Natasha Van Rooyen

A South African spaceport Co ns ide rin g Q ual it y m anageme nt s ys tem s • I n t e rn at i o n a l s ta n da r d s • S u s ta i na b l e d e v e l o p m e n t g oa l s • T H E l aw AFRICA’S SPACE IDENTITY Series Natasha van Rooyen SOUTH AFRICA’S ROADMAP FOR ENHANCING 1. The South African National Space Strategy (2008) calls for South Africa to enhance its access to space for purposes such as communication, remote sensing, and research, all of which could be facilitated by having a local launch site. Key objectives supporting spaceport development: SOVEREIGN - Space infrastructure: The strategy emphasises the need to develop robust infrastructure, which could be a foundation for establishing a spaceport to improve local access to space for satellite launches and scientific missions. SPACE - Self-sufficiency in Space access: By having its own launch capability, South Africa could reduce reliance on foreign launch services and build sovereignty in space activities. ACCESS TO The South African National Space Strategy (2008) outlines South Africa’s goals to becoming a key player in the global space industry by building capabilities in satellite development, space science, and infrastructure. Included in this long-term vision of building a national space capacity, are efforts to establish plans for a spaceport. 2. The South African National Space Policy (2010) forms the legal and strategic framework for all space-related activities in South Africa. This policy aims to ensure that the country develops a comprehensive national space program that includes launching satellites, developing local expertise, and building space infrastructure. The policy explicitly supports the development of facilities such as launch sites and control centres. Specific Considerations: - Space infrastructure: The policy encourages the development of physical space infrastructure, which would naturally encompass a launch site or spaceport for national missions and international partnerships. - International collaboration: South Africa intends to collaborate internationally in space activities, and a spaceport could position the country as a strategic partner for global space launch initiatives. 3. The White Paper on Science, Technology, and Innovation (2019) emphasises innovation in key sectors, including space science, to drive economic growth. It recognises space as a strategic frontier for SA’s industrial and scientific advancement and highlights the role of science and technology in contributing to infrastructure development - critical in building a spaceport. Key links to spaceport development: Author: Natasha van Rooyen As part of the ‘Africa’s Space Identity’ series. October 2024 Cape Town, South Africa 10.5281/zenodo- Spaceport cover picture: Freepik AI - Innovation infrastructure: Encourages investment in advanced scientific infrastructure, including space facilities, to strengthen SA’s position as a spacefaring nation. - International competitiveness: Supports initiatives that allow South Africa to compete globally in high-tech sectors, with spaceport development providing a new area for international engagement. 4. The South African Space Industry Framework -) formalises SA’s efforts to grow its space industry. It highlights space as a critical sector for industrial and technological development – encouraging increased interest and more discussion in setting up space facilities to support international satellite launches. A South African spaceport - Considering QMS, ISO, SDGs, and the Law Part of the ‘Africa Space Identity’ series | Author: Natasha van Rooyen – October 2024 Page 2 of 19 Emerging themes: - Economic development and job creation: Developing a spaceport aligns with national goals to stimulate job creation, drive economic development, and position South Africa as a hub for space activities in Africa. - Collaboration with industry: The framework encourages partnerships between government and the private sector, making spaceport development an attractive area for investment and collaboration. 5. The Space Infrastructure Hub (SIH) -) forms part of SA’s strategic infrastructure projects, and seeks to develop space-related capabilities, including satellite technology, ground stations, and other infrastructure critical to the space industry. While a formal spaceport is not explicitly mentioned, the hub aims to support the country’s growing space ambitions. 1 Link to spaceport support: - The SIH intends to support the broader infrastructure needed for a fully operational space sector, including launch capabilities. The initiative is part of SA’s economic reconstruction and recovery plan, which could position a spaceport as a key investment opportunity. 6. South Africa’s 2024 projected National Space Policy Priorities Although not yet fully formalised, spaceport development could fall under the anticipated updates to South Africa’s space policy in 2024, as space sector stakeholders are expected to push for investment in infrastructure that allows for satellite launching and space exploration capabilities.2 Potential focus areas: - Sovereignty in space launch capabilities: Developing a national spaceport would align with long-term objectives of building sovereign space capabilities. - Competitiveness and sustainability: In line with global trends, South Africa’s updated space policy is likely to emphasise sustainability, safety, and competitive advantage, which would apply directly to spaceport development. 1 https://igd.org.za/2024/09/30/south-africa-is-expanding-its-space-portfolio-and-has-a-growing-list-of-partners/ | https://www.sansa.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Revised-Strategic-Plan-.pdf 2 At the time of preparing this paper, any formal plans for a spaceport in South Africa have not yet been publicised. However, there is growing discussion within the space community, especially with increasing interest from the Denel Overberg Test Range (OTR) and the South African National Space Agency (SANSA). A South African spaceport - Considering QMS, ISO, SDGs, and the Law Part of the ‘Africa Space Identity’ series | Author: Natasha van Rooyen – October 2024 Page 3 of 19 7. African Union Space Policy (2016) As a member of the African Union (AU), South Africa is actively involved in promoting regional space initiatives. The African Space Policy aims to coordinate space efforts across the continent, which could include the establishment of spaceports. SA’s position as one of the continent’s leading space nations makes it a natural candidate to host a regional spaceport, which would support both national and continental objectives. Relevance to SA’s spaceport initiative: SECURING RESOURCES, DEVELOPING TECH & INFRASTRUCTURE Initially established as a missile testing site, the Denel Overberg Test Range already has significant aerospace capabilities, and the geographical advantage of remote locations needed for rocket launches. Upgrading it into a spaceport would require substantial investment in infrastructure and adherence to international launch standards. 3 - Regional leadership: Hosting a spaceport would place South Africa at the centre of Africa’s space activities, contributing to regional and international collaborations. - Shared infrastructure: The AU encourages member states to share space infrastructure, and South Africa could offer its spaceport facilities for launches by other African nations. In 2024, South Africa continues to evolve its space policy, driven by the South African National Space Agency (SANSA) and aligned with both national and continental strategies, particularly the African Space Policy. With the country’s increased focus on space weather, satellite development, and broader space infrastructure. SANSA has been actively working to enhance its capabilities, including expanding the 24/7 Space Weather Centre, crucial for supporting the aviation sector and mitigating space weather impacts. In terms of spaceport development, South Africa is exploring concrete steps in establishing its own launch capabilities by 20283. While the nation has a strong foundation in satellite design and has collaborated internationally for launches, the goal is to domestically launch satellites. This would not only boost national space capabilities but also position South Africa as a key player in the African and global space industries. The SIH project, which seeks to secure investor funding, is also a major step towards realising this vision. The Denel Overberg Test Range is considered an ideal candidate for a potential spaceport due to its remote location, existing testing infrastructure, and aerospace capabilities. https://mybroadband.co.za/news/science/555301-south-africas-big-rocket-launch-plans.html A South African spaceport - Considering QMS, ISO, SDGs, and the Law Part of the ‘Africa Space Identity’ series | Author: Natasha van Rooyen – October 2024 Page 4 of 19 WHO ARE THE ROLE PLAYERS? The development of South Africa's proposed spaceport or launch facility, and its active future utilisation (for testing and/or launch services), involves a diverse range of stakeholders from government, private companies, research institutions, and international partnerships. Current and potential key Role Players or Stakeholders in establishing a South African spaceport 1 ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ 2 ▪ ▪ ▪ Space Industry Association of South Africa (SIASA) Aerospace Maritime and Defence Industries Association of South Africa (AMD) International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Pan-African Space industry network BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) space initiative European Space Agency (ESA) NASA Department of Science and Innovation (DSI) South African National Space Agency (SANSA) Department of Trade, Industry and Competition (DTIC) Denel Overberg Test Range (OTR) Aerospace Systems Research Institute (ASRI) TF Design Group Dragonfly Aerospace SCS Aerospace Group PyraLink Aerospace Space Advisory Company (SAC) NewSpace Systems CubeSpace 4 ▪ ▪ 5 ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN ASReG) Stellenbosch University Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT) University of Cape Town (UCT) ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) International Astronautical Federation (IAF) United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) African Union (AU) OTHER ROLEPLAYERS: ▪ ▪ 3 South African Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) Colleges South African National Defence Force (SANDF) Training Centres Sector Education and Training Authorities (SETA) and Quality Committee for Trades and Occupations (QCTO) ▪ ▪ ▪ National Aerospace Centre (NAC) Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) South African Civil Aviation Authority (SACAA) Indigenous and local communities Diagram 1: Current and potential key role players in establishing a South African spaceport (Model: N. van Rooyen, Oct 2024) Current and potential key Role Players or Stakeholders in establishing a South African spaceport CURRENT / POTENTIAL STAKEHOLDERS ROLE Note: This does not represent an exhaustive list of stakeholders involved in any current or potential development. GOVERNMENT BODIES Department of Science and Innovation (DSI) Responsible for overseeing and funding space-related initiatives, including infrastructure like launch facilities. South African National Space Agency (SANSA) Leads the national space strategy and promotes space science, technology, and innovation within South Africa. SANSA will likely have a key role in coordinating spaceport operations. Department of Trade, Industry and Competition (DTIC) Focuses on industrialisation policies, crucial for creating partnerships and fostering the growth of the space industry. Denel Overberg Test Range (OTR) Denel is responsible for managing and maintaining the OTR as part of its broader portfolio of aerospace and defence tech. The facility will serve as a key site for rocket testing and launches. Regarding a potential spaceport, the OTR is likely to play a critical role due to its existing infrastructure for rocket and missile testing, telemetry, and aerospace capabilities – and ideal candidate for conversion or expansion into a commercial space launch facility. Denel Spaceteq A state-owned company under Denel Dynamics, created to leverage SA's existing satellite and space tech capabilities. Since its formation, Spaceteq has been central to projects like the development of the EO-SAT1, an Earth observation satellite designed to support the African Resource Management (ARM) Constellation. Denel Spaceteq’s involvement in a potential spaceport is aligned with its role in advancing satellite technology and space asset manufacturing, which may be integrated into launch operations.4 SA PRIVATE COMPANIES 4 Aerospace Systems Research Institute (ASRI) ASRI’s involvement is closely tied to its broader space propulsion program, which includes both suborbital and orbital capabilities. The University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) and private-sector partners like TF Design Group are also collaborating with ASRI on these projects, showcasing a blend of academic and industrial contributions towards SA's space goals. ASRI plays a pivotal role in advancing SA's spaceport and launch site initiatives:5 - ASRI unveiled a new suborbital sounding rocket launch facility at the OTR (W/Cape), funded by the DSI (a significant development in SA’s space infrastructure). - Launch of ASRI’s Phoenix hybrid rockets, and other solid-propellant vehicles used by NASA and ESA. The OTR facility strengthens the country’s potential to develop orbital satellite launch capabilities, a major leap forward for Africa’s space industry. TF Design Group Collaborating with ASRI, TF Design is involved in the engineering and manufacturing of space propulsion systems. Dragonfly Aerospace Focuses on design and manufacture of high-performance optical imaging systems and satellite manufacturing, including payloads. Dragonfly could potentially support the spaceport initiative with satellite deployment capabilities, which would streamline its deployment process, making it a strong contender for domestic launch services. https://spaceinafrica.com/2019/04/09/newspaceafrica-column-denelspaceteq/#:~:text=%E2%80%9CThe%20SA%20Cabinet%20deliberated%20on,National%20Space%20Agency%20(SANSA). 5 https://spaceinafrica.com/2024/10/04/asri-in-south-africa-unveils-new-suborbital-sounding-rocket-launch-facility/ | https://www.defenceweb.co.za/aerospace/aerospace-aerospace/key-opportunities-exist-for-south-africa-in-the-space-sector/ SCS Aerospace Group This company is a key contributor to the SA aerospace industry and has the potential to play a significant role in supporting the setup of a locally driven launch ecosystem through their satellite systems and manufacturing (design and assembly of small satellites - the nSight1 nanosatellite was deployed from the ISS as part of the European QB50 project). This expertise could provide a steady demand for launch services at a new spaceport, including a pipeline of satmanufacturing, in-orbit testing, and data processing as part of downstream services.6 In addition, their local and international collaborative approach (NewSpace Systems, Stellenbosch University and Nelson Mandela University) demonstrates their capability in commercial and scientific missions. The group’s resources include rare Manufacturing, Assembly, Integration, and Testing (MAIT) facilities, being critical for preparing payloads for launch. A spaceport in South Africa would benefit from these facilities for pre-launch satellite integration, final assembly, and quality checks, allowing SCS Aerospace to act as a support base for launch-ready satellite projects. This involvement would enhance both the operational and economic feasibility of a South African spaceport while driving technological self-sufficiency and regional collaboration in space activities. PyraLink Aerospace SA’s only upstream rocket development company – specialising in rocket solutions and launch services. Positioned as a prime candidate to leverage a local spaceport for launching national and commercial satellites. A newer entrant (founded in 2022), PyraLink has a strong focus on rocket solutions and launch services. It brands itself as "Africa's Gateway to Space" and is involved in developing spacecraft components specifically for national security satellites. As SA’s sole upstream rocket company, PyraLink is likely to play a critical role in the provision of rockets and associated launch services for an SA spaceport.7 Space Advisory Company (SAC) Involved in satellite mission design and engineering. A local launch facility would benefit its clients and partners by providing convenient and cost-effective access to space. NewSpace Systems Develops high-reliability spacecraft components and works with many international clients. A local spaceport would offer them an opportunity to test and launch payloads domestically. CubeSpace Specialising in small satellite systems. CubeSpace is likely to use local launch services to support its efforts in the small-sat and CubeSat markets. UNIVERSITIES & RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS University of KwaZuluNatal (UKZN - ASReG) UKZN’s Aerospace Systems Research Group (ASReG) plays a significant role in the development of space propulsion technology, such as the Phoenix hybrid rocket program, which supports suborbital launches. Stellenbosch University Known for its engineering and satellite research programs, Stellenbosch University is involved in space technology education and development. Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT) CPUT has an active nanosatellite development program, which aligns with the country's space industry goals. University of Cape Town (UCT) Involved in aerospace engineering and policy research, which could feed into strategic planning for the spaceport. 6 https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/unispace/plus50/Presentations_SYMPOSIUM/1.pdf | https://www.gov.za/speeches/scienceand-technology-deployment-south-african-nanosatellite-international-space-station 7 https://startuplist.africa/startup/pyralink-aerospace A South African spaceport - Considering QMS, ISO, SDGs, and the Law Part of the ‘Africa Space Identity’ series | Author: Natasha van Rooyen – October 2024 Page 7 of 19 VOCATIONAL COLLEGES & SKILLS DEVELOPMENT South African Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) Colleges Essential for providing technical and engineering skills training to support the aerospace industry, from fabrication to rocket engineering. South African National Defence Force (SANDF) Training Centres With connections to the aerospace and defence sectors, SANDF offers relevant training in high-tech fields related to space infrastructure. Sector Education and Training Authorities (SETA) and Quality Committee for Trades and Occupations (QCTO) Responsible for overseeing workforce skills and occupational development. In the context of a spaceport, the Transport Education and Training Authority (TETA) and Manufacturing, Engineering, and Related Services SETA (MERSETA) would likely focus on Aerospace engineering and tech training to support rocket launches, satellite deployment, and space operations. Moreover, skill sets such as Logistics and transport management to handle the complex supply chains, infrastructure, and operational needs of the spaceport (including maintenance and operational roles, mechanics, electricians, and control systems specialists). INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS & STANDARDS BODIES International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) Various ISO standards, especially ISO 9001 and AS9100, are critical for spaceport safety and quality management. International Astronautical Federation (IAF) South Africa is a member of IAF, which connects the country to global space policy and regulatory frameworks. United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) UNOOSA governs international space law, and its regulations will influence the development of South Africa’s spaceport in alignment with global legal standards. African Union (AU) Through its space policy, the AU is driving continental collaboration and support for member states' space endeavours, including South Africa. KEY INDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONS Space Industry Association of South Africa (SIASA) Represents the interests of South African companies and stakeholders involved in the space sector. Aerospace Maritime and Defence Industries Association of South Africa (AMD) AMD promotes the aerospace and defence sectors, playing a role in facilitating partnerships for spaceport developments. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Given the overlap between space and air travel, ICAO’s standards on airspace management will be essential for launch site regulation. POTENTIAL INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATORS Pan-African Space industry network SA holds strong Pan-African ties through regional space cooperation initiatives (AUSP, AfSA) including countries such as Nigeria, Egypt, Kenya, and Algeria, who could utilise an SA spaceport to launch African-owned satellites and create a stronger pan-African space network. BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) space initiative SA has long-standing ties in space technology with Roscosmos, particularly in satellite development and space science research. Brazil, as another BRICS member, has engaged with South Africa in the African Resource Management Constellation (ARMC), which aims to launch satellites for Earth observation across Africa. A South African spaceport - Considering QMS, ISO, SDGs, and the Law Part of the ‘Africa Space Identity’ series | Author: Natasha van Rooyen – October 2024 Page 8 of 19 The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) also has an established relationship with SA in satellite data sharing, Earth observation, and disaster management, with frequent launches of small satellites for international clients requiring southern hemisphere positioning. SA and China collaborate on space science, satellite programs, and infrastructure development (with China providing satellite tech to SA). An SA spaceport would further boost cooperation, allowing China to launch from Africa as part of its global space strategy. European Space Agency (ESA) ESA has worked with South Africa in the past and could aid in technical aspects of spaceport and satellite operations. With SA being a partner in several EU-funded space programs and initiatives, there are also strong ties with France (being involved in space launch services). A local spaceport would complement ESA’s presence in Africa, allowing Europe to use SA facilities to boost satellite coverage over the continent. NASA With South Africa collaborating on various space missions, NASA may contribute to or share expertise in developing spaceport infrastructure. SA has signed several agreements with U.S. private companies on space research and Earth observation. A spaceport would offer an ideal location for launches targeting specific orbits and could attract U.S. companies looking for cost-effective alternatives. OTHER ROLE PLAYERS National Aerospace Centre (NAC) Focuses on aerospace research and development and plays a key role in advancing space technologies in the country. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) CSIR contributes research and development, particularly in advanced manufacturing and aerospace systems, which would be pivotal for the spaceport. South African Civil Aviation Authority (SACAA) Involved in regulating airspace and ensuring the safety and compliance of aerospace operations. Indigenous and local communities Indigenous, local communities can contribute their knowledge and perspectives, particularly regarding land use, cultural preservation, and sustainability practices. Respecting local cultural heritage sites and integrating indigenous environmental practices into the planning phase would ensure that the spaceport aligns with SA’s values of inclusivity and environmental stewardship. This helps create a balance between technological advancement and the protection of local traditions and ecosystems. Additional benefits would be job creation, economic opportunities, STEM education and youth engagement, environmental stewardship, social and economic upliftment, partnership with local governance, tourism, and cultural exchange. A South African spaceport - Considering QMS, ISO, SDGs, and the Law Part of the ‘Africa Space Identity’ series | Author: Natasha van Rooyen – October 2024 Page 9 of 19 PHASES IN ESTABLISHING A spaceport Several recent publications outline steps and considerations for establishing a national spaceport, focusing on regulatory, economic, and logistical requirements. In general, starting a spaceport requires a comprehensive feasibility study to evaluate location, environmental impact, and local infrastructure. For instance, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) guidelines provide a structured approach, detailing required licenses, environmental assessments, and public safety measures. 8 Key criteria also include: - proximity to the equator for efficient launches, - coastline access, and - population density in nearby areas. Economically, spaceport development is tied closely to commercial launch demand, with funding often requiring public-private partnerships to balance high initial costs. Spaceport case studies Public backing is also critical, as taxpayer support may be necessary for infrastructure or environmental impact studies. For example, spaceport America in New Mexico succeeded partly due to public sales tax support, although other projects like the Oklahoma spaceport have struggled without similar community backing. Notably, other than South African intentions, Africa is set to see its first dedicated spaceport in Djibouti9, a $1 billion project being developed in partnership with Hong Kong-based Touchroad International. Positioned to handle launches for commercial and governmental clients, this spaceport will likely facilitate new opportunities for African space endeavours (expected completion is projected around 2028). In India, plans for a spaceport on Kulasekharapattinam in Tamil Nadu have gained traction. Managed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), this site is being prepared to support India's booming space launch industry, particularly for smaller satellite missions. Given India's history in satellite deployment, this location is expected to augment ISRO’s capabilities and lessen dependence on existing facilities like the Sriharikota Range. For Indonesia, the island of Biak has been earmarked for its first spaceport, with government initiatives and legislation supporting the project as part of Indonesia's aim to be a regional space power. The project’s strategic location near the equator offers advantages for launching payloads into space more efficiently. This site aligns with Indonesia's broader space policy, which emphasises regional leadership and commercial space activities. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/us/Documents/consulting/us-spaceports-of-the-future.pdf | https://www.astralytical.com/insights/americas-spaceports-power-and-peril | https://www.ntu.edu.sg/cas/newsevents/news/details/the-state-of-african-space-industry 8 https://research.hktdc.com/en/article/MTI4NDg3NjU1Nw | https://spaceinafrica.com/2024/03/04/growing-the-african-space-agencyfrom-the-ground-up-a-case-study-of-nigeria/ 9 A South African spaceport - Considering QMS, ISO, SDGs, and the Law Part of the ‘Africa Space Identity’ series | Author: Natasha van Rooyen – October 2024 Page 10 of 19 Internationally, lessons can be learned from recent expansions at existing spaceports, such as the UAE's Al Ain spaceport project, which highlights the importance of aligning regulatory policies with local and international space industry standards. The above developments mark a growing interest in space infrastructure in these regions, though each project is at varying stages and has faced unique challenges, including funding, regulatory, and environmental concerns. Spaceport project development Developing a spaceport is a multifaceted endeavour, involving stages that each serve unique functions to bring the project to successful completion. spaceport projects typically progress through several defined phases: - planning and site selection, - infrastructure development, - regulatory compliance, - operational testing, and - eventual launch readiness. Each of these stages is essential in ensuring the facility’s technical viability, operational safety, and alignment with national and international aerospace standards. The initial phase, focused on planning and site selection, is critical for determining the best location and layout for the spaceport, factoring in environmental, geographic, and logistical considerations. For instance, proximity to the equator or coastlines can reduce launch costs, while minimising environmental impact remains a priority. This phase often involves feasibility studies, engagement with local stakeholders, and landuse planning, creating a strong foundation for subsequent construction and regulatory phases. Once construction begins, spaceport developers prioritise infrastructure development, from constructing launch pads to establishing support facilities like control centres, vehicle assembly buildings, and safety zones. Parallel to construction, obtaining regulatory approvals at both national and international levels is essential for adhering to space safety protocols and environmental standards (like those outlined in ISO 14620 or ISO 9001 for aerospace applications). This groundwork leads to the final phase of operational testing and training, where systems are validated to ensure safe, reliable operations. A South African spaceport - Considering QMS, ISO, SDGs, and the Law Part of the ‘Africa Space Identity’ series | Author: Natasha van Rooyen – October 2024 Page 11 of 19 A South African spaceport - Considering QMS, ISO, SDGs, and the Law Part of the ‘Africa Space Identity’ series | Author: Natasha van Rooyen – October 2024 Applicable ISO Standards Feasibility study and concept development Assess geographical, environmental, and economic ISO 9001:2015 (Quality factors. Conduct stakeholder Management Systems) engagement with government, ISO 14001 (Environmental private sector, and space Management Systems) agencies. Legal and regulatory framework setup Ensure compliance with international space laws, air traffic control regulations, & ISO 9001:2015 (Quality environmental standards. Management Systems) Obtain necessary permits and licenses for operation. Design and planning Develop detailed plans for infrastructure, logistics, safety, ISO 9001:2015 (Quality and operational procedures. Management Systems) Involve architectural and AS 9100 (Aerospace Quality aerospace engineering Management) expertise for site layout and launch systems. Construction and infrastructure development ISO 9001:2015 (Quality Management Systems) Build physical structures AS 9100 (Aerospace Quality (launch pads, control centers, Management) fueling stations). Set up ISO 14001 (Environmental communication and safety Management Systems) systems. ISO 45001 (Occupational Health and Safety) Testing and Certification ISO 9001:2015 (Quality Test all systems, from ground Management Systems) control to launch vehicles. AS 9100 (Aerospace Quality Ensure that all components Management) comply with international ISO 45001 (Occupational standards. Health and Safety) Operational readiness Activity Train personnel, establish operational workflows, and initiate pre-launch protocols. ISO 9001:2015 (Quality Management Systems) ISO 14001 (Environmental Management Systems) ISO 27001 (Information Security Management) Roles / Skill Sets required QMS Steps - - - - - - - - - - Document control & stakeholder requirements management. Risk assessment & analysis (ISO 9001). • • • Legal compliance documentation (ISO 9001). Regulatory audit processes (ISO 9001). • • Process-based approach for managing design specifications (AS 9100). Configuration management and product verification. • Supplier and contractor quality control (ISO 9001, ISO 45001). Waste & environmental impact management (ISO 14001). Non-conformance management & corrective actions (AS 9100). Safety & hazard analysis (ISO 45001). Training and certification programs for staff (ISO 9001). Security protocols for data and communications (ISO 27001). • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Project managers Space law experts Environmental scientists Economists Legal advisors Government liaison officers Compliance specialists Aerospace engineers Architects QMS designers Risk management specialists Civil engineers Construction project managers Safety officers Quality assurance testers Aerospace safety experts Certification bodies Training and development specialists Systems analysts Cybersecurity experts Launch Operations and Maintenance Manage launch schedules, ensure consistent quality management practices, and monitor compliance with safety standards. ISO 9001:2015 (Quality Management Systems) ISO 27001 (Information Security Management) ISO 45001 (Occupational Health and Safety) - Process control for launch operations (AS 9100). Monitoring and measurement of system performance (ISO 9001). • • • • Launch operation controllers Aerospace engineers Safety managers Quality auditors QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND INTERNATIONAL STANDARD S Applying quality management systems (QMS), ISO standards, and legal considerations in the design, development, and operation of a potential South African spaceport would provide several strategic benefits. Primarily, implementing QMS frameworks like: - ISO 9001 and ISO 14620 (space system safety) ensures that processes across the spaceport’s lifecycle are consistent, efficient, and focused on quality and safety. QMS helps streamline operations, optimise resource usage, and maintain rigorous safety protocols - essential in high-stakes environments like spaceports, where small errors can lead to costly delays or safety risks. This systematic approach to quality reduces the risk of failure in launch operations and builds trust among stakeholders and prospective clients. Moreover, adhering to ISO standards aligns the spaceport with international best practices, positioning South Africa competitively in the global space industry. By following recognised standards like: - ISO 27001 for information security and ISO 14001 for environmental management, the spaceport can demonstrate commitment to both technological reliability and environmental responsibility. This commitment is crucial for attracting private sector investments and international partnerships, as companies prefer launching from facilities that meet strict compliance requirements. Furthermore, ISO certification can serve as a powerful differentiator, showing potential clients that the spaceport operates with high standards of quality and regulatory adherence. INCORPORATING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGs) Applying SDGs to the design, development, and operation of a spaceport would ensure that the project aligns with broader national and global sustainability priorities, enhancing its social and environmental value. - SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) is particularly relevant as it encourages the development of resilient infrastructure and supports technological advancement, which a spaceport inherently requires. By fostering innovation and infrastructure, South Africa can contribute to job creation, technological development, and skills growth, helping to establish the country as a space industry leader in Africa. - SDG 13 (Climate Action) also holds importance for spaceport development. spaceports have potential environmental impacts due to emissions and land use, so it is crucial to integrate sustainable practices that minimise ecological harm. Following ISO 14001 standards for environmental management and designing operations with an eco-friendly approach can mitigate negative impacts, allowing the spaceport to serve as a model of sustainable industrial development. Environmental assessments, renewable energy sources, and efficient resource use can ensure the facility aligns with climate goals and supports South Africa’s commitments to reducing carbon footprints and protecting biodiversity. A South African spaceport - Considering QMS, ISO, SDGs, and the Law Part of the ‘Africa Space Identity’ series | Author: Natasha van Rooyen – October 2024 Page 14 of 19 - SDG 4 (Quality Education) and SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth) underscore the importance of educational outreach and workforce development associated with the spaceport. Building partnerships with local universities, technical colleges, and SETAs can drive STEM education and vocational training, empowering communities with high-demand skills. This would not only create job opportunities but also enhance the local talent pool, fostering an inclusive economy and positioning South Africa as a space industry hub. The spaceport’s adherence to QMS and legal frameworks can therefore support sustainability, ethical practices, and economic growth in alignment with these SDGs, adding significant value to the project and its role in South Africa’s future. Project Activity Applying the Sustainable Development Goals Feasibility study and concept development Assess geographical, environmental, and economic factors. Conduct stakeholder engagement with government, private sector, and space agencies. SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) SDG 17 (Partnerships for the Goals). Legal and regulatory framework setup Ensure compliance with international space laws, air traffic control regulations, & environmental standards. Obtain necessary permits and licenses for operation. SDG 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions). Design and planning Develop detailed plans for infrastructure, logistics, safety, and operational procedures. Involve architectural and aerospace engineering expertise for site layout and launch systems. SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) for sustainable energy solutions. Construction and infrastructure development Build physical structures (launch pads, control centers, fueling stations). Set up communication and safety systems. SDG 13 (Climate Action) SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities). Testing and Certification Test all systems, from ground control to launch vehicles. Ensure that all components comply with international standards. SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) for ensuring technology integration. Operational readiness Train personnel, establish operational workflows, and initiate pre-launch protocols. SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth) SDG 4 (Quality Education). Launch Operations and Maintenance Manage launch schedules, ensure consistent quality management practices, and monitor compliance with safety standards. SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure). A South African spaceport - Considering QMS, ISO, SDGs, and the Law Part of the ‘Africa Space Identity’ series | Author: Natasha van Rooyen – October 2024 Page 15 of 19 PROTECTING SOVEREIGNTY: LEGAL PRINCIPLES, STATUTES AND CONVENTIONS Incorporating legal parameters is equally essential, as South Africa’s spaceport would need to comply with both national and international space law, including treaties like the Outer Space Treaty and national legislation for space governance. Proper legal compliance not only ensures safe and ethical operations but also protects South Africa’s sovereignty and establishes it as a responsible player in the global space arena. There are several international and regional laws and conventions that would be relevant to developing and operating a spaceport in South Africa. The key ones that address safety, environmental protection, and international cooperation are: 1. Outer Space Treaty (1967) Formally called the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, is the foundational framework for international space law. It establishes that space exploration should benefit all countries, prohibits the placement of nuclear weapons in space, and declares outer space as free for exploration by all countries while forbidding any one nation from claiming sovereignty over celestial bodies. 2. UNCOPUOS Guidelines These guidelines address the sustainable use of outer space and encourage nations to implement best practices for preventing space debris, sharing information transparently, and mitigating the environmental impact of space activities. They are designed to support the long-term sustainability of space for peaceful purposes, in line with international cooperation principles. 3. The Chicago Convention (1944) Formally known as the Convention on International Civil Aviation, this treaty underpins the regulation of international air travel. As a launch site would involve aerospace travel, the Chicago Convention’s guidelines for air traffic and flight safety would need to be incorporated, especially in managing airspace coordination around launches. 4. ITU Radio Regulations Spaceports and launch facilities rely on effective communication and tracking, making the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) regulations relevant. These rules govern the allocation of radio frequencies for space operations, which are essential for satellite and launch vehicle tracking, telemetry, and communication. 5. The Liability Convention (1972) Known as the Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects, this agreement stipulates that launching states are responsible for any damage caused by their space objects, both in space and on Earth. For South Africa, this means comprehensive risk assessments and insurance policies to cover any potential damage from launches. A South African spaceport - Considering QMS, ISO, SDGs, and the Law Part of the ‘Africa Space Identity’ series | Author: Natasha van Rooyen – October 2024 Page 16 of 19 6. Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo Convention) Though South Africa is not a direct signatory, the principles of this United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) convention are relevant, especially if a launch or spaceport could have environmental effects beyond South Africa’s borders. Implementing an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is crucial, aligning with both the Espoo principles and South African environmental laws. 7. The Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) These guidelines advise on minimising space debris, which is essential for maintaining safety in space activities. South Africa’s spaceport operations would need to implement debris mitigation strategies for launch vehicles and other space activities, supporting SDG 13 (Climate Action) by limiting the environmental impact on orbital space. 8. South African Environmental Legislation Under South African law, several environmental regulations would apply, such as the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA), which mandates EIAs for large projects. Compliance with these requirements ensures that the spaceport aligns with sustainability goals and respects local ecosystems. 9. Convention on the Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space (1976) This United Nations convention requires countries to register space objects they launch, allowing for transparency and accountability in space activities. A South African spaceport would need to adhere to this convention, keeping records of all launches and reporting them internationally. 10. Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS) Although spaceports focus on commercial and civil uses, the NPT and the PAROS principles (advocated by the UN) are crucial to prevent any militarisation of space. South Africa’s adherence to non-proliferation treaties underlines its commitment to peaceful space uses, in line with SDG 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions). 11. The Hague Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation (HCOC) As spaceports can potentially be used for launching ballistic-capable rockets, adhering to the HCOC would assure other nations of South Africa’s commitment to peaceful space exploration, reducing the risks of military escalation related to launch capabilities. 12. African Union’s African Space Policy and Strategy The African Space Policy encourages member countries to develop space capabilities that support social and economic development. South Africa’s adherence to this policy would promote regional cooperation and shared objectives, ensuring that the spaceport’s operations contribute to Africa’s collective space development goals. A South African spaceport - Considering QMS, ISO, SDGs, and the Law Part of the ‘Africa Space Identity’ series | Author: Natasha van Rooyen – October 2024 Page 17 of 19 13. Cape Town Convention (2001) Respecting legal and process standards, coupled with quality management principles, South Africa would reinforce its role as a responsible spacefaring nation, facilitating ethical, secure, and globally compliant space activities. This would enhance the spaceport’s appeal to international partners and clients, bolstering South Africa’s reputation and opportunities in the global space economy. Also known as the Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment, the Cape Town Convention focuses on the protection of high-value, mobile assets like spacecraft and aircraft. It establishes international standards for registration, security interests, and legal frameworks to protect the rights of asset owners and financiers. This convention aims to enhance financial security for investors, making it easier for countries and companies to acquire financing for spacerelated assets. 14. South African Space Affairs Act (1993) This Act governs the country’s space-related activities, providing a regulatory framework to ensure compliance with international space treaties and conventions. It establishes the South African Council for Space Affairs (SACSA), which oversees national space activities, licensing, and adherence to safety and environmental standards, ensuring that South Africa’s space activities align with peaceful exploration and international obligations. 15. Air Traffic Navigation Services Act (1993) This Act establishes the Air Traffic and Navigation Services (ATNS) Company to provide air traffic services in South Africa’s controlled airspace. It ensures the safe and efficient management of national airspace, including areas potentially affected by rocket launches or other aerospace activities. The Act is essential for coordinating launch activities with general air traffic, ensuring that spaceport operations align with national air traffic safety and navigation standards. By pre-emptively addressing these legal and regulatory factors, the spaceport can avoid potential disputes, align with the country’s strategic space objectives, and foster a robust framework for sustainable growth. Disclaimer This document is an open-source knowledge resource designed for educational and informational purposes. While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy and reliability, the author accepts no liability for errors, omissions, or outcomes arising from its use. Users are encouraged to verify this information through additional credible sources. This document is not intended as a formal or exclusive resource on the subject. If citing or referencing this document, please attribute the content to Natasha van Rooyen and reference as follows: A South African spaceport - Considering QMS, ISO, SDGs, and the Law. Proper citation honours the author’s work and supports principles of academic integrity and knowledge sharing. A South African spaceport - Considering QMS, ISO, SDGs, and the Law Part of the ‘Africa Space Identity’ series | Author: Natasha van Rooyen – October 2024 Page 18 of 19 References - United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs. (1967). Outer Space Treaty. https://www.unoosa.org - United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs. (1972). Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects. https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties.html - International Organization for Standardization. (2021). ISO 9001: Quality Management Systems – Requirements. Geneva: ISO. - International Organization for Standardization. (2021). ISO 14001: Environmental Management Systems – Requirements. Geneva: ISO. - International Organization for Standardization. (2021). ISO 14620: Space Systems – Safety Requirements. Geneva: ISO. - Government of South Africa. (1993). South African Space Affairs Act. https://www.gov.za - African Union Commission. (2016). African Union Space Policy and Strategy. Addis Ababa: African Union Commission. - Touchroad International. (2023). Djibouti spaceport Project. https://africanews.space/ A South African spaceport - Considering QMS, ISO, SDGs, and the Law Part of the ‘Africa Space Identity’ series | Author: Natasha van Rooyen – October 2024 Page 19 of 19