 3
Answer
Choice 4
Much Better
Somewhat
Better
No Change
Worse
16
12
1
1
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
16
12
1
1
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
20
5
2
3
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
19
4
3
4
Walking
Cycle /
Motor
Cycle
Car
Public
Transport
2
9
6
13
Yes
No
29
1
More Relaxed
Improved
Mood
Increased
Focus
Reduced
Anxiety
17
8
2
3
Yes
No
Unsure
Worse
23
3
Somewhat
Better
1
3
No Change
Worse
Much Better
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THESIS
LAHORE WILDLIFE PARK
Q.
N
o
Question
Answer Choice
1
Answer
Choice 2
Answer
Choice 3
Answer
Choice 4
23
2
3
2
Very Imp.
Somewhat
Imp.
Neutral
Not Very
Imp
Visit
27
Importance
for Healthy
Lifestyle
28
28
Noise Level
Perception
26
2
Somewhat
Quiet
3
Somewhat
Positive
3
Yes
11
Very Quiet
26
29
Air Quality
Perception
30
Feel Safe
During the
Visit?
Very Positive
0
0
0
Somewhat
Noisy
1
Somewhat
Negative
1
Somewhat
No
Not Sure
5
5
9
Neutral
0
Neutral
Table 9-3 Summary of Answers - Lahore Wildlife Park
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THESIS
9.4.3 DEFENCE RAYA GOLF & COUNTRY CLUB
9.4.3.1 LOCATION MAP - DEFENCE RAYA GOLF & COUNTRY CLUB
Figure 99 Location Map - Defence Raya Golf & Country Club
9.4.3.2 SUMMARY OF ANSWERS - DEFENCE RAYA GOLF & COUNTRY
CLUB
DEFENCE RAYA GOLF & COUNTRY CLUB
Q.
N
o
1
2
3
4
5
Question
Age
Gender
Education
Level attained
Marital Status
Number of
Children
Answer Choice
1
18-30
1
Male
20
Answer
Choice 2
30-45
5
Female
10
Answer
Choice 3
45-60
8
Other
<10
10 - 12
12 - 14
>14
0
0
5
Single
Married
Divorved
2
26
2
25
Not willing
to answer
0
Not Applicable
0
1-5
>5
2
9
12
7
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
Answer
Choice 4
>60
16
0
53
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THESIS
DEFENCE RAYA GOLF & COUNTRY CLUB
Q.
N
o
Question
6
Living in
Lahore for ?
7
Occupation
Answer Choice
1
Answer
Choice 2
Answer
Choice 3
Answer
Choice 4
Since birth
<5 years
5 - 10 years
>10 years
3
16
Employed
Part-time
13
100,00 200,000
0
8
Unemploye
d
2
0
3
Employed
Full-time
14
51,000 100,000
0
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Rarely
0
2
14
14
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Rarely
14
2
14
0
Relaxation/Stre
ss Relief
Exercise
Socializing
Nature
Connection
22
6
1
Morning
Evening
6
1-2 hrs
2+ hrs
2
24
30 min - 1
hr
2
1
Whenever I
find time
0
6
Walking Paths
Seating
22
7
Better
Maintenanc
e
20
Playground
s
1
More
Biodiversit
y
3
7
13
7
More Relaxed
Improved
Mood
Increased
Focus
Reduced
Anxiety
5
Somewhat
Better
8
7
No Change
Worse
Student
1
8
Monthly
Income
9
Your present
Visit
Frequency
10
Your
Preferred
Visit
Frequency
11
12
13
14
15
16
Primary
Reason for
Visiting
Time of Visit
Average Visit
Time
Important
Amenities
Reasons to
Visit More
Often
Mental
Wellbeing
After Visit
upto 50,000
<30 min
Increased
Safety
10
17
Physical
Health Impact
Much Better
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
>200,000
30
Restrooms
0
Recreation
al Facilities
54
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THESIS
DEFENCE RAYA GOLF & COUNTRY CLUB
Q.
N
o
Question
18
Overall
Wellbeing
After
Spending
Time
19
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Physical
Health
20
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Mental
Health
21
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Social
Interaction
and
Community
Building
Answer Choice
1
16
Answer
Choice 2
12
Answer
Choice 3
1
Answer
Choice 4
1
Much Better
Somewhat
Better
No Change
Worse
21
8
1
0
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
21
8
1
0
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
19
4
3
4
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
1
3
Car
Public
Transport
30
0
24
22
How do you
access green
spaces?
23
Green space
accessibility
in your
neighborhood
?
24
25
Mental WellBeing After
Visit
Physical
Health Impact
Walking
2
Cycle /
Motor
Cycle
0
0
Yes
No
28
2
More Relaxed
Improved
Mood
Increased
Focus
Reduced
Anxiety
15
12
3
0
Yes
No
Unsure
Worse
24
3
1
2
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THESIS
DEFENCE RAYA GOLF & COUNTRY CLUB
Q.
N
o
Question
26
Overall WellBeing After
Visit
27
Importance
for Healthy
Lifestyle
Answer Choice
1
Answer
Choice 2
Answer
Choice 3
Answer
Choice 4
Much Better
Somewhat
Better
No Change
Worse
25
2
2
1
Very Imp.
Somewhat
Imp.
Neutral
Not Very
Imp
27
28
Noise Level
Perception
21
0
Somewhat
Quiet
5
Somewhat
Positive
5
Yes
28
Very Quiet
21
29
30
Air Quality
Perception
Feel Safe
During the
Visit?
Very Positive
3
3
0
Somewhat
Noisy
1
Somewhat
Negative
1
Somewhat
No
Not Sure
0
0
2
Neutral
3
Neutral
Table 9-4 Summary of Answers - Defence Raya Golf & Country Club
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THESIS
9.4.4 BAGH-E-JINNAH
9.4.4.1 LOCATION MAP - BAGH-E-JINNAH
Figure 910 Location Map - Bagh-e-Jinnah
9.4.4.2 SUMMARY OF ANSWERS - BAGH-E-JINNAH
BAGH-E-JINNAH
Q.
N
o
1
2
3
4
5
Question
Age
Gender
Education
Level attained
Marital Status
Number of
Children
Answer Choice-
Male
19
Answer
Choice 2
30-45
6
Female
11
Answer
Choice 3
45-60
8
Other
<10
10 - 12
12 - 14
>14
1
0
4
Single
Married
Divorved
14
16
0
25
Not willing
to answer
0
Not Applicable
0
1-5
>5
14
2
9
5
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
Answer
Choice 4
>60
3
0
57
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THESIS
BAGH-E-JINNAH
Q.
N
o
Question
6
Living in
Lahore for ?
7
Occupation
Answer Choice
1
Answer
Choice 2
Answer
Choice 3
Answer
Choice 4
Since birth
<5 years
5 - 10 years
>10 years
2
8
Employed
Part-time
10
100,00 200,000
20
17
Unemploye
d
4
3
3
Employed
Full-time
14
51,000 100,000
2
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Rarely
0
4
17
9
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Rarely
17
4
9
0
Relaxation/Stre
ss Relief
Exercise
Socializing
Nature
Connection
20
8
0
Morning
Evening
5
1-2 hrs
2+ hrs
4
22
30 min - 1
hr
5
2
Whenever I
find time
3
2
Walking Paths
Seating
1
3
Better
Maintenanc
e
19
Playground
s
8
More
Biodiversit
y
3
7
13
7
More Relaxed
Improved
Mood
Increased
Focus
Reduced
Anxiety
6
Somewhat
Better
7
10
No Change
Worse
Student
2
8
Monthly
Income
9
Your present
Visit
Frequency
10
Your
Preferred
Visit
Frequency
11
12
13
14
15
16
Primary
Reason for
Visiting
Time of Visit
Average Visit
Time
Important
Amenities
Reasons to
Visit More
Often
Mental
Wellbeing
After Visit
upto 50,000
<30 min
Increased
Safety
7
17
Physical
Health Impact
Much Better
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
>200,000
5
Restrooms
18
Recreation
al Facilities
58
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
BAGH-E-JINNAH
Q.
N
o
Question
18
Overall
Wellbeing
After
Spending
Time
19
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Physical
Health
20
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Mental
Health
21
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Social
Interaction
and
Community
Building
Answer Choice
1
22
Answer
Choice 2
6
Answer
Choice 3
1
Answer
Choice 4
1
Much Better
Somewhat
Better
No Change
Worse
17
11
1
1
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
17
11
1
1
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
24
3
1
2
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
1
2
Car
Public
Transport
8
4
22
22
How do you
access green
spaces?
23
Green space
accessibility
in your
neighborhood
?
24
25
Mental WellBeing After
Visit
Physical
Health Impact
Walking
5
Cycle /
Motor
Cycle
2
16
Yes
No
28
2
More Relaxed
Improved
Mood
Increased
Focus
Reduced
Anxiety
17
10
2
1
Yes
No
Unsure
Worse
23
2
3
2
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
59
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
BAGH-E-JINNAH
Q.
N
o
Question
26
Overall WellBeing After
Visit
27
Importance
for Healthy
Lifestyle
Answer Choice
1
Answer
Choice 2
Answer
Choice 3
Answer
Choice 4
Much Better
Somewhat
Better
No Change
Worse
23
1
1
5
Very Imp.
Somewhat
Imp.
Neutral
Not Very
Imp
27
28
Noise Level
Perception
24
0
Somewhat
Quiet
3
Somewhat
Positive
3
Yes
17
Very Quiet
24
29
30
Air Quality
Perception
Feel Safe
During the
Visit?
Very Positive
3
3
0
Somewhat
Noisy
0
Somewhat
Negative
0
Somewhat
No
Not Sure
11
1
1
Neutral
3
Neutral
Table 9-5 Summary of Answers - Bagh-e-Jinnah
9.4.5 LAHORE GARRISON GOLF & COUNTRY CLUB
9.4.5.1 LOCATION MAP - LAHORE GARRISON GOLF & COUNTRY CLUB
Figure 911 Location Map - Lahore Garrison Golf & Country Club
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
60
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
9.4.5.2 SUMMARY OF ANSWERS - LAHORE GARRISON GOLF &
COUNTRY CLUB
LAHORE GARRISON GOLF & COUNTRY CLUB
Q.
N
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Question
Age
Gender
Education
Level attained
Marital Status
Number of
Children
Living in
Lahore for ?
Occupation
Answer Choice
1
18-30
2
Male
19
Answer
Choice 2
30-45
3
Female
11
Answer
Choice 3
45-60
9
Other
<10
10 - 12
12 - 14
>14
1
1
8
Single
Married
Divorved
11
18
1
20
Not willing
to answer
0
Not Applicable
0
1-5
>5
11
2
12
5
Since birth
<5 years
5 - 10 years
>10 years
5
9
Employed
Part-time
10
100,00 200,000
1
13
Unemploye
d
4
0
3
Employed
Full-time
14
51,000 100,000
0
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Rarely
1
3
12
14
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Rarely
12
4
14
0
Relaxation/Stre
ss Relief
Exercise
Socializing
Nature
Connection
Student
2
8
Monthly
Income
9
Your present
Visit
Frequency
10
Your
Preferred
Visit
Frequency
11
Primary
Reason for
Visiting
upto 50,000
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
Answer
Choice 4
>60
16
0
>200,000
29
61
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
LAHORE GARRISON GOLF & COUNTRY CLUB
Q.
N
o
Question
12
Time of Visit
13
14
15
16
Average Visit
Time
Important
Amenities
Reasons to
Visit More
Often
Mental
Wellbeing
After Visit
Answer Choice
1
14
Answer
Choice 2
6
Answer
Choice 3
3
Whenever I
find time
3
Answer
Choice 4
7
Morning
Evening
3
5
24
30 min - 1
hr
5
1-2 hrs
2+ hrs
1
6
Better
Maintenanc
e
19
Playground
s
10
More
Biodiversit
y
Walking Paths
Seating
14
5
6
16
3
More Relaxed
Improved
Mood
Increased
Focus
Reduced
Anxiety
5
Somewhat
Better
7
5
14
No Change
Worse
2
0
Much Better
Somewhat
Better
No Change
Worse
18
10
2
0
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
18
10
2
0
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
18
8
2
2
<30 min
Increased
Safety
6
17
Physical
Health Impact
Much Better
21
18
19
20
Overall
Wellbeing
After
Spending
Time
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Physical
Health
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Mental
Health
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
Restrooms
0
Recreation
al Facilities
62
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
LAHORE GARRISON GOLF & COUNTRY CLUB
Q.
N
o
Question
21
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Social
Interaction
and
Community
Building
22
How do you
access green
spaces?
23
Green space
accessibility
in your
neighborhood
?
24
Mental WellBeing After
Visit
25
Physical
Health Impact
26
Overall WellBeing After
Visit
27
Importance
for Healthy
Lifestyle
Answer Choice
1
Answer
Choice 2
Answer
Choice 3
Answer
Choice 4
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
27
1
0
2
Walking
Cycle /
Motor
Cycle
Car
Public
Transport
0
0
30
0
Yes
No
27
3
More Relaxed
Improved
Mood
Increased
Focus
Reduced
Anxiety
17
9
2
2
Yes
No
Unsure
Worse
24
3
3
0
Much Better
Somewhat
Better
No Change
Worse
24
3
0
3
Very Imp.
Somewhat
Imp.
Neutral
Not Very
Imp
23
28
Noise Level
Perception
19
4
Somewhat
Quiet
6
Somewhat
Positive
6
Yes
27
Very Quiet
19
29
Air Quality
Perception
30
Feel Safe
During the
Visit?
Very Positive
3
0
Somewhat
Noisy
2
Somewhat
Negative
2
Somewhat
No
Not Sure
1
0
2
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
3
Neutral
3
Neutral
63
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
Table 9-6 Summary of Answers - Lahore Garrison Golf & Country Club
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
64
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
9.4.6 RACE COURSE (JILANI PARK)
9.4.6.1 LOCATION MAP - RACE COURSE (JILANI PARK)
Figure 912 Location Map - Race Course (Jilani Park)
9.4.6.1 SUMMARY OF ANSWERS - RACE COURSE (JILANI PARK)
RACE COURSE (JILANI PARK)
Q.
N
o
1
2
3
4
Question
Age
Gender
Education
Level attained
Marital Status
Answer Choice
1
18-30
9
Male
21
Answer
Choice 2
30-45
4
Female
9
Answer
Choice 3
45-60
9
Other
<10
10 - 12
12 - 14
>14
3
8
11
Single
Married
Divorved
14
15
1
8
Not willing
to answer
0
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
Answer
Choice 4
>60
8
0
65
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
RACE COURSE (JILANI PARK)
Q.
N
o
Question
5
Number of
Children
6
7
Living in
Lahore for ?
Occupation
Answer Choice
1
Answer
Choice 2
Answer
Choice 3
Answer
Choice 4
Not Applicable
0
1-5
>5
14
3
12
1
Since birth
<5 years
5 - 10 years
>10 years
6
11
Employed
Part-time
11
100,00 200,000
12
4
Unemploye
d
2
1
9
Employed
Full-time
15
51,000 100,000
14
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Rarely
0
3
14
13
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Rarely
14
3
13
0
Relaxation/Stre
ss Relief
Exercise
Socializing
Nature
Connection
13
8
6
Morning
Evening
6
1-2 hrs
2+ hrs
4
20
30 min - 1
hr
4
3
Whenever I
find time
4
3
Walking Paths
Seating
5
6
Better
Maintenanc
e
19
Playground
s
9
More
Biodiversit
y
5
17
Student
2
8
Monthly
Income
9
Your present
Visit
Frequency
10
11
12
Your
Preferred
Visit
Frequency
Primary
Reason for
Visiting
Time of Visit
13
Average Visit
Time
14
Important
Amenities
15
Reasons to
Visit More
Often
upto 50,000
<30 min
Increased
Safety
1
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
>200,000
3
Restrooms
10
Recreation
al Facilities
7
66
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
RACE COURSE (JILANI PARK)
Q.
N
o
Question
16
Mental
Wellbeing
After Visit
Answer Choice
1
Answer
Choice 2
Answer
Choice 3
Answer
Choice 4
More Relaxed
Improved
Mood
Increased
Focus
Reduced
Anxiety
5
Somewhat
Better
2
7
11
No Change
Worse
1
1
Much Better
Somewhat
Better
No Change
Worse
23
5
2
0
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
23
5
2
0
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
24
2
0
4
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
0
4
Car
Public
Transport
6
15
Increased
Focus
Reduced
Anxiety
7
17
Physical
Health Impact
18
Overall
Wellbeing
After
Spending
Time
Much Better
26
19
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Physical
Health
20
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Mental
Health
21
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Social
Interaction
and
Community
Building
17
22
How do you
access green
spaces?
23
Green space
accessibility
in your
neighborhood
?
24
Mental WellBeing After
Walking
9
Cycle /
Motor
Cycle
1
8
Yes
No
29
1
Improved
Mood
More Relaxed
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
67
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
RACE COURSE (JILANI PARK)
Q.
N
o
Question
Answer Choice
1
Answer
Choice 2
Answer
Choice 3
Answer
Choice 4
15
12
3
0
Yes
No
Unsure
Worse
24
3
2
1
Much Better
Somewhat
Better
No Change
Worse
24
3
3
0
Very Imp.
Somewhat
Imp.
Neutral
Not Very
Imp
Visit
25
26
27
Physical
Health Impact
Overall WellBeing After
Visit
Importance
for Healthy
Lifestyle
26
28
Noise Level
Perception
25
1
Somewhat
Quiet
2
Somewhat
Positive
2
Yes
13
Very Quiet
25
29
30
Air Quality
Perception
Feel Safe
During the
Visit?
Very Positive
3
3
0
Somewhat
Noisy
0
Somewhat
Negative
0
Somewhat
No
Not Sure
15
2
0
Neutral
3
Neutral
Table 9-7 Summary of Answers - Race Course (Jilani Park)
9.4.7 GREATER IQBAL PARK
9.4.7.1 LOCATION MAP - GREATER IQBAL PARK
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
68
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
Figure 913 Location Map - Greater Iqbal Park
9.4.7.2 SUMMARY OF ANSWERS - GREATER IQBAL PARK
GREATER IQBAL PARK
Q.
N
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Question
Age
Gender
Education
Level attained
Marital Status
Number of
Children
Living in
Lahore for ?
Occupation
Answer Choice
1
18-30
8
Male
22
Answer
Choice 2
30-45
9
Female
8
Answer
Choice-
Other
<10
10 - 12
12 - 14
>14
3
8
15
Single
Married
Divorved
11
18
1
4
Not willing
to answer
0
Not Applicable
0
1-5
>5
11
2
13
4
Since birth
<5 years
5 - 10 years
>10 years
9
11
Employed
Part-time
11
100,00 200,000
17
1
Unemploye
d
1
0
9
Employed
Full-time
14
51,000 100,000
8
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Rarely
1
5
15
9
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Rarely
15
6
9
0
Relaxation/Stre
ss Relief
Exercise
Socializing
Nature
Connection
20
6
Morning
Evening
5
23
3
Whenever I
find time
2
Student
4
8
Monthly
Income
9
Your present
Visit
Frequency
10
11
12
Your
Preferred
Visit
Frequency
Primary
Reason for
Visiting
Time of Visit
upto 50,000
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
Answer
Choice 4
>60
2
0
>200,000
5
1
69
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
GREATER IQBAL PARK
Q.
N
o
Question
13
Average Visit
Time
14
15
Important
Amenities
Reasons to
Visit More
Often
16
Mental
Wellbeing
After Visit
17
Physical
Health Impact
18
Overall
Wellbeing
After
Spending
Time
Answer Choice
1
4
Answer
Choice 2
30 min - 1
hr
5
Walking Paths
Seating
4
5
Better
Maintenanc
e
19
Playground
s
9
More
Biodiversit
y
4
5
19
2
More Relaxed
Improved
Mood
Increased
Focus
Reduced
Anxiety
8
Somewhat
Better
11
5
9
No Change
Worse
1
1
Much Better
Somewhat
Better
No Change
Worse
27
1
2
0
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
27
1
2
0
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
22
5
1
2
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
24
2
0
4
<30 min
Increased
Safety
8
Much Better
17
19
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Physical
Health
20
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Mental
Health
21
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Social
Interaction
and
Community
Building
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
Answer
Choice 3
Answer
Choice 4
1-2 hrs
2+ hrs
2
Restrooms
12
Recreation
al Facilities
70
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
GREATER IQBAL PARK
Q.
N
o
Question
22
How do you
access green
spaces?
23
Green space
accessibility
in your
neighborhood
?
24
Mental WellBeing After
Visit
25
Physical
Health Impact
26
Overall WellBeing After
Visit
27
Importance
for Healthy
Lifestyle
Answer Choice
1
Answer
Choice 2
Cycle /
Motor
Cycle
Answer
Choice 3
Answer
Choice 4
Car
Public
Transport
2
14
10
4
Yes
No
30
0
More Relaxed
Improved
Mood
Increased
Focus
Reduced
Anxiety
13
12
3
2
Yes
No
Unsure
Worse
23
1
1
5
Much Better
Somewhat
Better
No Change
Worse
25
1
1
3
Very Imp.
Somewhat
Imp.
Neutral
Not Very
Imp
Walking
25
28
Noise Level
Perception
23
4
Somewhat
Quiet
6
Somewhat
Positive
6
Yes
12
Very Quiet
23
29
Air Quality
Perception
30
Feel Safe
During the
Visit?
Very Positive
1
1
0
Somewhat
Noisy
0
Somewhat
Negative
0
Somewhat
No
Not Sure
15
3
0
Neutral
1
Neutral
Table 9-8 Summary of Answers - Greater Iqbal Park
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
71
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
9.4.8 MODEL TOWN PARK
9.4.8.1 LOCATION MAP - MODEL TOWN PARK
Figure 914 Location Map - Model Town Park
9.4.8.1 SUMMARY OF ANSWERS - MODEL TOWN PARK
MODEL TOWN PARK
Q.
N
o
1
2
3
4
Question
Age
Gender
Education
Level attained
Marital Status
Answer Choice
1
18-30
1
Male
23
Answer
Choice 2
30-45
5
Female
7
Answer
Choice 3
45-60
8
Other
<10
10 - 12
12 - 14
>14
2
9
16
Single
Married
Divorved
3
Not willing
to answer
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
Answer
Choice 4
>60
16
0
72
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
MODEL TOWN PARK
Q.
N
o
Question
5
Number of
Children
6
Living in
Lahore for ?
7
Occupation
8
Monthly
Income
9
Your present
Visit
Frequency
10
Your
Preferred
Visit
Frequency
Answer Choice
1
7
Answer
Choice 2
21
Answer
Choice 3
2
Answer
Choice 4
0
Not Applicable
0
1-5
>5
7
3
20
0
Since birth
<5 years
5 - 10 years
>10 years
4
5
Employed
Part-time
10
100,00 200,000
19
19
Unemploye
d
1
0
2
Employed
Full-time
18
51,000 100,000
2
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Rarely
1
2
11
16
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Rarely
11
3
16
0
Relaxation/Stre
ss Relief
Exercise
Socializing
Nature
Connection
17
8
4
Morning
Evening
3
1-2 hrs
2+ hrs
2
22
30 min - 1
hr
4
1
Whenever I
find time
5
3
Walking Paths
Seating
1
6
Better
Maintenanc
e
21
Playground
s
9
More
Biodiversit
y
7
16
Student
1
11
12
13
14
15
Primary
Reason for
Visiting
Time of Visit
Average Visit
Time
Important
Amenities
Reasons to
Visit More
Often
upto 50,000
<30 min
Increased
Safety
4
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
>200,000
9
Restrooms
14
Recreation
al Facilities
3
73
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
MODEL TOWN PARK
Q.
N
o
Question
16
Mental
Wellbeing
After Visit
Answer Choice
1
Answer
Choice 2
Answer
Choice 3
Answer
Choice 4
More Relaxed
Improved
Mood
Increased
Focus
Reduced
Anxiety
5
Somewhat
Better
7
8
9
No Change
Worse
2
1
Much Better
Somewhat
Better
No Change
Worse
18
11
1
0
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
18
11
1
0
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
23
3
0
4
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
3
2
Car
Public
Transport
11
2
Increased
Focus
Reduced
Anxiety
8
17
Physical
Health Impact
18
Overall
Wellbeing
After
Spending
Time
Much Better
20
19
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Physical
Health
20
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Mental
Health
21
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Social
Interaction
and
Community
Building
19
22
How do you
access green
spaces?
23
Green space
accessibility
in your
neighborhood
?
24
Mental WellBeing After
Walking
6
Cycle /
Motor
Cycle
3
14
Yes
No
28
2
Improved
Mood
More Relaxed
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
74
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
MODEL TOWN PARK
Q.
N
o
Question
Answer Choice
1
Answer
Choice 2
Answer
Choice 3
Answer
Choice 4
18
6
5
1
Yes
No
Unsure
Worse
25
2
2
1
Much Better
Somewhat
Better
No Change
Worse
25
2
2
1
Very Imp.
Somewhat
Imp.
Neutral
Not Very
Imp
Visit
25
26
27
Physical
Health Impact
Overall WellBeing After
Visit
Importance
for Healthy
Lifestyle
25
28
Noise Level
Perception
28
2
Somewhat
Quiet
2
Somewhat
Positive
2
Yes
14
Very Quiet
28
29
30
Air Quality
Perception
Feel Safe
During the
Visit?
Very Positive
0
0
3
Somewhat
Noisy
0
Somewhat
Negative
0
Somewhat
No
Not Sure
14
2
0
Neutral
0
Neutral
Table 9-9 Summary of Answers - Model Town Park
9.4.9 GULSHAN-E-IQBAL PARK
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
75
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
9.4.9.1 LOCATION MAP - GULSHAN-E-IQBAL PARK
Figure 915 Location Map - Gulshan-e-Iqbal Park
9.4.9.1 SUMMARY OF ANSWERS - - GULSHAN-E-IQBAL PARK
GULSHAN-E-IQBAL PARK
Q.
N
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Question
Age
Gender
Education
Level attained
Marital Status
Number of
Children
Living in
Lahore for ?
Occupation
Answer Choice
1
18-30
2
Male
17
Answer
Choice 2
30-45
3
Female
13
Answer
Choice 3
45-60
9
Other
<10
10 - 12
12 - 14
>14
2
8
15
Single
Married
Divorved
5
25
0
5
Not willing
to answer
0
Not Applicable
0
1-5
>5
5
2
19
4
Since birth
<5 years
5 - 10 years
>10 years
1
15
Employed
Part-time
14
100,00 200,000
16
8
Unemploye
d
1
0
6
Employed
Full-time
13
51,000 100,000
3
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Rarely
0
4
16
10
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Rarely
16
4
10
0
Relaxation/Stre
ss Relief
Exercise
Socializing
Nature
Connection
13
6
2
9
Student
2
8
9
10
11
Monthly
Income
Your present
Visit
Frequency
Your
Preferred
Visit
Frequency
Primary
Reason for
Visiting
upto 50,000
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
Answer
Choice 4
>60
16
0
>200,000
11
76
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
GULSHAN-E-IQBAL PARK
Q.
N
o
Question
12
Time of Visit
13
14
15
Average Visit
Time
Important
Amenities
Reasons to
Visit More
Often
16
Mental
Wellbeing
After Visit
17
Physical
Health Impact
18
Overall
Wellbeing
After
Spending
Time
Answer Choice
1
Answer
Choice 2
Answer
Choice 3
Whenever I
find time
6
Answer
Choice 4
Morning
Evening
3
2
21
30 min - 1
hr
4
1-2 hrs
2+ hrs
4
2
Better
Maintenanc
e
20
Playground
s
9
More
Biodiversit
y
Walking Paths
Seating
4
5
6
17
2
More Relaxed
Improved
Mood
Increased
Focus
Reduced
Anxiety
10
Somewhat
Better
1
5
7
No Change
Worse
2
0
Much Better
Somewhat
Better
No Change
Worse
16
12
2
0
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
16
12
2
0
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
23
4
2
1
<30 min
Increased
Safety
8
Much Better
27
19
20
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Physical
Health
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Mental
Health
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
Restrooms
15
Recreation
al Facilities
77
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
GULSHAN-E-IQBAL PARK
Q.
N
o
Question
21
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Social
Interaction
and
Community
Building
22
How do you
access green
spaces?
23
Green space
accessibility
in your
neighborhood
?
24
Mental WellBeing After
Visit
25
Physical
Health Impact
26
Overall WellBeing After
Visit
27
Importance
for Healthy
Lifestyle
Answer Choice
1
Answer
Choice 2
Answer
Choice 3
Answer
Choice 4
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
24
4
1
1
Walking
Cycle /
Motor
Cycle
Car
Public
Transport
3
14
11
2
Yes
No
27
3
More Relaxed
Improved
Mood
Increased
Focus
Reduced
Anxiety
14
12
2
2
Yes
No
Unsure
Worse
23
3
0
4
Much Better
Somewhat
Better
No Change
Worse
24
3
1
2
Very Imp.
Somewhat
Imp.
Neutral
Not Very
Imp
25
28
Noise Level
Perception
28
1
Somewhat
Quiet
1
Somewhat
Positive
1
Yes
12
Very Quiet
28
29
Air Quality
Perception
30
Feel Safe
During the
Visit?
Very Positive
1
3
Somewhat
Noisy
0
Somewhat
Negative
0
Somewhat
No
Not Sure
15
3
0
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
1
Neutral
1
Neutral
78
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
Table 9-10 Summary of Answers - Gulshan-e-Iqbal Park
9.4.10SHALIMAR BAGH
9.4.10.1
LOCATION MAP - SHALIMAR BAGH
Figure 916 Location Map - Shalimar Bagh
9.4.10.1
SUMMARY OF ANSWERS - SHALIMAR BAGH
SHALIMAR BAGH
Q.
N
o
1
2
Question
Age
Gender
Answer Choice
1
18-30
5
Male
Answer
Choice-
Female
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
Answer
Choice-
Other
Answer
Choice 4
>60
2
79
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
SHALIMAR BAGH
Q.
N
o
Question
3
Education
Level attained
4
Marital Status
5
Number of
Children
6
Living in
Lahore for ?
7
Occupation
Answer Choice
1
18
Answer
Choice 2
12
Answer
Choice 3
Answer
Choice 4
0
<10
10 - 12
12 - 14
>14
3
8
11
Single
Married
Divorved
9
20
1
8
Not willing
to answer
0
Not Applicable
0
1-5
>5
9
2
15
4
Since birth
<5 years
5 - 10 years
>10 years
6
5
Employed
Part-time
13
100,00 200,000
24
15
Unemploye
d
1
1
4
Employed
Full-time
14
51,000 100,000
3
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Rarely
0
2
17
11
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Rarely
17
2
11
0
Relaxation/Stre
ss Relief
Exercise
Socializing
Nature
Connection
15
2
13
Morning
Evening
5
1-2 hrs
2+ hrs
5
23
30 min - 1
hr
2
0
Whenever I
find time
2
2
Walking Paths
Seating
21
Playground
s
Student
2
8
Monthly
Income
9
Your present
Visit
Frequency
10
11
12
13
14
Your
Preferred
Visit
Frequency
Primary
Reason for
Visiting
Time of Visit
Average Visit
Time
Important
Amenities
upto 50,000
<30 min
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
>200,000
2
Restrooms
80
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
SHALIMAR BAGH
Q.
N
o
Question
15
Reasons to
Visit More
Often
16
Mental
Wellbeing
After Visit
Answer Choice
1
3
Answer
Choice 2
6
Answer
Choice 3
7
Answer
Choice 4
14
Increased
Safety
Better
Maintenanc
e
More
Biodiversit
y
Recreation
al Facilities
3
5
17
5
More Relaxed
Improved
Mood
Increased
Focus
Reduced
Anxiety
6
Somewhat
Better
8
7
9
No Change
Worse
1
0
Much Better
Somewhat
Better
No Change
Worse
16
11
2
1
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
16
11
2
1
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
22
5
1
2
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
2
3
Car
Public
Transport
11
1
8
17
Physical
Health Impact
Much Better
21
18
19
20
21
Overall
Wellbeing
After
Spending
Time
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Physical
Health
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Mental
Health
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Social
Interaction
and
Community
Building
20
22
How do you
access green
spaces?
Walking
3
5
Cycle /
Motor
Cycle
15
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
81
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
SHALIMAR BAGH
Q.
N
o
Question
23
Green space
accessibility
in your
neighborhood
?
24
Mental WellBeing After
Visit
25
26
27
Physical
Health Impact
Overall WellBeing After
Visit
Importance
for Healthy
Lifestyle
Answer Choice
1
Answer
Choice 2
Answer
Choice 3
Answer
Choice 4
Yes
No
28
2
More Relaxed
Improved
Mood
Increased
Focus
Reduced
Anxiety
18
7
4
1
Yes
No
Unsure
Worse
24
3
3
0
Much Better
Somewhat
Better
No Change
Worse
22
2
1
5
Very Imp.
Somewhat
Imp.
Neutral
Not Very
Imp
21
28
Noise Level
Perception
25
5
Somewhat
Quiet
5
Somewhat
Positive
5
Yes
17
Very Quiet
25
29
30
Air Quality
Perception
Feel Safe
During the
Visit?
Very Positive
0
0
4
Somewhat
Noisy
0
Somewhat
Negative
0
Somewhat
No
Not Sure
5
1
7
Neutral
0
Neutral
Table 9-11 Summary of Answers - Shalimar Bagh
9.4.11 JAM-E-SHIRIN PARK
9.4.11.1
LOCATION MAP - JAM-E-SHIRIN PARK
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
82
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
Figure 917 Location Map - Jam-e-Shirin Park
9.4.11.1
SUMMARY OF ANSWERS - JAM-E-SHIRIN PARK
JAM-E-SHIRIN PARK
Q.
N
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Question
Age
Gender
Education
Level attained
Marital Status
Number of
Children
Living in
Lahore for ?
Occupation
Answer Choice-
Male
23
Answer
Choice 2
30-45
7
Female
7
Answer
Choice 3
45-60
5
Other
<10
10 - 12
12 - 14
>14
2
9
17
Single
Married
Divorved
2
26
2
2
Not willing
to answer
0
Not Applicable
0
1-5
>5
2
11
8
9
Since birth
<5 years
5 - 10 years
>10 years
4
1
Employed
Full-time
17
Employed
Part-time
8
Unemploye
d
Student
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
Answer
Choice 4
>60
7
0
83
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
JAM-E-SHIRIN PARK
Q.
N
o
Question
8
Monthly
Income
9
Your present
Visit
Frequency
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Your
Preferred
Visit
Frequency
Primary
Reason for
Visiting
Time of Visit
Average Visit
Time
Important
Amenities
Reasons to
Visit More
Often
Mental
Wellbeing
After Visit
Answer Choice
1
3
0
Answer
Choice 2
17
51,000 100,000
7
Answer
Choice 3
7
100,00 200,000
21
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Rarely
0
3
16
11
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Rarely
16
3
11
0
Relaxation/Stre
ss Relief
Exercise
Socializing
Nature
Connection
17
4
8
Morning
Evening
3
1-2 hrs
2+ hrs
2
18
30 min - 1
hr
7
1
Whenever I
find time
9
3
Walking Paths
Seating
4
1
Better
Maintenanc
e
18
Playground
s
11
More
Biodiversit
y
1
7
17
5
More Relaxed
Improved
Mood
Increased
Focus
Reduced
Anxiety
9
Somewhat
Better
11
6
10
No Change
Worse
1
0
Somewhat
Better
No Change
Worse
upto 50,000
<30 min
Increased
Safety
5
17
Physical
Health Impact
18
Overall
Wellbeing
After
Spending
Time
Much Better
18
Much Better
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
Answer
Choice 4
3
>200,000
2
Restrooms
14
Recreation
al Facilities
84
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
JAM-E-SHIRIN PARK
Q.
N
o
Question
19
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Physical
Health
20
21
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Mental
Health
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Social
Interaction
and
Community
Building
Answer Choice
1
22
Answer
Choice 2
6
Answer
Choice 3
1
Answer
Choice 4
1
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
22
6
1
1
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
19
6
3
2
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
3
1
Car
Public
Transport
9
4
22
22
How do you
access green
spaces?
23
Green space
accessibility
in your
neighborhood
?
24
Mental WellBeing After
Visit
25
26
27
Physical
Health Impact
Overall WellBeing After
Visit
Importance
for Healthy
Lifestyle
Walking
4
Cycle /
Motor
Cycle
3
14
Yes
No
27
3
More Relaxed
Improved
Mood
Increased
Focus
Reduced
Anxiety
17
7
5
1
Yes
No
Unsure
Worse
24
3
0
3
Much Better
Somewhat
Better
No Change
Worse
24
3
3
0
Very Imp.
Somewhat
Imp.
Neutral
Not Very
Imp
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
85
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
JAM-E-SHIRIN PARK
Q.
N
o
Question
28
Noise Level
Perception
Answer Choice
1
25
Answer
Choice 3
3
26
Answer
Choice 2
1
Somewhat
Quiet
1
Somewhat
Positive
1
3
Answer
Choice 4
1
Somewhat
Noisy
0
Somewhat
Negative
0
Yes
Somewhat
No
Not Sure
19
5
6
0
Very Quiet
26
29
Air Quality
Perception
30
Feel Safe
During the
Visit?
Very Positive
Neutral
3
Neutral
Table 9-12 Summary of Answers - Jam-e-Shirin Park
9.4.12NASIR BAGH
9.4.12.1
LOCATION MAP - NASIR BAGH
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
86
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
Figure 918 Location Map - Nasir Bagh
9.4.12.1
SUMMARY OF ANSWERS - NASIR BAGH
NASIR BAGH
Q.
N
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Question
Age
Gender
Education
Level attained
Marital Status
Number of
Children
Living in
Lahore for ?
Occupation
Answer Choice
1
18-30
9
Male
19
Answer
Choice 2
30-45
4
Female
11
Answer
Choice 3
45-60
9
Other
<10
10 - 12
12 - 14
>14
5
7
12
Single
Married
Divorved
15
14
1
6
Not willing
to answer
0
Not Applicable
0
1-5
>5
15
3
11
1
Since birth
<5 years
5 - 10 years
>10 years
11
6
Employed
Part-time
6
100,00 200,000
20
12
Unemploye
d
4
0
1
Employed
Full-time
17
51,000 100,000
6
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Rarely
2
3
14
11
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Rarely
14
5
11
0
Relaxation/Stre
ss Relief
Exercise
Socializing
Nature
Connection
22
4
0
4
Student
3
8
9
10
11
Monthly
Income
Your present
Visit
Frequency
Your
Preferred
Visit
Frequency
Primary
Reason for
Visiting
upto 50,000
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
Answer
Choice 4
>60
8
0
>200,000
4
87
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
NASIR BAGH
Q.
N
o
Question
12
Time of Visit
13
14
15
Average Visit
Time
Important
Amenities
Reasons to
Visit More
Often
16
Mental
Wellbeing
After Visit
17
Physical
Health Impact
18
Overall
Wellbeing
After
Spending
Time
Answer Choice
1
Answer
Choice 2
Answer
Choice 3
Whenever I
find time
3
Answer
Choice 4
Morning
Evening
5
5
22
30 min - 1
hr
7
1-2 hrs
2+ hrs
1
6
Better
Maintenanc
e
17
Playground
s
11
More
Biodiversit
y
Walking Paths
Seating
4
2
7
13
8
More Relaxed
Improved
Mood
Increased
Focus
Reduced
Anxiety
10
Somewhat
Better
12
5
6
No Change
Worse
2
0
Much Better
Somewhat
Better
No Change
Worse
21
7
2
0
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
21
7
2
0
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
22
4
3
1
<30 min
Increased
Safety
9
Much Better
16
19
20
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Physical
Health
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Mental
Health
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
Restrooms
9
Recreation
al Facilities
88
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
NASIR BAGH
Q.
N
o
Question
21
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Social
Interaction
and
Community
Building
22
How do you
access green
spaces?
23
Green space
accessibility
in your
neighborhood
?
24
Mental WellBeing After
Visit
25
Physical
Health Impact
26
Overall WellBeing After
Visit
27
Importance
for Healthy
Lifestyle
Answer Choice
1
Answer
Choice 2
Answer
Choice 3
Answer
Choice 4
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
23
3
0
4
Walking
Cycle /
Motor
Cycle
Car
Public
Transport
2
11
7
10
Yes
No
27
3
More Relaxed
Improved
Mood
Increased
Focus
Reduced
Anxiety
15
14
1
0
Yes
No
Unsure
Worse
22
2
1
5
Much Better
Somewhat
Better
No Change
Worse
23
3
1
3
Very Imp.
Somewhat
Imp.
Neutral
Not Very
Imp
22
28
Noise Level
Perception
17
6
Somewhat
Quiet
9
Somewhat
Positive
9
Yes
12
Very Quiet
17
29
Air Quality
Perception
30
Feel Safe
During the
Visit?
Very Positive
2
0
Somewhat
Noisy
2
Somewhat
Negative
2
Somewhat
No
Not Sure
1
10
7
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
2
Neutral
2
Neutral
89
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
Table 9-13 Summary of Answers – Nasir Bagh
9.4.13SAINT MARY’S PARK
9.4.13.1
LOCATION MAP - SAINT MARY’S PARK
Figure 919 Location Map - Saint Mary’s Park
9.4.13.1
SUMMARY OF ANSWERS - SAINT MARY’S PARK
SAINT MARY’S PARK
Q.
N
o
1
2
3
4
5
Question
Age
Gender
Education
Level attained
Marital Status
Number of
Children
Answer Choice
1
18-30
8
Male
20
Answer
Choice 2
30-45
9
Female
10
Answer
Choice-
Other
<10
10 - 12
12 - 14
>14
2
10
16
Single
Married
Divorved
14
16
0
2
Not willing
to answer
0
Not Applicable
0
1-5
>5
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
Answer
Choice 4
>60
2
0
90
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
SAINT MARY’S PARK
Q.
N
o
Question
6
Living in
Lahore for ?
7
Occupation
Answer Choice
1
14
Answer
Choice 2
0
Answer
Choice 3
16
Answer
Choice 4
0
Since birth
<5 years
5 - 10 years
>10 years
3
14
Employed
Part-time
9
100,00 200,000
18
5
Unemploye
d
1
2
8
Employed
Full-time
19
51,000 100,000
4
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Rarely
2
3
11
14
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Rarely
11
5
14
0
Relaxation/Stre
ss Relief
Exercise
Socializing
Nature
Connection
22
6
1
Morning
Evening
6
1-2 hrs
2+ hrs
3
22
30 min - 1
hr
7
1
Whenever I
find time
2
3
Walking Paths
Seating
1
5
Better
Maintenanc
e
17
Playground
s
9
More
Biodiversit
y
5
7
16
2
More Relaxed
Improved
Mood
Increased
Focus
Reduced
Anxiety
9
9
5
7
Student
1
8
Monthly
Income
9
Your present
Visit
Frequency
10
11
Your
Preferred
Visit
Frequency
Primary
Reason for
Visiting
12
Time of Visit
13
Average Visit
Time
14
15
16
Important
Amenities
Reasons to
Visit More
Often
Mental
Wellbeing
After Visit
upto 50,000
<30 min
Increased
Safety
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
>200,000
6
Restrooms
15
Recreation
al Facilities
91
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
SAINT MARY’S PARK
Q.
N
o
Question
17
Physical
Health Impact
Answer Choice
1
Much Better
22
18
19
20
21
Overall
Wellbeing
After
Spending
Time
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Physical
Health
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Mental
Health
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Social
Interaction
and
Community
Building
22
23
Green space
accessibility
in your
neighborhood
?
24
Mental WellBeing After
Visit
25
Physical
Health Impact
Answer
Choice 3
Answer
Choice 4
No Change
Worse
1
1
Much Better
Somewhat
Better
No Change
Worse
21
7
2
0
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
21
7
2
0
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
17
9
0
4
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
1
2
Car
Public
Transport
6
11
22
How do you
access green
spaces?
Answer
Choice 2
Somewhat
Better
6
Walking
5
Cycle /
Motor
Cycle
3
10
Yes
No
27
3
More Relaxed
Improved
Mood
Increased
Focus
Reduced
Anxiety
13
14
3
0
Yes
No
Unsure
Worse
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
92
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
SAINT MARY’S PARK
Q.
N
o
Question
26
Overall WellBeing After
Visit
27
Importance
for Healthy
Lifestyle
Answer Choice
1
25
Answer
Choice 2
1
Answer
Choice 3
1
Answer
Choice 4
3
Much Better
Somewhat
Better
No Change
Worse
24
3
2
1
Very Imp.
Somewhat
Imp.
Neutral
Not Very
Imp
19
28
Noise Level
Perception
25
2
Somewhat
Quiet
2
Somewhat
Positive
2
Yes
17
Very Quiet
25
29
Air Quality
Perception
30
Feel Safe
During the
Visit?
Very Positive
3
3
6
Somewhat
Noisy
0
Somewhat
Negative
0
Somewhat
No
Not Sure
3
7
3
Neutral
3
Neutral
Table 9-14 Summary of Answers – Saint Mary’s Park
9.4.14AYUBIA PARK
9.4.14.1
LOCATION MAP - AYUBIA PARK
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
93
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
Figure 920 Location Map - Ayubia Park
9.4.14.1
SUMMARY OF ANSWERS - AYUBIA PARK
AYUBIA PARK
Q.
N
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
Question
Age
Gender
Education
Level attained
Marital Status
Number of
Children
Living in
Lahore for ?
Answer Choice-
Male
17
Answer
Choice 2
30-45
6
Female
13
Answer
Choice 3
45-60
8
Other
<10
10 - 12
12 - 14
>14
5
7
10
Single
Married
Divorved
7
23
0
8
Not willing
to answer
0
Not Applicable
0
1-5
>5
7
3
11
9
Since birth
<5 years
5 - 10 years
>10 years
9
2
14
5
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
Answer
Choice 4
>60
3
0
94
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
AYUBIA PARK
Q.
N
o
Question
7
Occupation
Answer Choice
1
Answer
Choice 3
Employed
Part-time
4
100,00 200,000
16
Answer
Choice 4
Unemploye
d
3
1
Answer
Choice 2
Employed
Full-time
19
51,000 100,000
12
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Rarely
1
5
11
13
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Rarely
11
6
13
0
Relaxation/Stre
ss Relief
Exercise
Socializing
Nature
Connection
19
4
4
Morning
Evening
4
1-2 hrs
2+ hrs
3
22
30 min - 1
hr
7
3
Whenever I
find time
4
3
Walking Paths
Seating
7
5
Better
Maintenanc
e
17
Playground
s
9
More
Biodiversit
y
5
7
13
5
More Relaxed
Improved
Mood
Increased
Focus
Reduced
Anxiety
6
Somewhat
Better
7
7
11
No Change
Worse
2
0
Student
4
8
Monthly
Income
9
Your present
Visit
Frequency
10
Your
Preferred
Visit
Frequency
11
12
13
14
15
16
Primary
Reason for
Visiting
Time of Visit
Average Visit
Time
Important
Amenities
Reasons to
Visit More
Often
Mental
Wellbeing
After Visit
upto 50,000
<30 min
Increased
Safety
6
17
Physical
Health Impact
Much Better
21
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
>200,000
1
Restrooms
9
Recreation
al Facilities
95
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
AYUBIA PARK
Q.
N
o
Question
18
Overall
Wellbeing
After
Spending
Time
19
20
21
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Physical
Health
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Mental
Health
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Social
Interaction
and
Community
Building
22
How do you
access green
spaces?
23
Green space
accessibility
in your
neighborhood
?
24
Mental WellBeing After
Visit
25
26
Physical
Health Impact
Overall WellBeing After
Answer Choice
1
Answer
Choice 2
Answer
Choice 3
Answer
Choice 4
Much Better
Somewhat
Better
No Change
Worse
22
6
1
1
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
22
6
1
1
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
24
4
1
1
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
24
3
1
2
Walking
Cycle /
Motor
Cycle
Car
Public
Transport
1
16
12
1
Yes
No
30
0
More Relaxed
Improved
Mood
Increased
Focus
Reduced
Anxiety
15
11
1
3
Yes
No
Unsure
Worse
25
2
Somewhat
Better
2
1
No Change
Worse
Much Better
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
96
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
AYUBIA PARK
Q.
N
o
Question
Answer Choice
1
Answer
Choice 2
Answer
Choice 3
Answer
Choice 4
23
3
1
3
Very Imp.
Somewhat
Imp.
Neutral
Not Very
Imp
Visit
27
Importance
for Healthy
Lifestyle
28
28
Noise Level
Perception
25
0
Somewhat
Quiet
2
Somewhat
Positive
2
Yes
16
Very Quiet
25
29
Air Quality
Perception
30
Feel Safe
During the
Visit?
Very Positive
2
3
0
Somewhat
Noisy
0
Somewhat
Negative
0
Somewhat
No
Not Sure
3
11
0
Neutral
3
Neutral
Table 9-15 Summary of Answers – Ayubia Park
9.4.15SECTOR G, SPORTS COMPLEX
9.4.15.1
LOCATION MAP - SECTOR G, SPORTS COMPLEX
Figure 921 Location Map - Sector G, Sports Complex
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
97
MSED AUTMN 2022
9.4.15.2
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
SUMMARY OF ANSWERS - SECTOR G, SPORTS COMPLEX
SECTOR G, SPORTS COMPLEX
Q.
N
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Question
Age
Gender
Education
Level attained
Marital Status
Number of
Children
Living in
Lahore for ?
Occupation
Answer Choice-
Male
22
Answer
Choice 2
30-45
4
Female
8
Answer
Choice 3
45-60
4
Other
<10
10 - 12
12 - 14
>14
1
0
3
Single
Married
Divorved
11
18
1
26
Not willing
to answer
0
Not Applicable
0
1-5
>5
11
2
14
3
Since birth
<5 years
5 - 10 years
>10 years
8
14
Employed
Part-time
9
100,00 200,000
3
7
Unemploye
d
2
0
1
Employed
Full-time
17
51,000 100,000
0
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Rarely
0
5
14
11
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Rarely
14
5
11
0
Relaxation/Stre
ss Relief
Exercise
Socializing
Nature
Connection
13
0
0
17
Student
2
8
Monthly
Income
9
Your present
Visit
Frequency
10
11
Your
Preferred
Visit
Frequency
Primary
Reason for
Visiting
upto 50,000
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
Answer
Choice 4
>60
1
0
>200,000
27
98
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
SECTOR G, SPORTS COMPLEX
Q.
N
o
Question
12
Time of Visit
13
14
15
Average Visit
Time
Important
Amenities
Reasons to
Visit More
Often
16
Mental
Wellbeing
After Visit
17
Physical
Health Impact
18
Overall
Wellbeing
After
Spending
Time
Answer Choice
1
Answer
Choice 2
Answer
Choice 3
Whenever I
find time
5
Answer
Choice 4
Morning
Evening
4
3
21
30 min - 1
hr
3
1-2 hrs
2+ hrs
5
2
Better
Maintenanc
e
19
Playground
s
7
More
Biodiversit
y
Walking Paths
Seating
3
2
6
15
7
More Relaxed
Improved
Mood
Increased
Focus
Reduced
Anxiety
7
Somewhat
Better
5
9
7
No Change
Worse
2
0
Much Better
Somewhat
Better
No Change
Worse
26
2
1
1
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
26
2
1
1
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
27
1
0
2
<30 min
Increased
Safety
7
Much Better
23
19
20
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Physical
Health
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Mental
Health
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
Restrooms
18
Recreation
al Facilities
99
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
SECTOR G, SPORTS COMPLEX
Q.
N
o
Question
21
Importance of
Green Spaces
for Social
Interaction
and
Community
Building
22
How do you
access green
spaces?
23
Green space
accessibility
in your
neighborhood
?
24
Mental WellBeing After
Visit
25
Physical
Health Impact
26
Overall WellBeing After
Visit
27
Importance
for Healthy
Lifestyle
Answer Choice
1
Answer
Choice 2
Answer
Choice 3
Answer
Choice 4
Very Important
Somewhat
Important
Neutral
Not Very
Important
18
8
2
2
Walking
Cycle /
Motor
Cycle
Car
Public
Transport
3
2
25
0
Yes
No
27
3
More Relaxed
Improved
Mood
Increased
Focus
Reduced
Anxiety
18
9
1
2
Yes
No
Unsure
Worse
25
2
2
1
Much Better
Somewhat
Better
No Change
Worse
23
3
0
4
Very Imp.
Somewhat
Imp.
Neutral
Not Very
Imp
24
28
Noise Level
Perception
19
5
Somewhat
Quiet
10
Somewhat
Positive
10
Yes
27
Very Quiet
19
29
Air Quality
Perception
30
Feel Safe
During the
Visit?
Very Positive
1
0
Somewhat
Noisy
0
Somewhat
Negative
0
Somewhat
No
Not Sure
1
0
2
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
1
Neutral
1
Neutral
100
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
Table 9-16 Summary of Answers – Sector G, Sports Complex
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
101
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
10 SUMMARY
OF
FINDINGS,
RECOMMENDATIONS
THESIS
CONCLUSION
AND
10.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
10.1.1DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
10.1.1.1
AGE (QUESTION-1)
Findings - Question-1: Age
26.4% of respondents
fall within the age
group of 18-30.
The age group of 4560 constitutes the
largest portion of
respondents at 28.4%.
24.2% of respondents are
aged over 60, while 20.9%
fall within the 30-45 age range. Figure 101 Age (Question-1)
Conclusion - Question-1: Age
The majority of respondents are distributed across the age groups
of 18-30 and 45-60, indicating a diverse age demographic.
However, there is a noticeable proportion of respondents over the
age of 60.
Recommendations - Question-1: Age
Consider segmenting the analysis based on age groups to
understand how preferences and perceptions vary across
different generations.
Conduct targeted outreach to ensure representation from
younger age groups in future surveys.
10.1.1.2
GENDER (QUESTION-2)
Findings - Question-2: Gender
65.8% of respondents identify as male, while 34.2% identify as
female.
Conclusion - Question-2: Gender
The survey exhibits a higher participation rate among males
compared to females.
Recommendations - Question-2: Gender
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
102
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
Explore strategies to encourage greater female participation in
future surveys to
achieve
a
more
balanced
gender
representation.
Ensure survey
questions and
outreach methods are
inclusive and appeal to
respondents of all genders.
Figure 102 Gender (Question-2)
10.1.1.3
EDUCATION LEVEL ATTAINED (QUESTION-3)
Findings - Question-3: Education Level Attained
39.6% of respondents
have
attained
an
education level of 1214 years.
34.9% have education
levels above 14 years,
while 18.4% have
education levels of 1012 years.
Figure 103 Education Level Attained (Question-3)
Conclusion - Question-3: Education Level Attained
A significant portion of respondents have completed higher levels
of education, indicating a relatively educated survey population.
Recommendations - Question-3: Education Level Attained
Consider analyzing the survey data based on education levels to
understand potential correlations between education and
perceptions of green spaces.
Provide educational materials and information about green spaces
tailored to different education levels to enhance engagement and
understanding.
10.1.1.4
MARITAL STATUS (QUESTION-4)
Findings - Question-4: Marital Status
65.1% of respondents are married, indicating a majority of
married individuals in the survey.
32.0% of respondents are single, while only 2.9% are divorced.
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
103
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
Conclusion - Question-4: Marital Status
The survey
predominantly
comprises married
individuals,
suggesting that their
perspectives on green
spaces may be
influenced by family
dynamics and
responsibilities.
Figure 104 Marital Status (Question-4)
Recommendations - Question-4: Marital Status
Explore how marital status influences perceptions and behaviors
related to green spaces, particularly in terms of family-oriented
activities and preferences.
Consider conducting targeted outreach to understand the specific
needs and preferences of single and divorced individuals in
relation to green spaces.
10.1.1.5
NUMBER OF CHILDREN (QUESTION-5)
Findings - Question-5: Number of Children
45.6% of respondents have 1-5 children, indicating that a
significant portion of the survey population are parents.
32.0% of respondents
indicated
"Not
Applicable," suggesting
they do not have
children.
11.8% of respondents
have more than 5
children, while only
10.7% have no children.
Figure 105 Number of Children (Question-5)
Conclusion - Question-5: Number of Children
The majority of respondents have 1-5 children, indicating that
many individuals visiting green spaces may be families or parents
with multiple children.
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
104
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
The "Not Applicable" category may include individuals without
children, young adults, or those who prefer not to disclose their
parental status.
Recommendations - Question-5: Number of Children
Tailor green space amenities and activities to accommodate
families with children, such as playgrounds, family-friendly trails,
and picnic areas.
Conduct further research to understand the preferences and
needs of individuals without children and how they utilize green
spaces for leisure and recreation.
10.1.1.6
LIVING IN LAHORE FOR ? (QUESTION-6)
Findings - Question-6: Living in Lahore for?
34.4% of respondents have been living in Lahore for 5-10 years,
indicating a significant portion of the population has been in the
city for a considerable
amount of time.
33.6% of respondents
have been living in
Lahore for more than
10 years, showing a
stable and long-term
residency in the city.
Figure 106 Living In Lahore For ? (Question-6)
17.3% of respondents have been living in Lahore since birth,
suggesting a lifelong connection to the city.
14.7% of respondents have been living in Lahore for less than 5
years, indicating a smaller proportion of recent residents.
Conclusion - Question-6: Living in Lahore for?
The majority of respondents have been living in Lahore for a
significant amount of time, with a considerable portion residing in
the city for 5-10 years or more.
Lifelong residents and those living in Lahore for more than 10
years may have a strong attachment to the city and its green
spaces, influencing their preferences and behaviors regarding park
visitation.
Recommendations - Question-6: Living in Lahore for?
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
105
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
Consider the diverse needs and preferences of residents based on
their length of residency when planning and designing green
spaces.
Conduct further research to explore how the duration of residency
in Lahore influences individuals' perceptions and utilization of
green spaces.
10.1.2SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS:
10.1.2.1
OCCUPATION (QUESTION-7)
Findings - Question-7: Occupation
53.3% of respondents are employed full-time, indicating a
significant portion of the population has regular employment.
31.8% of respondents are employed part-time, suggesting a
substantial proportion of individuals work on a less than full-time
basis.
7.8% of respondents are
students, indicating a
smaller portion of the
population are still in
education.
7.1% of respondents are
unemployed, showing a
minority of individuals
are currently without employment.
Figure 107 Occupation (Question-7)
Conclusion - Question-7: Occupation
The majority of respondents are either employed full-time or parttime, indicating a workforce population that may have limited
leisure time for park visitation during weekdays.
The presence of students suggests a potential user group for
parks, particularly during leisure time and breaks from studies.
The minority of unemployed respondents may also represent a
user group for parks, potentially seeking recreational activities as
well as opportunities for social interaction and community
engagement.
Recommendations - Question-7: Occupation
Tailor park facilities and programs to accommodate the diverse
needs and schedules of employed individuals, including options
for leisure activities after work hours and on weekends.
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
106
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
Collaborate with educational institutions to promote parks as
spaces for relaxation, socialization, and outdoor learning for
students.
Explore partnerships with local employment agencies and
community organizations to provide recreational and skill-building
opportunities for the unemployed population, fostering
community engagement and well-being.
10.1.2.2
MONTHLY INCOME (QUESTION-8)
Findings - Question-8: Monthly Income
50.0% of respondents have a monthly income ranging from
100,000 to 200,000, indicating a significant portion of the
population falls within this income bracket.
31.8% of respondents have a monthly income exceeding 200,000,
suggesting a considerable proportion of individuals have relatively
higher disposable incomes.
16.0% of respondents have a monthly income between 51,000
and
100,000,
representing a smaller
but still notable group.
Only 2.2% of
respondents have a
monthly income of up to
50,000, indicating a
minority of individuals
with lower income levels.
Figure 108 Monthly Income (Question-8)
Conclusion - Question-8: Monthly Income
The majority of respondents have moderate to high monthly
incomes, which may influence their access to and utilization of
park facilities and amenities.
Higher-income individuals may have more resources to allocate to
recreational activities and leisure pursuits, potentially leading to
greater park visitation.
Strategies to attract visitors from lower-income brackets should
be considered to ensure equitable access to green spaces and
recreational opportunities for all segments of the population.
Recommendations - Question-8: Monthly Income
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
107
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
“Implement pricing strategies for park facilities and activities that
are inclusive and affordable for individuals across various income
levels.
Develop targeted marketing campaigns to promote park amenities
and events, emphasizing affordability and accessibility to attract
visitors from diverse income backgrounds.
Explore partnerships with local businesses and organizations to
sponsor events and initiatives that provide free or discounted
access to parks for individuals with lower incomes.”27 (Crompton,-VISIT FREQUENCY AND PREFERENCES:
10.1.3.1
YOUR PRESENT VISIT FREQUENCY (QUESTION-9)
Findings - Question-9: Your Present Visit Frequency
47.8% of respondents visit parks on a monthly basis, indicating
that a substantial portion of the population engages with green
spaces regularly but not frequently.
38.2% of respondents visit parks rarely, suggesting that a
significant number of
individuals
do
not
prioritize park visitation
or have limited access
to green spaces.
11.6% of respondents
visit parks weekly,
representing a smaller
yet notable segment of
the population that
engages with green spaces more frequently.
Figure 109 Your Present Visit Frequency (Question-9)
Only 2.4% of respondents visit parks on a daily basis, indicating
that daily park visitation is less common among the surveyed
population.
Conclusion - Question-9: Your Present Visit Frequency
The majority of respondents visit parks on a monthly basis,
indicating a moderate level of engagement with green spaces.
A considerable proportion of respondents visit parks rarely,
suggesting potential barriers to park access or limitations in the
availability of green spaces in certain areas.
REHMANI,WASEEM ANWAR-|99|16MT|4601
108
MSED AUTMN 2022
RESEARCH PROJECT - 3686
THESIS
Strategies to promote regular park visitation, such as enhancing
park amenities and programming, may be necessary to encourage
greater community engagement with green spaces.
Recommendations - Question-9: Your Present Visit Frequency
“Implement initiatives to enhance the attractiveness and appeal
of parks, including the development of new amenities,
recreational facilities, and programming that cater to diverse
interests and preferences.
Improve accessibility to parks through infrastructure
enhancements, such as the development of walking and cycling
paths, public transportation options, and parking facilities.
Launch public awareness campaigns to promote the benefits of
regular park visitation for physical and mental well-being, social
interaction, and community cohesion, aiming to encourage more
frequent engagement with green spaces among the population.”28
(Miller,-
YOUR PREFERRED VISIT FREQUENCY (QUESTION-10)
Findings - Question-10: Your Preferred Visit Frequency
47.8% of respondents prefer to visit parks on a daily basis,
indicating a strong desire
for
frequent
engagement with green
spaces
among
the
surveyed population.
38.2% of respondents
prefer to visit parks on a
monthly
basis,
suggesting
that
a
significant portion of the population values periodic but less
frequent visits to green spaces.
Figure 1010 Your Preferred Visit Frequency (Question-10)
14.0% of respondents prefer to visit parks on a weekly basis,
representing a smaller yet notable segment of the population that
desires more frequent engagement with green spaces than
monthly visitors.
Conclusion - Question-10: Your Preferred Visit Frequency
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“The majority of respondents express a preference for daily park
visitation, highlighting the importance of green spaces in their
daily routines and lifestyles.
A considerable proportion of respondents also indicate a
preference for monthly park visitation, suggesting that periodic
engagement with green spaces is valued by a significant segment
of the population.
Strategies to accommodate varying visitation preferences, such as
offering diverse programming and amenities to attract both daily
and occasional visitors, may be beneficial in promoting broader
community engagement with green spaces.”29 (Mowen, 2005)
Recommendations - Question-10: Your Preferred Visit Frequency
Enhance the accessibility and attractiveness of parks to
accommodate the preferences of both daily and occasional
visitors, including the development of amenities and recreational
facilities that cater to diverse interests and usage patterns.
Implement targeted marketing and outreach efforts to promote
the benefits of frequent park visitation and encourage individuals
to incorporate green spaces into their daily routines and lifestyles.
Foster a sense of community ownership and pride in local parks
through community engagement
initiatives, volunteer
opportunities, and participatory decision-making processes,
aiming to cultivate a strong sense of attachment and stewardship
towards green spaces among residents.
10.1.3.3
PRIMARY REASON FOR VISITING (QUESTION-11)
Findings - Question-11: Primary Reason for Visiting
59.1% of respondents cite relaxation and stress relief as their
primary reason for
visiting green spaces,
indicating
that
a
significant majority of
individuals
perceive
parks
as
tranquil
environments conducive
to relaxation and mental rejuvenation.
Figure 1011 Primary Reason For Visiting (Question-11)
18.9% of respondents indicate a primary reason for visiting green
spaces is to establish a connection with nature, highlighting the
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importance of natural environments in promoting well-being and
fostering a sense of environmental stewardship.
16.9% of respondents visit green spaces primarily for exercise,
underscoring the role of parks as venues for physical activity and
fitness-related pursuits.
A smaller proportion of respondents (5.1%) cite socializing as their
primary reason for visiting green spaces, suggesting that while
social interactions are valued, they may not be the primary
motivator for park visitation among the surveyed population.
Conclusion - Question-11: Primary Reason for Visiting
Relaxation and stress relief emerge as the predominant
motivations for park visitation among respondents, highlighting
the therapeutic and restorative qualities of green spaces in urban
environments.
The significant proportion of respondents citing nature connection
as their primary reason for visiting parks underscores the
importance of preserving and enhancing natural elements within
urban green spaces to facilitate meaningful interactions with the
environment.
While exercise is a notable reason for park visitation, it represents
a smaller segment of the population compared to those seeking
relaxation and nature experiences, suggesting that parks serve
diverse recreational and well-being needs beyond physical fitness.
Socializing, while valued by some respondents, is not as commonly
cited as a primary reason for park visitation, indicating that parks
may primarily serve as personal retreats rather than hubs for
social gatherings among the surveyed population.
Recommendations - Question-11: Primary Reason for Visiting
“Design and maintain green spaces to maximize opportunities for
relaxation and stress relief, incorporating elements such as
tranquil landscaping, shaded seating areas, and designated quiet
zones to enhance the restorative qualities of parks.
Integrate natural features and biodiversity enhancements into
park design to promote nature connection and provide
opportunities for environmental education and interpretation,
fostering a deeper appreciation for the natural world among park
visitors.
Develop programming and amenities that cater to a diverse range
of recreational interests and preferences, including fitness classes,
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walking trails, nature interpretation programs, and social
gathering spaces, to attract and engage a broad spectrum of park
users.
Implement outreach and educational initiatives to raise awareness
about the multifaceted benefits of park visitation, emphasizing the
therapeutic, recreational, and social opportunities available within
urban green spaces and encouraging greater community
participation in park-related activities.”30 (Marcus,-
TIME OF VISIT (QUESTION-12)
Findings - Question-12: Time of Visit
71.6% of respondents prefer visiting green spaces in the evening,
indicating a strong inclination towards recreational activities
during the latter part of the day when temperatures may be
cooler, and individuals have more leisure time available.
A smaller proportion of
respondents
(15.1%)
visit green spaces in the
morning,
suggesting
that
while
some
individuals may engage
in outdoor activities or
exercise routines early
in the day, it is not the preferred time for park visitation among
the surveyed population.
Figure 1012 Time of Visit (Question-12)
Approximately 13.3% of respondents visit green spaces whenever
they find time, indicating flexibility in scheduling park visits based
on personal availability and commitments.
Conclusion - Question-12: Time of Visit
The evening emerges as the most popular time for park visitation
among respondents, likely due to favorable weather conditions,
reduced work or school obligations, and the opportunity to
unwind and engage in recreational activities after the day's
activities.
Morning visits, while less common, may cater to individuals
seeking to kickstart their day with outdoor exercise or leisurely
walks, suggesting that parks serve as venues for both active and
passive recreational pursuits throughout the day.
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The flexibility of visiting green spaces whenever time permits
underscores the importance of accessibility and convenience in
park design and management, ensuring that individuals can enjoy
the benefits of nature-based recreation regardless of their daily
schedules.
Recommendations - Question-12: Time of Visit
Enhance amenities and programming to accommodate the
preferences of evening park visitors, such as extending operating
hours, providing adequate lighting for nighttime activities, and
offering evening-specific recreational programs and events to
attract and retain visitors during these hours.
“Implement strategies to promote morning park visitation,
including marketing campaigns highlighting the benefits of early
morning exercise and outdoor activities, organizing fitness classes
or guided nature walks, and offering incentives such as discounted
or free admission during off-peak hours to incentivize morning
park use.
Ensure that green spaces are accessible and welcoming
throughout the day by maintaining safe and well-lit pathways,
providing seating and rest areas, and offering amenities such as
water fountains and restroom facilities to accommodate visitors'
needs during all hours of operation.”31 (Bouchard,-
AVERAGE VISIT TIME (QUESTION-13)
Findings - Question-13: Average Visit Time
The
majority
of
respondents
(62.9%)
spend 1-2 hours during
each visit to green
spaces, indicating a
preference
for
moderately extended
periods of outdoor recreation or relaxation.
Figure 1013
Average Visit Time (Question-13)
Approximately 16.2% of respondents allocate 30 minutes to 1
hour for their visits, suggesting that a significant portion of the
surveyed population engages in shorter, more focused
interactions with green spaces, possibly for quick exercise sessions
or brief breaks from daily routines.
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A smaller proportion of respondents (11.8%) spend less than 30
minutes during each visit, indicating that some individuals may
utilize green spaces for short walks or brief moments of respite
amidst busy schedules.
Only 9.1% of respondents extend their visits beyond 2 hours,
indicating that while there is a preference for spending time in
green spaces, the majority of visitors do not engage in prolonged
stays during each visit.
Conclusion - Question-13: Average Visit Time
The findings suggest that the optimal visit duration for most
respondents falls within the range of 1-2 hours, allowing
individuals to engage in various recreational activities, social
interactions, and nature-based experiences without excessively
long time commitments.
Shorter visit durations of less than 1 hour are also common among
respondents, indicating that green spaces serve as accessible
venues for quick breaks, exercise routines, or brief moments of
relaxation during busy schedules.
Prolonged visits exceeding 2 hours are less common among
respondents, suggesting that while green spaces offer
opportunities for extended leisure and recreation, the majority of
visitors prefer more moderate durations that balance outdoor
enjoyment with other daily responsibilities.
Recommendations - Question-13: Average Visit Time
“Provide amenities and facilities that cater to visitors' needs for a
comfortable and enjoyable experience during their typical 1-2
hour visit, including well-maintained walking paths, seating areas,
restrooms, and recreational amenities such as playgrounds or
sports facilities.”32 (Harnik, 2015)
Encourage frequent but shorter visits by offering programming
and activities that can be completed within 30 minutes to 1 hour,
such as guided nature walks, fitness classes, or mindfulness
sessions, to accommodate individuals with limited time availability
or specific recreational preferences.
Consider strategies to enhance the appeal of green spaces for
prolonged visits exceeding 2 hours, such as organizing special
events or themed programming, creating designated picnic areas
or relaxation zones, and promoting opportunities for extended
outdoor recreation, socialization, and engagement with nature.
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10.1.4AMENITIES AND REASONS TO VISIT:
10.1.4.1
IMPORTANT AMENITIES (QUESTION-14)
Findings - Question-14: Important Amenities
Restrooms
are
perceived as the most
important amenity by
the
majority
of
respondents,
with
39.1% of participants
indicating
its
significance.
Figure 1014 Important Amenities (Question-14)
This suggests that access to restroom facilities is crucial for
ensuring the comfort and convenience of visitors during their time
in green spaces.
Playgrounds are considered important by 28.0% of respondents,
indicating a significant demand for recreational amenities that
cater to families with children or individuals seeking opportunities
for active play and leisure.
Walking paths are deemed important by 18.2% of respondents,
highlighting the value of designated pathways for walking, jogging,
or cycling within green spaces to promote physical activity and
mobility.
Seating is considered important by 14.7% of respondents,
indicating a desire for comfortable seating options such as
benches or picnic areas where visitors can rest, socialize, or enjoy
scenic views during their time in green spaces.
Conclusion - Question-14: Important Amenities
The findings underscore the importance of prioritizing the
provision of restroom facilities within green spaces to meet the
basic needs of visitors and enhance their overall experience.
The demand for playgrounds suggests the need to incorporate
recreational amenities that cater to families and individuals of all
ages, promoting active lifestyles and leisure opportunities within
green spaces.
While walking paths and seating are considered less essential
compared to restrooms and playgrounds, they still play a
significant role in facilitating recreational activities, promoting
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physical activity, and providing opportunities for relaxation and
socialization within green spaces.
Recommendations - Question-14: Important Amenities
“Ensure adequate provision and maintenance of restroom
facilities within green spaces to meet the needs of visitors of all
ages and abilities, considering factors such as accessibility,
cleanliness, and signage.”33 (Knight, 2011)
Incorporate diverse recreational amenities, including playgrounds,
sports fields, and nature-based play areas, to cater to the varied
interests and preferences of visitors, fostering inclusivity and
engagement among different user groups.
Enhance walking paths with signage, lighting, and landscaping to
create safe, accessible, and enjoyable walking routes that
encourage physical activity, exploration, and connectivity within
green spaces.
Install seating options strategically throughout green spaces,
providing opportunities for rest, relaxation, and observation while
maximizing views and access to amenities, nature, and social
areas.
10.1.4.2
REASONS TO VISIT MORE OFTEN (QUESTION-15)
Findings - Question-15: Reasons to Visit More Often
More biodiversity emerges as the most significant factor
influencing respondents to visit green spaces more often, with
52.4% of participants indicating its importance. This suggests a
strong preference for
natural environments
that offer diverse flora
and fauna, wildlife
habitats, and ecological
features, enhancing the
overall
appeal
and
ecological value of
green spaces.
Figure 1015 Reasons to Visit More Often (Question-15)
Better maintenance is cited by 20.9% of respondents as a reason
to visit more often, highlighting the importance of well-kept,
clean, and aesthetically pleasing green spaces that create positive
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experiences for visitors and contribute to their overall satisfaction
and enjoyment.
Recreational facilities are identified as a motivating factor by
15.1% of respondents, indicating a desire for amenities such as
sports fields, playgrounds, and fitness equipment that support
active lifestyles, leisure pursuits, and recreational activities within
green spaces.
Increased safety is cited by 11.6% of respondents as a reason to
visit more often, emphasizing the importance of ensuring a safe
and secure environment through measures such as adequate
lighting, surveillance, and maintenance of pathways and facilities.
Conclusion - Question-15: Reasons to Visit More Often
“The findings highlight the significance of biodiversity in attracting
visitors to green spaces, underscoring the importance of
preserving and enhancing natural habitats, ecosystems, and
biodiversity conservation efforts to meet the diverse needs and
preferences of park users.
Improved maintenance practices are essential for enhancing the
attractiveness and usability of green spaces, contributing to
positive visitor experiences, perceptions, and satisfaction levels,
ultimately encouraging repeat visitation and engagement.”34
(Savard, 2000)
Providing diverse recreational facilities and amenities tailored to
the interests and preferences of different user groups can
enhance the appeal and accessibility of green spaces, promoting
physical activity, social interaction, and community engagement
among visitors of all ages and abilities.
Addressing safety concerns and implementing measures to ensure
a safe and welcoming environment within green spaces are crucial
for building trust, confidence, and satisfaction among visitors,
fostering a sense of security and well-being conducive to regular
and enjoyable park use.
Recommendations - Question-15: Reasons to Visit More Often
Prioritize biodiversity conservation efforts and habitat restoration
initiatives within green spaces to enhance ecological diversity,
wildlife habitats, and natural landscapes, providing unique and
enriching experiences for visitors while supporting local
biodiversity and ecosystem services.
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Implement comprehensive maintenance programs and standards
to ensure the cleanliness, safety, and aesthetic appeal of green
spaces, including regular landscaping, litter removal,
infrastructure repairs, and vegetation management practices
tailored to site-specific needs and user preferences.
Invest in the development and enhancement of recreational
facilities and amenities that promote active living, leisure pursuits,
and social interaction within green spaces, considering factors
such as accessibility, inclusivity, and environmental sustainability
to meet the diverse needs and preferences of park users.
Collaborate with local authorities, community organizations, and
stakeholders to address safety concerns, implement crime
prevention strategies, and enhance security measures within
green spaces through lighting, surveillance, signage, and
community engagement initiatives aimed at fostering a safe and
welcoming environment for all visitors.
10.1.5WELL-BEING IMPACT:
10.1.5.1
MENTAL WELLBEING AFTER VISIT (QUESTION-16)
Findings - Question-16: Mental Wellbeing After Visit
Reduced Anxiety: The majority of respondents (30.2%) reported
experiencing reduced anxiety after visiting green spaces. This
indicates that green spaces play a significant role in providing a
calming and soothing environment that helps individuals manage
stress and anxiety levels, contributing to their overall mental wellbeing.
More Relaxed: A considerable proportion of participants (25.1%)
reported feeling more relaxed after their visit to green spaces.
This suggests that
spending time in
nature facilitates
relaxation,
rejuvenation, and
stress relief, offering
individuals an
opportunity to
unwind and recharge amidst natural surroundings.
Figure 1016 Mental Wellbeing After Visit (Question-16)
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Improved Mood: Approximately 22.9% of respondents reported
an improved mood following their visit to green spaces. This
indicates that exposure to nature positively influences mood
states, enhancing feelings of happiness, positivity, and emotional
well-being among visitors.
Increased Focus: A significant number of participants (21.8%)
indicated experiencing increased focus after their visit to green
spaces. This suggests that nature exposure may enhance cognitive
function, attentional capacity, and concentration levels, enabling
individuals to concentrate better and perform tasks more
effectively.
Conclusion - Question-16: Mental Wellbeing After Visit
“The findings underscore the positive impact of green spaces on
mental well-being, with respondents reporting reduced anxiety,
increased relaxation, improved mood, and enhanced focus
following their visits. This highlights the therapeutic benefits of
nature in promoting emotional resilience, stress reduction, and
psychological well-being among individuals.
Green spaces serve as valuable resources for promoting mental
health and well-being, offering a natural antidote to the pressures
and demands of modern urban living. By providing opportunities
for relaxation, stress relief, and mood enhancement, green spaces
contribute to fostering a sense of calm, balance, and psychological
restoration in individuals.”35 (Berman, 2008)
The reported benefits of increased focus and attentional
restoration suggest that green spaces can support cognitive health
and productivity, providing individuals with a conducive
environment for mental clarity, creativity, and problem-solving.
Recommendations - Question-16: Mental Wellbeing After Visit
Encourage regular visitation to green spaces as a means of
promoting mental health and well-being among urban residents.
Develop targeted public health campaigns and initiatives to raise
awareness about the psychological benefits of spending time in
nature and encourage individuals to incorporate green space visits
into their daily routines.
“Design and maintain green spaces to optimize opportunities for
relaxation, stress reduction, and mood enhancement,
incorporating elements such as natural vegetation, water
features, seating areas, and sensory gardens to create tranquil
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and inviting environments conducive to mental rejuvenation and
emotional well-being.”36 (Ulrich, Stress recovery during exposure
to natural and urban environments, 1991)
Integrate nature-based interventions into mental health
promotion programs and therapeutic interventions, leveraging the
restorative power of green spaces to support individuals coping
with stress, anxiety, depression, and other mental health
challenges. Collaborate with healthcare providers, mental health
professionals, and community organizations to develop evidencebased interventions and treatment approaches that harness the
healing potential of nature.
Foster community engagement and social connection within
green spaces to enhance their therapeutic value and promote
social support, belongingness, and emotional resilience among
visitors. Organize group activities, events, and programs that
encourage social interaction, peer support, and shared
experiences in natural settings, fostering a sense of community
and connectedness among diverse user groups.
10.1.5.2
PHYSICAL HEALTH IMPACT (QUESTION-17)
Findings - Question-17: Physical Health Impact
Much Better: The majority of respondents (67.6%) reported
experiencing a significant improvement in their physical health
after visiting green spaces. This indicates that green spaces play a
crucial role in promoting physical well-being, contributing to
enhanced vitality, energy levels, and overall physical health among
visitors.
Somewhat Better: A considerable proportion of participants
(25.8%) reported experiencing some improvement in their
physical health following their visit to green spaces. This suggests
that even moderate
exposure to nature can
have beneficial effects
on
physical
health
outcomes,
such
as
increased
mobility,
reduced
pain,
and
improved fitness levels.
Figure 1017 Physical Health Impact (Question-17)
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No Change: A small percentage of respondents (5.1%) reported no
change in their physical health after visiting green spaces. While
these findings indicate that green spaces may not have a
noticeable impact on physical health for some individuals, it is
essential to consider other factors that may influence health
outcomes, such as pre-existing health conditions or lifestyle
habits.
Worse: A minority of participants (1.6%) reported experiencing a
decline in their physical health after visiting green spaces.
Although this percentage is small, it highlights the importance of
ensuring that green spaces are safe, accessible, and wellmaintained to prevent any adverse health effects among visitors.
Conclusion - Question-17: Physical Health Impact
The findings underscore the significant positive impact of green
spaces on physical health, with the majority of respondents
reporting improvements in various aspects of their physical wellbeing. Green spaces provide opportunities for physical activity,
relaxation, and exposure to natural elements, contributing to
enhanced fitness, mobility, and overall health outcomes.
“The reported improvements in physical health highlight the
multifaceted benefits of green spaces in promoting public health
and preventing chronic diseases associated with sedentary
lifestyles and urban living. By providing accessible and inclusive
environments for physical activity and recreation, green spaces
contribute to creating healthier and more resilient communities.
While the majority of respondents reported positive changes in
physical health after visiting green spaces, it is essential to address
disparities in access to green spaces and ensure that all
individuals, regardless of socio-economic status or demographic
characteristics, can benefit from the health-promoting effects of
nature.”37 (Wolch, 2014)
Recommendations - Question-17: Physical Health Impact
“Enhance accessibility and inclusivity of green spaces to ensure
that individuals of all ages, abilities, and backgrounds can access
and enjoy the health benefits of nature. Invest in the development
and maintenance of green infrastructure, such as parks, trails, and
recreational facilities, in underserved communities and urban
areas with limited access to natural environments.”38 (Jennings,
2017)
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Promote active transportation and outdoor recreation initiatives
to encourage physical activity and engagement with green spaces
as part of a healthy lifestyle. Implement walking and cycling paths,
fitness equipment, and programming that cater to diverse user
preferences and activity levels, fostering a culture of active living
and outdoor enjoyment.
Collaborate with healthcare providers, public health agencies, and
community organizations to integrate nature-based interventions
into health promotion and disease prevention strategies. Develop
evidence-based programs and interventions that leverage the
therapeutic benefits of green spaces to address prevalent health
issues, such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, and mental health
disorders.
Foster partnerships with local stakeholders, businesses, and
advocacy groups to advocate for policies and investments that
prioritize the preservation and expansion of green spaces in urban
planning and development initiatives. Encourage the adoption of
green space design standards, zoning regulations, and land-use
policies that prioritize public health, environmental sustainability,
and community well-being.
10.1.5.3
OVERALL WELLBEING AFTER SPENDING TIME (QUESTION18)
Findings - Question-18: Overall Wellbeing After Spending Time
Much Better: The majority of respondents (67.6%) reported
experiencing a significant improvement in their overall wellbeing
after spending time in
green
spaces.
This
indicates that green
spaces play a crucial role
in enhancing holistic
wellbeing, encompassing
physical, mental, and
emotional aspects of health. Visitors may experience feelings of
relaxation, contentment, and rejuvenation, contributing to an
overall sense of happiness and satisfaction with life.
Figure 1018 Overall Wellbeing After Spending Time (Question-18)
Somewhat Better: A considerable proportion of participants
(25.8%) reported experiencing some improvement in their overall
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wellbeing following their visit to green spaces. While not as
pronounced as those reporting "much better" wellbeing, these
findings suggest that even modest exposure to nature can have
positive effects on overall quality of life, including feelings of
peace, fulfillment, and connection to the environment.
No Change: A small percentage of respondents (5.1%) reported no
change in their overall wellbeing after spending time in green
spaces. While green spaces may not elicit noticeable
improvements in wellbeing for everyone, these findings highlight
the subjective nature of wellbeing and the diverse ways in which
individuals perceive and experience the benefits of nature.
Worse: A minority of participants (1.6%) reported experiencing a
decline in their overall wellbeing after spending time in green
spaces. Although this percentage is small, it underscores the
importance of considering individual preferences, needs, and
experiences when designing and managing green spaces to ensure
that they foster positive outcomes for all visitors.
Conclusion - Question-18: Overall Wellbeing After Spending Time
The findings demonstrate the significant positive impact of green
spaces on overall wellbeing, with the majority of respondents
reporting improvements in various aspects of their holistic health
and happiness. Green spaces provide opportunities for relaxation,
stress reduction, and connection with nature, contributing to
enhanced life satisfaction and subjective wellbeing among visitors.
The reported improvements in overall wellbeing highlight the
diverse array of benefits that green spaces offer beyond physical
health, including mental and emotional wellbeing, social
connectedness, and spiritual fulfillment. By providing spaces for
recreation, reflection, and social interaction, green spaces play a
vital role in promoting human flourishing and enhancing quality of
life in urban environments.
While the majority of respondents reported positive changes in
overall wellbeing after spending time in green spaces, it is
essential to recognize and address barriers to access and
utilization, particularly among marginalized and underserved
communities. By prioritizing equity and inclusion in green space
planning and management, cities can ensure that all residents
have equal opportunities to experience the transformative power
of nature.
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Recommendations - Question-18: Overall Wellbeing After Spending
Time
“Foster a culture of wellbeing and nature appreciation by
promoting awareness of the diverse benefits of green spaces and
encouraging regular visits among residents of all ages and
backgrounds. Develop outreach and education initiatives that
highlight the positive effects of nature on mental, emotional, and
social wellbeing, emphasizing the importance of spending time
outdoors for overall health and happiness.”39 (Williams, 2017)
Enhance the design and amenities of green spaces to cater to the
diverse needs and preferences of visitors, including features that
support relaxation, recreation, and social interaction. Incorporate
elements such as seating areas, walking paths, and natural
landscapes that promote tranquility, mindfulness, and sensory
engagement, creating inviting and inclusive environments for
leisure and enjoyment.
Collaborate with community organizations, healthcare providers,
and local stakeholders to develop nature-based interventions and
programming that address specific wellbeing goals and priorities.
Implement evidence-based practices, such as nature therapy,
mindfulness exercises, and ecotherapy, that harness the
therapeutic benefits of green spaces to improve mental health
outcomes and enhance overall quality of life.
Advocate for policies and investments that prioritize the
preservation, accessibility, and equitable distribution of green
spaces in urban planning and development efforts. Ensure that
green space initiatives are guided by principles of environmental
justice and social equity, with a focus on meeting the needs of
underserved and vulnerable populations.
10.1.5.4
IMPORTANCE OF GREEN SPACES FOR PHYSICAL HEALTH
(QUESTION-19)
Findings - Question-19: Importance of Green Spaces for Physical
Health
Very Important: The majority of respondents (67.6%) expressed
that green spaces are very important for their physical health. This
indicates a widespread recognition of the significant role that
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green spaces play in promoting physical wellbeing, including
opportunities
for
exercise, fresh air, and
exposure to natural
environments
that
support overall health
and vitality.
Figure 1019 Importance of Green Spaces for Physical Health (Question-19)
Somewhat Important: A considerable proportion of participants
(25.8%) indicated that green spaces are somewhat important for
their physical health. While not as emphatic as those who rated it
as "very important," this finding suggests that many individuals
still recognize the value of green spaces in contributing to their
physical health and wellness, albeit to a lesser extent.
Neutral: A small percentage of respondents (5.1%) reported a
neutral stance regarding the importance of green spaces for their
physical health. These individuals may not have strong opinions or
experiences related to the physical health benefits of green
spaces, indicating a potential opportunity for education and
awareness-building about the positive impacts of nature on health
outcomes.
Not Very Important: Only a minority of participants (1.6%)
indicated that green spaces are not very important for their
physical health. While this percentage is small, it underscores the
importance of understanding the diverse perspectives and
priorities of individuals when assessing the perceived value of
green spaces for health promotion.
Conclusion - Question-19: Importance of Green Spaces for Physical
Health
The findings highlight the widespread recognition of the
importance of green spaces for physical health among survey
respondents, with the majority expressing that green spaces are
very important for supporting their overall wellbeing. This
indicates a strong appreciation for the role of nature in providing
opportunities for physical activity, relaxation, and stress
reduction, which are essential components of a healthy lifestyle.
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While the majority of participants emphasized the significant
value of green spaces for physical health, it is essential to address
barriers to access and utilization, particularly among underserved
and marginalized communities. By ensuring equitable access to
green spaces and addressing disparities in park quality and
amenities, cities can maximize the public health benefits of nature
and promote health equity for all residents.
Education and outreach efforts should focus on raising awareness
about the multifaceted benefits of green spaces for physical
health, including the importance of regular outdoor activity,
exposure to natural environments, and connections with green
infrastructure in urban settings. By fostering a culture of health
and nature appreciation, communities can empower individuals to
prioritize their wellbeing and make informed decisions about
engaging with green spaces.
Collaborative partnerships between public health agencies, parks
departments, and community organizations can facilitate
coordinated efforts to promote active living, environmental
stewardship, and social cohesion through green space initiatives.
By leveraging collective resources and expertise, stakeholders can
work together to create vibrant, accessible, and inclusive green
spaces that enhance the physical health and quality of life for all
residents.
Recommendations - Question-19: Importance of Green Spaces for
Physical Health
Develop targeted health promotion campaigns and educational
materials that highlight the physical health benefits of green
spaces, including resources on the importance of outdoor
exercise, exposure to nature, and access to green infrastructure
for enhancing overall health and wellbeing.
Invest in the maintenance, enhancement, and expansion of green
spaces in urban areas, prioritizing the equitable distribution of
parks and recreational facilities to address disparities in access
and utilization among diverse communities. Implement strategies
to improve park quality, safety, and amenities, ensuring that
green spaces meet the needs and preferences of residents of all
ages and abilities.
Integrate green space planning and design principles into public
health policies and urban planning initiatives, emphasizing the
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role of nature in promoting active living, mental health, and
environmental sustainability. Advocate for the inclusion of green
space indicators in health assessments and community health
improvement plans, recognizing the value of nature-based
interventions in addressing public health challenges and
promoting population health outcomes.
“Foster cross-sector collaboration and partnerships between
public health agencies, parks departments, healthcare providers,
and community organizations to leverage resources, expertise,
and programming to maximize the health benefits of green
spaces. By working together, stakeholders can develop innovative
solutions and initiatives that enhance access to nature, promote
physical activity, and improve health equity for all residents.”40
(Roussos,-
IMPORTANCE OF GREEN SPACES FOR MENTAL HEALTH
(QUESTION-20)
Findings - Question-20: Importance of Green Spaces for Mental
Health
Very Important: A significant majority of respondents (72.9%)
expressed that green spaces are very important for their mental
health. This finding
underscores the
widespread recognition
of the positive impact of
nature on mental
wellbeing, including its
role in reducing stress,
improving mood, and providing opportunities for relaxation and
emotional rejuvenation.
Figure 1020 Importance of Green Spaces for Mental Health (Question-20)
Somewhat Important: A notable proportion of participants
(14.4%) indicated that green spaces are somewhat important for
their mental health. While not as emphatic as those who rated it
as "very important," this finding suggests that many individuals
still acknowledge the mental health benefits of green spaces to
some extent, reflecting a nuanced understanding of the
relationship between nature and psychological wellbeing.
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Neutral: A small percentage of respondents (4.4%) reported a
neutral stance regarding the importance of green spaces for their
mental health. These individuals may not have strong opinions or
experiences related to the mental health benefits of green spaces,
indicating a potential opportunity for education and awarenessbuilding about the positive impacts of nature on emotional and
psychological health.
Not Very Important: A minority of participants (8.2%) indicated
that green spaces are not very important for their mental health.
While this percentage is relatively low, it highlights the
importance of recognizing and addressing diverse perspectives
and priorities when assessing the perceived value of green spaces
for mental wellbeing.
Conclusion - Question-20: Importance of Green Spaces for Mental
Health
The findings underscore the significant recognition of the
importance of green spaces for mental health among survey
respondents, with the majority expressing that green spaces are
very important for supporting their emotional and psychological
wellbeing. This highlights the critical role of nature in providing
opportunities for stress relief, relaxation, and emotional
rejuvenation, which are essential components of maintaining
good mental health.
While the majority of participants emphasized the substantial
value of green spaces for mental health, it is crucial to address
barriers to access and utilization, particularly among vulnerable
and marginalized populations. By ensuring equitable access to
green spaces and promoting inclusive programming and
amenities, cities can maximize the mental health benefits of
nature and support the wellbeing of all residents.
Education and outreach efforts should focus on raising awareness
about the diverse mental health benefits of green spaces,
including their role in reducing stress, anxiety, and depression,
enhancing mood and emotional resilience, and fostering a sense
of connection and belonging to the natural world. By promoting
nature-based interventions and activities, communities can
empower individuals to prioritize their mental health and seek
support from green spaces as a source of healing and restoration.
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Collaborative partnerships between mental health providers,
parks departments, community organizations, and advocacy
groups can facilitate coordinated efforts to promote mental
wellbeing through green space initiatives. By integrating mental
health promotion into park programming, environmental
education, and community engagement activities, stakeholders
can create supportive and inclusive environments that promote
emotional wellness and resilience for all residents.
Recommendations - Question-20: Importance of Green Spaces for
Mental Health
“Develop targeted mental health awareness campaigns and
educational materials that highlight the diverse benefits of green
spaces for emotional wellbeing, including resources on stress
reduction, relaxation techniques, and mindfulness practices that
can be practiced outdoors in natural settings.
Invest in the creation and enhancement of green spaces that
prioritize mental health and wellbeing, incorporating features
such as walking trails, meditation gardens, and therapeutic
landscapes that promote stress relief, emotional rejuvenation,
and social connection.”41 (Howell, 2011)
Implement nature-based programming and activities that support
mental health promotion and resilience-building, including
outdoor mindfulness sessions, nature walks, therapeutic
horticulture programs, and art therapy workshops that harness
the healing power of nature to support emotional wellbeing.
Foster cross-sector collaboration and partnerships between
mental health providers, parks departments, community
organizations, and advocacy groups to develop innovative
solutions and initiatives that promote mental health equity and
address disparities in access to nature-based interventions. By
working together, stakeholders can leverage collective resources
and expertise to create inclusive and supportive green spaces that
enhance the mental health and quality of life for all residents.
10.1.5.6
IMPORTANCE OF GREEN SPACES FOR SOCIAL INTERACTION
AND COMMUNITY BUILDING (QUESTION-21)
Findings - Question-21: Importance of Green Spaces for Social
Interaction and Community Building
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Very Important: 72.9% of respondents consider green spaces to
be very important for
social interaction and
community building.
Somewhat Important:
14.4% of respondents
find
green
spaces
somewhat
important
for social interaction and community building.
Figure 1021 Importance of Green Spaces for Social Interaction and Community Building
(Question-21)
Neutral: A small percentage (4.4%) remained neutral about the
importance of green spaces for social interaction and community
building.
Not Very Important: Only 8.2% of respondents considered green
spaces not very important for social interaction and community
building.
Conclusion - Question-21:
The majority of respondents highly value green spaces for
fostering social interaction and community building. This
underscores the importance of preserving and enhancing green
spaces in urban areas to promote community cohesion and social
well-being.
Recommendations - Question-21:
Implement initiatives to enhance the social infrastructure within
green spaces, such as organizing community events and
recreational activities.
“Encourage community participation in the planning and
maintenance of green spaces to strengthen the sense of
ownership and belonging.”42 (Bratman, 2012)
Establish partnerships between local authorities, community
groups, and stakeholders to develop and maintain green spaces
that cater to diverse social needs and preferences.
Conduct awareness campaigns highlighting the social benefits of
green spaces to encourage greater utilization and appreciation
among residents.
10.1.6ACCESSIBILITY AND PERCEPTION:
10.1.6.1
HOW DO YOU ACCESS GREEN SPACES? (QUESTION-22)
Findings - Question-22: How do you access green spaces?
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Walking: Only 6.9% of respondents access green spaces by
walking.
Cycle / Motor Cycle:
34.9% of respondents
use a cycle or motor
cycle to access green
spaces.
Car:
The
majority,
42.7%, access green
spaces by car.
Figure 1022 How do you Access Green Spaces? (Question-22)
Public Transport: 15.6% of respondents use public transport to
access green spaces.
Conclusion - Question-22:
The findings indicate that a significant portion of respondents
access green spaces using private vehicles, such as cars and
motorcycles, while a smaller proportion prefers walking or using
public transport.
Recommendations - Question-22:
“Improve pedestrian infrastructure and accessibility to encourage
more people to walk to green spaces.
Enhance cycling infrastructure, such as dedicated lanes and secure
parking facilities, to promote cycling as a sustainable mode of
transport to green spaces.
Develop and expand public transport routes that connect
residential areas to green spaces, making them more accessible to
those without private vehicles.
Implement carpooling initiatives and promote the use of ecofriendly transport options to reduce the environmental impact of
accessing green spaces by car.”43 (Rigolon,-
GREEN SPACE ACCESSIBILITY IN YOUR NEIGHBORHOOD?
(QUESTION-23)
Findings - Question-23: Green space accessibility in your
neighborhood?
Yes: The majority of respondents (93.1%) reported that there is
green space accessibility in their neighborhood.
No: Only a small proportion (6.9%) indicated that there is no green
space accessibility in their neighborhood.
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Conclusion - Question-23:
The findings suggest that
the vast majority of
respondents have access
to green spaces in their
neighborhoods,
indicating relatively good
availability of green
spaces in the surveyed
areas.
Figure 1023 Green Space Accessibility in your Neighborhood? (Question-23)
Recommendations - Question-23:
“Continuously monitor and maintain existing green spaces to
ensure they remain accessible and well-utilized by the community.
Identify areas with limited green space accessibility and prioritize
the development of new green spaces or improvement of existing
ones in those areas.”44 (Chiesura, 2004)
Encourage community engagement and participation in green
space planning and development to ensure that the needs and
preferences of local residents are considered.
Implement strategies to enhance the quality and safety of existing
green spaces to further encourage their use and enjoyment by
residents.
10.1.6.3
MENTAL WELL-BEING AFTER VISIT (QUESTION-24)
Findings - Question-24: Mental Well-Being After Visit
More Relaxed: The
majority of respondents
(53.3%)
reported
feeling more relaxed
after their visit to green
spaces.
Improved Mood: A
significant proportion
(33.8%) indicated an improvement in their mood following their
visit.
Figure 1024 Mental Well-Being After Visit (Question-24)
Increased Focus: Some respondents (8.7%) reported experiencing
increased focus after visiting green spaces.
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Reduced Anxiety: A smaller percentage (4.2%) reported a
reduction in anxiety after their visit.
Conclusion - Question-24:
The findings suggest that visiting green spaces has a positive
impact on the mental well-being of individuals, with the majority
reporting feeling more relaxed and experiencing an improved
mood after their visit.
Recommendations - Question-24:
“Promote awareness about the mental health benefits of
spending time in green spaces to encourage more frequent visits.
Enhance accessibility and maintenance of existing green spaces to
ensure they are conducive to relaxation and mood improvement.
Provide opportunities for activities such as meditation, yoga, or
nature walks in green spaces to further enhance their mental
health benefits.”45 (Frumkin, 2001)
Incorporate green spaces into urban planning and development
initiatives to create healthier and more resilient communities.
10.1.6.4
PHYSICAL HEALTH IMPACT (QUESTION-25)
Findings - Question-25: Physical Health Impact
Positive Impact: A large majority (79.3%) of respondents reported
experiencing a positive
physical health impact
after visiting green
spaces.
No Impact: A small
proportion (8.0%) stated
that
their
physical
health did not change after the visit.
Figure 1025 Physical Health Impact (Question-25)
Uncertainty: Some respondents (5.1%) were unsure about the
impact of their visit on their physical health.
Negative Impact: A minority (7.6%) reported a worsened physical
health condition after visiting green spaces.
Conclusion - Question-25:
The results indicate that visiting green spaces is associated with a
predominantly positive impact on the physical health of
individuals, with most respondents reporting improvement or no
change in their physical well-being.
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Recommendations - Question-25:
“Encourage regular visits to green spaces to promote physical
activity and overall health.”46 (Hartig T. M., 1991)
Ensure the maintenance and safety of green spaces to enhance
their suitability for physical activities such as walking, jogging, and
sports.
Provide amenities such as walking paths, exercise equipment, and
recreational facilities to facilitate physical exercise in green
spaces.
Conduct further research to understand the specific mechanisms
through which green spaces contribute to physical health benefits
and tailor interventions accordingly.
10.1.6.5
OVERALL WELL-BEING AFTER VISIT (QUESTION-26)
Findings - Question-26: Overall Well-Being After Visit
Significant
Improvement:
A
substantial majority
(79.3%)
of
respondents reported
that their overall wellbeing was much
better after visiting
green spaces.
Figure 1026
Overall Well-Being After Visit (Question-26)
Moderate Improvement: A small proportion (8.0%) reported a
somewhat better overall well-being.
No Change: Some respondents (5.1%) stated that there was no
change in their overall well-being after the visit.
Negative Impact: A minority (7.6%) reported a worsened overall
well-being after visiting green spaces.
Conclusion - Question-26:
The findings suggest that visiting green spaces is associated with a
significant improvement in overall well-being for the majority of
respondents, indicating the positive impact of green spaces on
mental and emotional health.
Recommendations - Question-26:
“Promote the use of green spaces as a means to enhance overall
well-being and mental health.
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Develop programs and initiatives that encourage regular visits to
green spaces among the community.”47 (Jordan, 2016)
Ensure the accessibility and maintenance of green spaces to
maximize their potential benefits for well-being.
Conduct further research to explore specific aspects of green
spaces that contribute to improved overall well-being and tailor
interventions accordingly.
10.1.6.6
IMPORTANCE FOR HEALTHY LIFESTYLE (QUESTION-27)
Findings - Question-27: Importance for Healthy Lifestyle
High Importance: The
majority of respondents
(80.9%) consider green
spaces to be very
important
for
maintaining a healthy
lifestyle.
Figure 1027 Importance for Healthy Lifestyle (Question-27)
Moderate Importance: A smaller proportion (7.6%) view green
spaces as somewhat important for a healthy lifestyle.
Neutral Stance: A minor percentage (6.0%) express a neutral
stance regarding the importance of green spaces for a healthy
lifestyle.
Low Importance: A small segment (5.6%) believe that green
spaces are not very important for maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
Conclusion - Question-27:
The findings underscore the widespread recognition of the
importance of green spaces for promoting a healthy lifestyle
among the surveyed individuals. The majority view green spaces
as vital contributors to overall well-being and health.
Recommendations - Question-27:
“Enhance public awareness campaigns highlighting the role of
green spaces in fostering a healthy lifestyle.”48 (Marcus,
MTherapeutic Landscapes: An Evidence-Based Approach to
Designing Healing Gardens and Restorative Outdoor Spaces.,
2014)
Invest in the development and maintenance of green spaces to
ensure they remain accessible and conducive to healthy activities.
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Collaborate with healthcare professionals and community
organizations to promote the integration of green spaces into
health promotion initiatives.
Conduct educational programs to inform the public about the
specific health benefits associated with regular interaction with
green spaces.
10.1.6.7
NOISE LEVEL PERCEPTION (QUESTION-28)
Findings - Question-28: Noise Level Perception
Very Quiet: The majority of respondents (79.6%) perceive the
noise level in green
spaces as very quiet.
Somewhat
Quiet:
A
significant
portion
(12.9%) of respondents
consider the noise level
to be somewhat quiet.
Figure 1028
Noise Level Perception (Question-28)
Neutral Stance: A small percentage (6.2%) express a neutral
stance regarding the noise level in green spaces.
Somewhat Noisy: Only a minority (1.3%) of respondents perceive
the noise level as somewhat noisy.
Conclusion - Question-28:
The findings indicate that the majority of respondents perceive
green spaces as tranquil environments with minimal noise
disturbances. This perception aligns with the expectation of peace
and quiet that individuals seek in natural settings.
Recommendations - Question-28:
“Maintain efforts to preserve the peaceful ambiance of green
spaces by implementing noise control measures where necessary.
Conduct regular assessments of noise levels in green spaces and
address any sources of disturbance promptly.”49 (GidlöfGunnarsson, 2007)
Educate visitors about the importance of maintaining a quiet
atmosphere in green spaces to enhance the overall experience for
all users.
Encourage responsible behavior among park-goers, such as
refraining from playing loud music or engaging in noisy activities
that may disrupt others.
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10.1.6.8
AIR QUALITY PERCEPTION (QUESTION-29)
Findings - Question-29: Air Quality Perception
Very Positive: A significant majority of respondents (79.6%)
perceive the air quality in green spaces as very positive.
Somewhat Positive: A notable portion (12.9%) of respondents
have a somewhat positive perception of the air quality.
Neutral Stance: A small percentage (6.2%) express a neutral
stance regarding the air quality in green spaces.
Somewhat Negative: Only a minority (1.3%) of respondents
perceive the air quality as somewhat negative.
Conclusion - Question-29:
The findings suggest that the vast majority of respondents
perceive the air quality in
green spaces positively.
This
perception
underscores
the
importance of maintaining
good air quality in these
environments to enhance
the overall experience and health benefits for visitors.
Figure 1029 Air Quality Perception (Question-29)
Recommendations - Question-29:
Continue efforts to monitor and improve air quality in green
spaces through measures such as planting more trees, reducing
pollution sources, and promoting sustainable practices.
Raise awareness among visitors about the correlation between
green spaces and air quality, highlighting the positive impact of
trees and vegetation on air purification.
Collaborate with relevant authorities and organizations to
implement policies and initiatives aimed at preserving and
enhancing air quality in and around green spaces.
Regularly communicate air quality data and improvements to
park-goers to foster appreciation and understanding of the
benefits of spending time in green environments.
10.1.6.9
FEEL SAFE DURING THE VISIT? (QUESTION-30)
Findings - Question-30: Feel Safe During the Visit
Yes: The majority of respondents (56.7%) feel safe during their
visit to green spaces.
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Somewhat: A significant portion (23.6%) of respondents feel
somewhat safe during their visit.
No: A notable percentage (12.2%) express feeling unsafe during
their visit to green
spaces.
Not Sure: A smaller
proportion (7.6%) of
respondents
are
unsure about their
safety during their
visit.
Figure 1030 Feel Safe During the Visit? (Question-30)
Conclusion - Question-30:
While a majority of respondents feel safe during their visit to
green spaces, a significant portion still have reservations or
concerns about their safety. Addressing these concerns is crucial
to ensuring that green spaces remain inclusive and welcoming
environments for all visitors.
Recommendations - Question-30:
“Conduct safety assessments of green spaces to identify and
address any potential hazards or areas of concern.”50 (Crowe,
2000)
Improve lighting, signage, and visibility in green spaces to enhance
safety and security for visitors, especially during evening hours.
Increase the presence of park rangers, security personnel, or
volunteers to patrol green spaces and provide assistance to
visitors when needed.
Implement community policing initiatives and engage with local
residents to promote a sense of ownership and responsibility for
maintaining safety in green spaces.
Provide safety awareness programs and resources for visitors,
including information on emergency procedures, contact
numbers, and self-defense techniques, to empower them to feel
more secure during their visits.
10.2 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
10.2.1DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Age
The majority of respondents are between 18-30 years old (26.4%).
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A significant portion falls within the 45-60 age range (28.4%).
Gender
Most respondents identify as male (65.8%).
Education Level Attained
A large percentage have attained education levels between 12-14
years (39.6%).
Marital Status
The majority of respondents are married (65.1%).
Number of Children
The highest percentage of respondents have 1-5 children (45.6%).
Duration of Living in Lahore
A significant portion has lived in Lahore for 5-10 years (34.4%).
Occupation and Income
Occupation
The majority of respondents are employed full-time (53.3%).
Monthly Income
The highest percentage falls within the 100,000 - 200,000
income range (50.0%).
Visit Frequency and Preferences
Present Visit Frequency
Monthly visits are the most common (47.8%).
Preferred Visit Frequency
Daily visits are preferred by the majority (47.8%).
Reasons for Visiting
Primary Reason for Visiting
Relaxation/Stress Relief is the primary reason for visiting
(59.1%).
Visit Characteristics
Time of Visit
Evening visits are most common (71.6%).
Average Visit Time
A majority spend 1-2 hours during their visit (62.9%).
Amenities and Improvement Factors
Important Amenities:
Restrooms are considered the most important amenity
(39.1%).
Reasons to Visit More Often
More biodiversity is the main factor (52.4%).
Impact on Wellbeing
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Mental Wellbeing After Visit
Feeling more relaxed is the most common outcome (25.1%).
Physical Health Impact
The majority report a much better physical health impact
(67.6%).
Overall Wellbeing After Visit
A significant percentage report feeling much better overall
(67.6%).
Perceptions and Safety
Importance of Green Spaces
Green spaces are considered very important for mental health
(72.9%).
Green Space Accessibility
The vast majority report green space accessibility in their
neighborhood (93.1%).
Feel Safe During Visit
Most respondents feel safe during their visit (56.7%).
Perceptions of Environment
Noise Level Perception
Most respondents perceive green spaces to be very quiet
(79.6%).
Air Quality Perception
The majority perceive air quality in green spaces to be very
positive (79.6%).
10.3 SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS
Demographic Information
Age and Gender
The majority of respondents are young adults between 18-30
years old, with a male majority.
Education Level
A significant portion has attained education levels between 1214 years.
Marital Status and Children
Most respondents are married with 1-5 children.
Duration of Living in Lahore
A diverse range of durations, but a notable proportion has lived
in Lahore for 5-10 years.
Occupation and Income
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Employment Status and Income
Majority are employed full-time with incomes between
100,000 - 200,000.
Visit Frequency and Preferences
Present and Preferred Visit Frequency
Monthly visits are common, but daily visits are preferred.
Reasons for Visiting
Primary Reason for Visiting
Relaxation and stress relief are the primary motivations.
Visit Characteristics
Time and Duration of Visit
Evening visits lasting 1-2 hours are most common.
Amenities and Improvement Factors
Important Amenities
Restrooms are crucial, followed by walking paths and
playgrounds.
Reasons to Visit More Often
Increased biodiversity is a significant factor for increasing visit
frequency.
Impact on Wellbeing
Mental Wellbeing After Visit
Visits contribute to feeling more relaxed and improved mood.
Physical Health Impact
Green spaces have a positive impact on physical health for the
majority.
Overall Wellbeing After Visit
Visits significantly improve overall wellbeing.
Perceptions and Safety
Importance of Green Spaces
Green spaces are considered very important for mental health.
Green Space Accessibility
Most respondents perceive green space accessibility positively.
Feeling Safe During Visit
A majority feel safe during their visit, contributing to a positive
experience.
Perceptions of Environment
Noise Level and Air Quality Perception
Green spaces are perceived to be quiet with positive air
quality.
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10.4 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS
Improving Accessibility and Amenities
Enhance Accessibility
Ensure easy access to green spaces for all, including
pedestrians, cyclists, and public transport users.
Improve Amenities
Increase the availability of essential amenities like restrooms,
seating, and walking paths within green spaces.
Promoting Regular Visits
Encourage Regular Visits
Organize events and activities to encourage frequent visits,
aligning with preferred visit frequencies.
Enhancing Experience and Safety
Safety Measures
Implement safety measures, such as proper lighting and
security patrols, to enhance visitor safety.
Maintenance
Improve maintenance standards to create a cleaner and more
attractive environment, thereby increasing visitation rates.
Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation
Preserve Biodiversity
Implement measures to enhance biodiversity within green
spaces, attracting visitors interested in nature.
Conservation Efforts
Undertake conservation initiatives to protect and preserve
green spaces for future generations.
Community Engagement and Awareness
Community Involvement
Foster community engagement through volunteer programs
and participatory decision-making processes.
Awareness Campaigns
Conduct awareness campaigns to highlight the benefits of
green spaces for physical and mental health, encouraging
greater utilization.
Environmental Sustainability
Sustainable Practices
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Adopt environmentally sustainable practices in the
management and maintenance of green spaces, such as water
conservation and waste reduction.
Green Infrastructure
Incorporate green infrastructure into urban planning and
development to increase the availability of green spaces in
urban areas.
Continuous Monitoring and Evaluation
Regular Assessment
Conduct regular assessments of green spaces to monitor visitor
satisfaction, address any issues, and make improvements
accordingly.
Feedback Mechanisms
Establish feedback mechanisms to allow visitors to provide
input on their experiences and suggestions for enhancement.
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11 RESUME
11.1 TITLE OF PROJECT
Assessment of Green Open Space’s Impacts on Human Wellness in
selected areas of Urban Lahore
11.2 MAJOR DEPARTMENT
Department of Environmental Design, Health & Nutritional Sciences,
Allama Iqbal Open University
11.3 NAME
Waseem Anwar Rehmani -|99|16MT|4601)
11.4 PUBLICATIONS
Nil
11.5 DATE
June, 2024
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12 REFERENCES
1
Maas, J., Verheij, R. A., Groenewegen, P. P., de Vries, S., & Spreeuwenberg, P. (2006). Green space,
urbanity, and health: How strong is the relation? Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health
2
Hartig, T., Mitchell, R., de Vries, S., & Frumkin, H. (2014). Nature and health. Annual Review of Public
Health, 35, 207-228. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-
Jenks, M., & Burgess, R. (Eds.). (2000). Compact Cities: Sustainable Urban Forms for Developing
Countries. Spon Press.
4
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