Jeffrey Capili Sarmiento

 Project Pulse (Phase 1): Assessing Pulse Utilisation in Livestock and Aquaculture Feed Markets Desk Research Template Pulse Canada March 2018 In-country analyst: Jeffrey Sarmiento Country: Philippines 1.1.1 Competitive Landscape 1. Import trade information a. For your country, where are pulses being imported from currently? Please find as much information as possible from your local government official statistics. Source: Philippine Tariff Commission Link: http://tariffcommission.gov.ph/finder/index.php?page=tariff-finder3 HS CodeItemCountry Origin-Peas (Pisum sativum)Australia, New Zealand, China, India Korea 0713.20Chickpeas (garbanzos)India 0713.50Broad beans (Vicia faba)India 0713.35Cow peas (Vigna unguiculata)India-Protein concentrates and textured protein substances India- Of the dried leguminous vegetables of heading 07.13 India Source: Bureau of Import Services Division – Bureau of Customs Sent through email upon request IMPORTER NAME COUNTRY OF ORIGIN ILTA GRAIN INC Canada CALGRAIN CORP U.S.A NORTHWOOD FARMS INC U.S.A PREMIUM GRAIN HANDLERS PTY LTD Australia SCOULAR CANADA LTD. Canada TOEPFER INTERNATIONAL WESTERN Canada AGROCORP INTL PTE LTD Singapore DEMETER CORMACK PTY LTD Australia BRIDGEWELL AGRIBUSINESS LLC U.S.A SPOKANE SEED COMPANY U.S.A ALPHA FIELD PRODUCT Canada BROADGRAIN COMMODITIES INC Canada COLUMBIA GRAIN INC U.S.A GEORGE F BROCKE AND SONS INTL U.S.A COMMERCIAL LYNKS INC. U.S.A GLOBEWALLS CANADA INC Canada AVIANJE Canada COLD SEED LOGISTIC & QTY SA Argentina MAVIGA NA INC Canada AGRIBAX GLOBAL INC Canada DG GLOBAL INC Canada FERIAS DEL NORTE SACIA Argentina WA GRAIN AND PULSE SOLUTION Canada AGT FOODS - MINOT Canada DE LUNE CORP U.S.A CLEMFERN PTY LTD Australia SYNGENTA SEEDS LIMITED Thailand ADM AGRI INDUSTRIES COMPANY U.S.A KITCHEN XPRESS OVERSEAS LTD India SPECTRUMS INGREDIENTS PTE LD Singapore SOLAE DO BRASIL IND. E COM. DE ALIM Brazil WAN JA SHAN BREWERY CO. LTD Taiwan SONIC BIOCHEM EXTRACTION LTD India LABORATORIOS ARGENTINOS FARMESA Argentina SAN SOON SENG FOOD INDUSTRIES Malaysia TAIYO KAGAKU CO., LTD Thailand GRIFFITH LABORATORIES USA INC U.S.A THREE-A (QINHUANGDAO) FOOD China RUCHI SOYA INDUSTRIES LIMITED India VEOS N. V. Belgium SOLBAR NINGBO PROTEIN FOODS LTD China ARCHER DANIELS MIDLAND CO U.S.A ANHUI TECHNOLOGY IMP&EXP CO LT China SHANDONG YUXIN BIO TECH CO.,LTD. China BAODING WAY CHEIN FOOD INDUSTRIAL China SHANGDONG GUSHEN IMPORT & EXPORT China SAKTHI SUGARS LTD India LORYMA GMBH Germany HONG HUI SI LIAO LIMITED China AMERICA PAMPA AGROINDUSTRIAL SA Argentina HALCYON PROTEINS PTY LTD Australia JBS S/A Brazil ASIA SPECIALTY INGREDIENTS INC U.S.A AIPU FOOD INDUSTRY CO.,LTD Taiwan JENQ DAH CO LTD China HACO AG Switzerland K LINK INTERNATIONAL India WEN LAN ENTERPRISE CO .,LTD Taiwan RICCA ALFREDO PEDRO/PASAJE Argentina INNOVA FLAVORS DIVISION OF GRIFFITH U.S.A WACHSEN INDUSTRY CO LTD China SOLAE LLC U.S.A CHS NINGBO PROTEIN FOODS, LTD. China VISION INGREDIENTS ASIA China HENAN XINDA INTERNATIONAL TRADING C China KERRY INGREDIENTS (IRELAND) LTD. Ireland BASIC FOOD FLAVORS INC U.S.A HUNG YANG FOODS CO LTD Taiwan WAN JA SHAN BREWERY CO. LTD. Taiwan DABOMB PROTEIN CORP Taiwan EXTER (THAILAND) LIMITED Thailand QINGDAO CHANGSHOU FOODS CO., LTD. China MEELUNIE B.V. Netherlands GALPRO S.R.L. Argentina WEINAN RIGEL TRADING CO LTD China SKTHI SUGARS LIMITED India SOLBAR NINGBO PROTEIN TECHNOLOGY China MARSUL PROTEINAS LTDA Brazil GASTALDI HNOS. S.A.I. Y C.F.E. I. Argentina NP NUTRA U.S.A QUORN FOODS England GLANDIA PERFORMANCE NUTRITION Ireland LINYI SHANSONG BIOLOGICAL China WUHAN JOC INDUSTRIAL CORP. China CYPRESS CO.,LTD China HANGZHOU HENGYI VET CO LTD China SEMENTES SELECTA S.A. Brazil JD CORPORATION India HILMAR INGREDIENTS U.S.A LIANG YI FOOD INC. Taiwan DEZHOU RUIKANG FOOD CO. LTD China YANTAI ORIENTAL PROTEIN TECH. China SENSIENT FLAVOURS LTD United Kingdom MAHAKALI FOODS PVT LTD India HAKEENA INTERNATIONAL U.S.A PERFORMANCE LABS PTE LTD. Singapore DSM FOOD SPECIALTIES Netherlands HENAN BAICHUAN FOOD CO LTD China MONDE NISSIN SINGAPORE PTE LTD Singapore ROYAL INGREDIENTS GROUP B.V. Netherlands BREMIL INDUSTRIA DE PRODUCTOS Brazil DSM NUTRITIONAL PRODUCTS ASIA Singapore APC PROLINAT Brazil YOSHIKAWA CORPORATION Japan FOODS OF EUROPE LTD United Kingdom Source: Feed Navigator.com Link: https://www.feednavigator.com/Article/2017/05/24/Philippines-Integrated-producer-beefing-up-feed-volumes b. What type of pulse products? E.g. soy, pea, lentils, chickpeas etc. Source: The Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD) Link: http://www.pcaarrd.dost.gov.ph/home/momentum/cofgin/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=213&Itemid=241 The most common feed ingredients used by the Philippine Feed Milling Industry are yellow corn, soybean oil meal, rice bran, copra meal, fishmeal, and wheat and wheat by products. Cassava and sweet potato meals, brewer’s yeast and ipil-ipil leaf meal are also used as feed ingredients at a lesser extent. Among these feed ingredients corn is considered the most critical, as it represents about 50% of formulated animal feed rations. In fact, during the past decade corn was considered as the bottleneck of both the feed milling and animal industries in the country. However, with the implementation of an aggressive corn development program by government, local production and supply of corn has somehow stabilized. Recently, quality and prices of locally produced yellow corn are already competitive with imports. Source: USDA Foreign Agriculture Service Link: https://www.fas.usda.gov/regions/philippines Philippines In the past five years, the United States has held a 45 percent share of the Philippine market for imported pulses. The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Foreign Agricultural Service in Manila, the USA Dry Pea & Lentil Council and the U.S. Dry Bean Council, in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, spearheaded the formation of the Pulse Association of the Philippines to strengthen the link between U.S. pulse producers and Philippine food industry stakeholders. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Source: Philsoybeans.blogspot.com Link: https://philsoybeans.blogspot.com/2009/10/soybean-in-philippines.html The local feed industry is highly dependent on imported soybean meal. The increasing imports reflect the continuous growth of the livestock industry. However, the local entrepreneurs have not expanded the soybean extraction business in the country. ____________________________________________________________________ Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Link: https://psa.gov.ph/content/agricultural-foreign-trade-statistics-philippines-2015 Soya bean oil/cake meal ranked second with 7.8 percent share to total value of agricultural imports. It went down by 8.5 percent from $971.14 million in the same period of previous year worth $888.40 million in 2015. This product was sourced from USA accounting for 77.3 percent of the total value of imports of soya bean oil/cake meal. 2. Who are the key major manufacturers / producers of pulses / pulse derivatives in aquaculture feed formulations? Who is producing or exporting to the market? 3. Any noteworthy news / market development activities and observable or stated strategies by competing aqua feed producers? Source: U.S. Soybean Export Council Link: https://ussec.org/philippine-feedmill-customers-hear-high-quality-u-s-soy-aquafeeds/ USSEC met with several aquaculture feedmills in the Philippines to strengthen the ties between USSEC’s Southeast Asia (SEA) Soy in Aquaculture Program and the feedmills last November 27 – 29 in Laguna, Bulacan and Manila. Lukas Manomaitis, USSEC Aquaculture Program Lead Technical Consultant – SEA, together with Levy Loreto Manalac, USSEC Philippines Aquaculture Technical Manager and SEA Regional Demonstration Coordinator, met with San Miguel Foods Inc.; Sahara/Southeast Feeds Specialist Corp.; Hoc Po Feeds Corp.; PILMICO Foods Inc.; Feedmix Specialist Inc.; and Santeh Feeds Corp. to discuss the USSEC Soy in Aquaculture Program for FY18 and plans for FY19 to further increase the demand for U.S. soybean meal and other U.S. Soy products in aquaculture feeds. Mr. Manomaitis discussed how U.S soy products are better in aquafeed formulations because of their high quality sustainable raw materials and ingredients, plus U.S. soybean meal is the best ingredient as a replacement for fishmeal and fish oils with its superior nutrient value and amino acid profile over other soy products and origins. He also described USSEC’s feed-based technologies and production techniques, emphasizing the use of high quality feeds with proper data gathering and proper analysis for better fish production, efficiency, and profitability. Source: Green Era Biotech Corp. Link: http://greenerabiotech.com/golden-protein/ Green Era Bio-Tech Corporation is now the first in the Philippines to manufacture fermented soybean meal that uses three (3) series of probiotics that helps to inhibit the growth of bad bacteria inside the animal’s intestine and eventually increases their resistance against diseases. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Source: Far Eastern Agriculture Link: http://www.fareasternagriculture.com/live-stock/poultry/cargill-opens-animal-nutrition-premix-plant-in-the-philippines Cargill opens animal nutrition premix plant in the Philippines _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Source: Vitarich Corp. Link: https://vitarich.com/news/press-release/vitarich-spend-p130-m-new-feed-mill VITARICH to spend P130-M for new feed mill _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Source: Aquafeed.com Link: http://www.aquafeed.com/news/headline-news-article/6361/Grobest-opens-aquafeed-mill-in-the-Philippines/ Grobest Feeds Inc a Taiwanese aquafeed manufacturer has inaugurated a new USD$15 million feed mill in Gerona, Tarlac, Philippines. Source: Intrafish Link: http://www.intrafish.com/news/490191/cp-foods-aqua-feed-project-in-the-philippines-approved?utm_medium=email&utm_source=free_article_access&utm_content=- CP Foods aqua feed project in the Philippines approved Thai’ giants new aqua feed plant targeted to have an annual capacity of 114,000 MT, and will provide feed for the local aquaculture industry. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Source: Intrafish Link: http://www.intrafish.com/aquaculture/-/us-soybean-group-leads-aquaculture-workshops-across-se-asia U.S. soybean group leads aquaculture workshops across SEA. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Source: Vitarich Corp. Link: https://www.feednavigator.com/Article/2017/05/24/Philippines-Integrated-producer-beefing-up-feed-volumes Philippines: Integrated producer beefing up feed volumes. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Source: Cargill Website Link: https://www.cargill.com/2017/jollibee-and-cargill-inaugurate-largest-poultry-processing-plant Jollibee and Cargill inaugurate largest poultry processing plant in the Philippines Source: Feed Navigator.com Link: https://www.feednavigator.com/Article/2017/03/15/Neovia-on-the-asset-trail-in-Asia May 2016 saw Neovia (ex InVivo NSA) acquire a Philippine based pig, poultry and aqua feed manufacturer, popular feed mill corporation. Source: aquafeed.com Link: http://www.aquafeed.com/buyers-guide/suppliers-news-article/5755/Nutriad-Announces-New-Asian-Partnerships/ At the recent VIV Asia that took place in Bangkok, Thailand, Nutriad formally announced new distribution partnerships in Thailand and Philippines. 4. Who should Pulse Canada work with regards to national companies / organizations, feed manufacturers, importers etc. for aqua feeds? Government AgenciesWebsite Bureau of Fisheries & Aquatic Resourceshttps://www.bfar.da.gov.ph/ Department of Agriculturehttp://www.da.gov.ph/ National Fisheries Research & Development Institutehttp://www.nfrdi.da.gov.ph/ Bureau of Animal Industryhttp://www.bai.da.gov.ph/ Bureau of Agriculture Fisheries Product Standardshttp://www.bafps.da.gov.ph/ Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Developmenthttp://www.pcaarrd.dost.gov.ph/ Philippine Council for Agriculture & Fisherieshttp://www.pcaf.da.gov.ph/ Philippine Fishery Development Authorityhttp://www.pfda.gov.ph/ Organizations Association of Philippine Aqua Feed Millers, Inc. (APAFMI) Link: https://tpb.gov.ph/alpha-listing/association-of-philippine-aqua-feed-millers-inc-apafmi/ Philippine Association of Feed Millers, Inc. (PAFMI) Link: https://www.philippinecompanies.com/companyprofile/33105/philippine-association-of-feed-millers-inc-pafmi- Philippine Association of Agriculturist Inc. Link: http://paa.org.ph/ South East Asian Fisheries Development Center Philippines http://www.seafdec.org.ph/ 1.1.2 Market Trends, Prospects, Drivers and Constraints-Specific Questions 5. How is usage evolving / developing within aquaculture, e.g. market trends? What is the projected growth? Source: Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific Link: https://enaca.org/?id=907&title=status-of-aquaculture-feed-and-feed-ingredient-production-in-philippines It is estimated that around 1,061,173. tonnes of commercial aquaculture feeds were consumed on 2016. Most, if not all local feedmills, started producing livestock feeds and eventually branched out to cater to growing demand for aquaculture feeds. The aquaculture feed milling industry in the Philippines is already over capacity, based on the above-estimated feed requirement of 1,061,173 tonnes annually. Range values of rated capacity per feed mill plant is in the magnitude of 1 to 450 MT, with an average of 105 MT. Source: SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department Link: https://repository.seafdec.org.ph/handle/10862/2996 Other alternative dietary protein sources with emphasis on oilseed meals, peas and other leguminous seed meals, leaf meals from terrestrial plants, aquatic plants, plant protein concentrates, single cell proteins, cereal by products, fermentation and other products have been or are currently being evaluated as fish meal substitutes for their nutritive values, inclusion levels, constraints in processing mainly to reduce the effects of anti-nutritional factors as well as economic value. Source: SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department Link: https://repository.seafdec.org.ph/handle/10862/2987 Due to limited production and high cost of fish meal, the use of alternative feed ingredients for aqua feed sources are being utilized which include: a) legumes; b) Ipil-ipil leaf meal; c) miscellaneous fodder plants, such as the leaves and other aerial parts of papaya, water hyacinth, Ipomea and sweet potato; d) roots and tubers like arrow roots (Maranta arundinacea), sweet potato(Ipomea batatas L.), cassava (Manihot escolenta Crantz), taro (Colocasia esculenta L.), and elephant yam (Amorphophallus campanulatus); e) cereals and cereal by-products like rice bran and maize and f) oil cakes and oil meals. For feeds of animal origin, African snail meal, Giant toad meal, fish silage, feather meal, maggot meal, mussel (tahong) meal, and Superworm, Zophobas morio are identified. To improve the efficiency of feeding, there are three (3) practices being used in the Philippines. These are a) biomass feeding, b) satiation or Ad Libitum, and c) the use of automatic and demand feeder. For organic aquaculture, azolla and lemna (duckweed) are being cultured in separate ponds or in hapas installed within the ponds and feeding is being done by scooping the plants out to feed the fish. In contrast, lab-lab, an association of microbenthic organism is grown in the ponds using organic fertilizer. Source: Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development Link: http://www.pcaarrd.dost.gov.ph/home/portal/index.php/bids-and-awards-committee-section/hnrda-aanr-/hnrda-aanr-/--aquafeeds-r-d-roadmap Philippines Aquafeeds R&D Roadmap: 2017 •Field trial of protein enriched copra meal (PECM) as feed protein for tilapia, milkfish and shrimp aquaculture •Development of probiotic/prebiotic fish feeds for improved production performance of milkfis 2018 •Evaluation of aquatic plants (Gracilaria sp., Sargassum sp., and Lemna sp.) as diets for tilapia •Field testing of microalgal paste production and testing of packaging schemes 2019 • Improvement of protocols on microalgal paste production and storage and packaging system • Testing and optimization of feed formulation for specific aquatic animals of PECM and other plant protein sources 2020 • Commercialization of microalgal paste production • Production in commercial scale of different formulated aquaculture feeds 2021 • Export of microalgal paste • Nationwide sale of formulated feeds from PECM and other plant protein sources Source: Northernpulse.com Link: http://www.northernpulse.com/uploads/23/MarketIntroductionofAguacultureFeedsBasedonFeedPeasinthePhilippines2.pdf Case Study: Market Introduction of Aquaculture Feeds Based on Feed Peas in the Philippines Source: aquafeed.com Link: http://www.aquafeed.com/news/headline-news-article/6708/USSEC-works-with-Philippines-Department-of-Agriculture-on-it39s-aquaculture-development-plan/ USSEC recently met with the Philippines’ Department of Agriculture – Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (DA-BFAR) in Diliman, Quezon City to learn their plans and program for the country’s aquaculture sector over the next five years. Strategies to increase production will use a lot of formulated feeds, ensuring an increase in demand for the usage of U.S. soybean meal and other soy products as the major ingredient of formulated aquafeeds. Source: Sunstar news Link: http://www.sunstar.com.ph/iloilo/local-news/2018/03/06/fruit-peels-may-no-longer-be-agricultural-wastes-592261 FRUIT peels may no longer be considered as wastes, as the result of the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (Seafdec) study suggests that they can be used as additives for tilapia feed. The result of a preliminary study showed that percentage weight gain of tilapia fingerlings fed the fishmeal-based control diet was comparable to those fed diets containing citrus pulp, okra meal, and pineapple peel. Source: aquafeed.com Link: http://www.aquafeed.com/news/event-news-article/7351/USSEC-conducts-inhouse-seminars-for-Philippine-aquaculture-feed-mills/ USSEC – Southeast Asia recently conducted in-house seminars and visits to several aquaculture feedmills in the Philippines to address different issues in their feedmill productions and aquaculture feed formulations. Topics of discussion included extrusion principles and equipment in aquaculture feed production; feeds and feeding management; and milkfish and tilapia nutrition, including the use of U.S. Soy products to reduce the amount of fishmeal and fish oil in aquaculture feeds. 6. What are the drivers of usage (e.g. is it their functional attributes, protein / energy content, binding properties, substitute for other plant proteins, environmental friendliness / sustainability, cost etc.)? Where is it all headed? Source: SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department Link: http://repository.seafdec.org/bitstream/handle/-/390/MamauagREP2016.pdf?sequence=1 “Plant protein Feed ingredients derived from plants are the most abundant substitutes for fishmeal. However, their characteristics of having high variability of nutrient profile, inadequacy of essential amino acids (EAA), and the presence of anti-nutritional factors are aspects that still need thorough examination and research. Oil seeds such as soybean meal, cotton seed meal, rapeseed meal, and sunflower meal have competitive prices and protein content ranging from 38 to 52%. Soybean meal is the most available and commonly-used plant ingredient in aquaculture. Fishmeal replacement by oil seeds is only limited to 20-40% and mean incorporation of 10-20% for carnivorous fish species. Oil seeds are characterized to be deficient in EAA, particularly methionine and lysine, and could also contain several anti-nutritional factors that can be inactivated by heat processing or solvent extraction. Palatability is compromised when plant ingredients are incorporated in the diets of the fish, thus the addition of feed stimulants is needed. Pea seed meal Pisum sativum and lupin Lupinus, and other beans could contribute to the research on substitution of fishmeal. However, due to their minimal protein content (22-30%), its incorporation has become limited due to the presence of anti-nutritional factors. It can replace fishmeal at a level of 10-30% of the ingredient. Its incorporation has become limited due to the presence of anti-nutritional factors, poor EAA profile, presence of non-starch polysaccharides and a high content of starch which should be taken into consideration when formulating the diet. Cereals which include maize, rice and wheat could be incorporated in the diets to be used as an energy source (carbohydrates). It is low in protein (8-12%) but is a rich source of carbohydrates in the form of starch (about 60%). Cereal incorporation in the diets of carnivorous fish is limited at 10-20% which provides 5% of the dietary protein. It is also deficient in EAA especially lysine. Leucaena leaf (“ipil-ipil” leaf meal) with an analyzed crude protein of 34.38% could be a supplement in the diets of tilapia. However, this plant protein source contains mimosine and tannin which are toxic that can affect the digestive process of the fish and eventually leads to poor fish growth. Groundnut cake, Arachis hypogaea which contains 31.6% crude protein, is an alternative protein source which is highly palatable and have acceptable odor. It has better binding properties compared to soybean. In spite of its positive characteristics, it is deficient in some EAA (methionine and lysine) and can be exposed to aflatoxin which is toxic. Results from previous studies suggested that groundnut cake can replace 10% of fishmeal in the diets of catfish Heterobranchus longifilis. The sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas is an important food crop in the tropical areas. The leaves of this plant have been used as a cheap protein source as ruminant feeds. The leaf meal has protein content between 26 to 33%, good amino acid, minerals and vitamin profile. However, it contains anti-nutritional factors that can significantly affect fish growth. Tilapia growth trials have suggested an up to 15% inclusion level of sweet potato leaves in tilapia diets. The identification and removal of anti-nutritional factors through heat treatment has improved the potential of taro, Colocasia esculenta as a protein ingredient in fish feeds. Taro leaves have a high amount of protein (31.5%) and high level of vitamins and minerals which are needed in fish feed formulation. Growth experiment has indicated that a complete replacement of fishmeal with taro can be achieved in the diets of tilapia cultured in ponds with high natural productivity. Harvested duckweed, Lemna spp. plants contain up to 43% protein on a dry weight basis and may be utilized without further processing as a complete food for fish. The amino acid profile of duckweed is relatively better than most of the plant protein sources and it contains high concentration of trace minerals. Studies have indicated that tilapia fed with duckweed at a feeding rate of up to 30 g dry matter/kg resulted in a higher survival rate and weight gain.” Drivers of Usage: a. Feed ingredients derived from plants have high variability of nutrient profile b. Inadequacy of essential amino acids (EAA) c. Presence of anti-nutritional factors d. Oil seeds such as soybean meal, cotton seed meal, rapeseed meal, and sunflower meal have competitive prices and protein content ranging from 38 to 52%. Soybean meal is the most available and commonly-used plant ingredient in aquaculture. e. Pea seed meal Pisum sativum and lupin Lupinus, and other beans could contribute to the research on substitution of fishmeal. However, due to their minimal protein content (22-30%), its incorporation has become limited due to the presence of anti-nutritional factors. f. Cereals which include maize, rice and wheat could be incorporated in the diets to be used as an energy source (carbohydrates). It is low in protein (8-12%) but is a rich source of carbohydrates in the form of starch (about 60%). g. Coconut meal (copra), Cocos nucifera is made from the processed by-product of coconut oil extraction. It contains approximately 22% crude protein. Copra contains no known anti-nutritional factors and has a high protein digestibility Source: SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department Link: https://repository.seafdec.org.ph/bitstream/handle/10862/2777/ColosoRM2015.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Feed Formulation for Sustainable Aquaculture - The aims in formulating feeds for sustainable aquaculture are improved production, higher disease resistance, better attractability and palatability of aquafeeds, and stronger environmental protection. Source: Researchgate.net Link: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/-_Case_study_on_the_impacts_of_climate_change_on_Milkfish_pond_production_in_the_Municipalies_of_Borotok_Nueva_and_Dumangas_Panay_Island_Philippines Direct and indirect impacts of climate change: • Direct Impacts. There are direct effects of climate change for example the infrastructure for aquaculture ponds and water supply damaged by severe weather conditions. • Indirect impacts. There are indirect effects of climate on the viability of aquaculture operations including the reduced availability and higher cost of feed ingredients due to the effects of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the supplies of fishmeal and the impacts of drought on crops. 7. What areas are in retrenchment in terms of driving growth / usage within aquaculture? Source: Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia Pacific Link: https://enaca.org/?id=904&title=development-and-use-of-alternatives-to-fishmeal-and-other-high-cost-feed-ingredients A survey published in 2011, from 1995 to 2010 showed that replacement of fishmeal in aquaculture feed for marine fish and shrimp improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) when fishmeal inclusion levels were decreased from 50% to 26% and 28 to 16%, respectively. This indicated a successful substitution of fishmeal in aquafeed, but utilization of fishmeal still increased due to rising production of aquaculture feed. A progressive reduction of wild fish into aquafeed is vital for sustainability of the industry and one of the top international research priorities. Source: Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture Link: http://www.searca.org/30-events/knowledge-events/seminar-series/620-expanding-to-new-markets-and-good-aquaculture-practice-may-boost-philippine-tilapia-industry The speaker also offered recommendations to boost tilapia production especially since the industry’s growth had been continuously declining in the last four years. These include: (1) quantity and price intervention policies by the government through the following: a) wider scope of fingerling dispersal by BFAR to provide cheaper and quality fingerlings to farmers especially in remote areas; b) farm-to-market roads to help farmers in far-flung areas to get better price for their harvest; and c) altering consumer preference for tilapia through food fairs (i.e., increasing demand for fresh chilled instead of live tilapia to increase market share) and value addition (i.e., production of tilapia fillet to expand the market). The author also suggested that R&D for saline-tolerant tilapia should be intensified considering that 90% of the Philippine waters are brackish in nature. Extending tilapia culture outside the confines of freshwater environment can create strong potential to increase tilapia production in the country. To answer the question, Is the growth in tilapia production sustainable? Dr. Garcia asserted that the higher cost of production due to intensified use of inputs and decreasing real prices of tilapia (wholesale and retail) present a double squeeze to farmers in their profit margins. She said this posed a serious challenge to the growth of the industry. One strategy to address this issue is through cost reduction by employing more efficient feeding management to reduce the use of commercial feeds or through the provision of alternate, cheaper feed (e.g., duckweed). Also, reversing the trend in real tilapia prices by creating demand for tilapia in areas where it is not traditionally consumed (i.e., Visayas and Mindanao) can help ease the situation. In addition, environmental pollution caused by excess feeds that settled in the pond or lake bottom leading to disease outbreak and fish kills can be minimized through good aquaculture practice and awareness of proper environmental management. 8. What are the key opportunities to further utilization within aquaculture? Source: Northernpulse.com Link: http://www.northernpulse.com/uploads/23/MarketIntroductionofAguacultureFeedsBasedonFeedPeasinthePhilippines2.pdf Overview and the challenges that was faced by the study in the Philippines in 2005 by the USA dry pea and lentil council which can be used to better the approach in connecting with local players, feed millers, trade organizations and government agencies and provide opportunities for Pulse Canada. The Philippines offers promising market opportunities. The country ranks equally with Indonesia and Vietnam as Southeast Asia's second largest producer and exporter of shrimp and fish, with an estimated FOB value of $US 857 million. Aquaculture feed used in this production is valued at about $US 200 million and is growing rapidly. In addition, several of the Philippines' private and public sector aquaculture research groups have achieved global recognition for their innovation. With an import tariff rate of only 3%, the Philippine market for feed peas is also relatively open and peas are well recognized as a cost-effective ingredient in livestock feeds. Feed pea usage in aquaculture feeds is far less developed however, than swine and poultry feeds, mainly because aquaculture producers are relatively unaware of the potential for feed peas in aqua diets. 9. What are the key constraints to further utilization within aquaculture? Any regulations / policies acting as a barrier to entry? Source: Export.gov Link: https://www.export.gov/article?id=Philippines-Trade-Barriers Import Regulations for Biotechnology-Derived Products On April 3, 2002, the Department of Agriculture issued Administrative Order No. 8 (AO 8), which regulates the importation and release into the environment of genetically modified plants and plant products. The Bureau of Plant Industry issues permits for the importation of regulated articles and/or combined trait products for contained use or trials, as well as for direct use as food or feed or for direct processing of genetically-modified (GM) plants and plant products. Under AO 8, no regulated article shall be imported or released into the environment without the conduct of a satisfactory risk assessment. A Joint Department Circular (JDC) was approved in March 2016 that replaced existing Philippine genetically engineered (GE) regulations embodied in the Philippine Department of Agriculture’s Administrative Order No. 8 (AO 8). AO 8 was replaced after the Philippine Supreme Court, in a December 8, 2015 decision, ruled that AO 8 did not sufficiently cover minimum requirements of the principles of risk assessment as embodied in the National Biosafety Framework. The JDC requires more public consultation and provides more consideration to socio-economic issues and environmental impacts in risk assessment procedures, compared to AO 8. The JDC was implemented on April 14, 2016. All shipments of regulated articles must be accompanied by a letter declaring the shipment may or may not contain GMOs. This declaration is issued by the shipper, importer, certified laboratory or responsible office in the country of origin. Source: USDA Foreign Agricultural Services Link: https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/philippines-fairs-country-report-1 Philippines FAIRS Country Report This report outlines Philippine government requirements for the importation of food and agricultural products. The report aims to assist U.S. exporters by providing information on labeling, packaging, permitted ingredients and other relevant information. It also provides points of contact for key Philippine government authorities, U.S. government agencies and trade associations. Section I on the Food Safety Act, Section VI on Other Regulations and requirements, and Section VII on Processed Foods of Animal Origin were updated. Link: https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Food%20and%20Agricultural%20Import%20Regulations%20and%20Standards%20-%20Narrative_Manila_Philippines_-.pdf Source: FAO Link: http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/v4430e/V4430E07.htm One major constraint is the lack of information on the nutritional requirements of cultured species. Studies are carried out under controlled laboratory conditions with semi-purified feed ingredients in chemically defined diets. Another major constraint in aquafeed manufacturing is the difficulty in sourcing quality raw materials and the availability of animal and vegetable proteins. The availability of some ingredients, such as corn and rice bran, is seasonal and prices fluctuate depending on supply and demand. In the Philippines, feed ingredients may be abundant in one area but transporting them to where the demand is high is sometimes not feasible since the distribution network is somewhat inefficient. Facilities for drying cereal products are also not sufficient and sun-drying becomes the usual practice. There is also a lack of capital and interest rates are high (21% or even more). It is also difficult to borrow money without collateral. Shortages in research and development funding and of competent scientists are often problems in developing countries like the Philippines. Additionally, some research work is poorly designed. Source: PHILMINAQ - MITIGATING IMPACT FROM AQUACULTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES Link: http://www.aquaculture.asia/pages/15.html Issues on Aquaculture Feeds Quality, Regulation and Management. The series of consultation meetings have brought out issues which is unique for each sector, from the physical properties of the feeds to the feeding habits of the farmer/caretakers, up to the policies involved in regulating the feeds. The following is the summary of the issues that were raised during these meetings: A. Regulatory 1. Overlapping and/or mixed-up mandates of national agencies 2. Lack/inadequate regulations addressing aquaculture feeds 3. Lack and/or weak regular aquaculture feed market monitoring B. Physical properties 1. Poor stability 2. Poor digestibility C. Environmental 1. High dependence on trash fish, thus net loss of wild-caught fish 2. Water pollution 3. Sedimentation 4. Eutrophication 5. Anoxic environment for benthos communities D. Economic 1. Inappropriate use of pellet size and formulations to save feed costs 2. High cost of raw materials 3. Poor fish meal quality E. Linkaging 1. Lack and/or inadequate cooperation/link between farmers and feed millers 10. Related to Qn 9, are there any key planned / executed policies / standards impacting aqua feed and development across your country? How will the legislative actions influence opportunities? (Note: This will require you to go through some legal acts and regulations and understanding them.) Source: Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific Link: https://enaca.org/?id=907&title=status-of-aquaculture-feed-and-feed-ingredient-production-in-philippines The current primary law on animal feeds, which also covers aquaculture feeds, is under legislative review in the Philippine Congress. The existing law RA 1556 (Livestock and Poultry Feeds Act of 1956) is being harmonized primarily with RA 10611 (Food Safety Act of 2013) and RA 7394 (Consumer Act of 1992). Animal feeds ingredients standards are described and defined under Administrative Order No. 12, s. 2017, “Revised Implementing Rules and Regulations on the Registration of Feed Establishments and Feed Products” and Administrative Order No. 40, s. 1976. “Rules and Regulations Governing Quality Standards of Commercial Feed Ingredients”. Specific Standards on Animal Feeds: Source: Philippine National Standards/Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Link: https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2015/SPS/PHL/14_2165_00_e.pdf 5.2.2.5 Soybean(Glycine Max)Oil Meal, Soya or Soybean Meal These are by-products after extraction of oil from soybean seeds that should be bright yellow to yellowish brown in color and have fresh, sweet and nutty odor. This should be free from infestations. The specifications should include: Low Protein High Protein Moisture Max 12.0% Max 12.0% Crude Protein Min 43.0% Min 46.0% Crude FiberMax 7.0% Max 4.0% Protein Solubility in 0.2% KOH…. 73.0 – 88 Urease activity as change in pH .. 0.02 -0.30 Ash ………………………………... Max 7.0% Anti-caking agent………………… Max 1.0% 5.2.2.8 Dunn Peas (Pisum sativum) This has greenish brown, wrinkled outer covering with yellow cotyledons where color should vary from light green to greenish brown and has no odor. This should be free from infestations. The specifications should include: Moisture………………………… Max 10.0 % Crude Protein………………….. Min 18.0% Crude Fiber ……………………. Max 6.0% 5.2.2.9 Feed Peas (Pisum sativum) Dried peas intended for animal feed that should be grayish green in color and should be odorless. This should be free from infestations. The specifications should include: Moisture……………………… Max 10.0% Crude Protein………………... Min 22.0% Crude Fiber …………………. Max 6.0% 5.2.2.11 Lupins (Lupinus spp.) Dried lupin seeds that should be cream/gray, speckled in color and have fresh and not musty odor. This should be free from infestations. The specifications should include: Moisture ……………………… Max 10.0% Crude Protein ……………….. Min 27.0% Crude Fiber …………………. Max 12.0% 5.2.2.19 White Peas/Yellow Peas (Pisum sativum) Dried garden peas with wrinkled seed coat at maturity that should be white to yellow in color and should be odorless. This should be free from infestations. The specifications should include: Moisture ……………………….. Max 12.0% Crude Protein ……………....…. Min 20.0% Crude Fiber ………….………... Max 10.0% Philippine Nutrient Standards for Aquatic Animals: Source: Philippine National Standards/Bureau of Fisheries & Aquatic Resources Link: http://www.chinaaseansps.com/upload/2012-07/-.pdf Essential composition and quality factors 5.1 Aquaculture feeds 5.1.1 This feed should be prepared from sound and wholesome quality raw materials and shall provide nutritionally adequate requirements to produce acceptable performance to the crustaceans, fish and mollusks reared in aquaculture farms/ponds. 5.2 Raw materials 5.2.1 Raw materials for aquaculture feeds shall be sourced from duly registered local feed ingredient suppliers and in accordance with Rules and Regulations Governing the Quality Standards of Commercial Feed Ingredients (DA-BAI Administrative Order Number 40, series of 1976). PNS/BAFPS 84:2010 5.2.2 Imported raw materials must comply with requirements of BAI. 5.2.3 Raw materials shall have good digestibility and utilization, and have less polluting effect to the environment. 5.2.4 Raw materials shall be good sources of needed nutrients like protein, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. 5.2.5 Animal protein sources shall be free from Salmonella and other pathogenic microorganisms. 5.2.6 Raw materials containing molds shall not be used. 5.3 Diet composition 5.3.1 The aquaculture feed shall be composed of protein, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals at levels that meet the nutrient requirements for each intended species. 5.3.2 The use of pigments, binding agents, preservatives, attractants and other feed additives shall be in compliance with good manufacturing practices (GMP). 5.3.3 No veterinary drugs i.e. antibiotics shall be used in aquaculture feeds (annex A). 5.4 Other composition 5.4.1 Salt Salt shall be of food grade quality. 5.4.2 Water The water to be used in manufacturing shall be clean and according to Codex standards. 5.5 Final product 5.5.1 The final product must be nutritionally balanced, palatable, water stable, and has the proper size and texture. 5.5.2 The final product shall meet all the requirements enumerated below: Source: Philippine National Standards on Aquaculture Feeds Link: http://spsissuances.da.gov.ph/attachments/article/778/PNS%20BAFPS%2084_2010%20Aquaculture%20feeds.pdf This standard applies to the preparation and formulation of nutritionally adequate aquaculture feeds such as pellet, mash and crumble feed forms used in culturing any aquatic organisms such as, but not limited to, crustaceans, fish, and mollusks. For the purpose of this standard, custom-mixed feeds and feed products for aquaculture use are also covered. Source: FAO Link: http://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC088086 http://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno9281.htm#.WqdHtOhubIU REPUBLIC ACT 9281 or AN ACT TO STRENGTHEN AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES MODERNIZATION IN THE PHILIPPINES BY EXTENDING THE EFFECTIVITY OF TAX INCENTIVES AND ITS MANDATED FUNDING SUPPORT. Exemption from the payment of tariff and duties for importation of all types of agriculture and fisheries inputs which includes aquaculture feeds, ingredients etc. 11. What opportunities are seen for substitution (e.g. soy protein replacement, wheat etc.)? Where might further use of fractions / types be utilized (e.g. pea flour etc.)? Source: northernpulse.com Link: http://www.northernpulse.com/uploads/23/0606PeasasPelletBinder.pdf The trial reported in this article used pelleting technology to produce tilapia and shrimp/crab formulations that are common in the Philippines. For all aqua species, low fines are important. For shrimp and crab, feed with high water stability is important as the species are slow feeders and consume their feed on the bottom of the pond. Conclusions The trial results reported here shed new light on opportunities for using feed peas in aquaculture feeds, which are also applicable to other animal feeds. The results clearly demonstrate that feed peas have binding properties. The binding capacity of feed peas was superior to that of whole wheat and comparable to that of wheat flour. Inclusion of peas did not increase fines or lower PDI of the feed. Water stability of the feeds containing peas was well within acceptable standard. Inclusion of peas in the formulas increased throughput and decreased energy cost in tilapia feeds and decreased throughput and increased energy cost in crab/shrimp feeds. However, the study has established that the formula cost of feed containing peas is much lower than that of feed containing wheat flour. Consequently, feed peas should be valued in aqua feed ingredients not only as a source of protein and energy, but also as a feed binder. Source: SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department Link: https://repository.seafdec.org.ph/handle/10862/2996 Other alternative dietary protein sources with emphasis on oilseed meals, peas and other leguminous seed meals, leaf meals from terrestrial plants, aquatic plants, plant protein concentrates, single cell proteins, cereal by products, fermentation and other products have been or are currently being evaluated as fish meal substitutes for their nutritive values, inclusion levels, constraints in processing mainly to reduce the effects of anti-nutritional factors as well as economic value. Source: Alternatives Food Corporation http://www.alternatives.ph/ModifiedPeaStarch.ubr Pea starch application as food ingredient i.e. soup base, sauce thickener, texture improvement for meats, baking process, and dairy processing. Source: Department of Science & Technology Link: http://www.pcaarrd.dost.gov.ph/home/portal/index.php/quick-information-dispatch/2894-protein-enriched-copra-meal-pecm-as-feed-protein-for-tilapia-milkfish-and-shrimp-aquaculture Protein enriched copra meal (PECM) as feed protein for tilapia, milkfish, and shrimp aquaculture Primarily used as animal feed, copra meal is an important feed resource in the Philippines. In 2014, the Philippines produced about 750,000 metric tons of copra meal as coconut by-product. About 60% of this was locally utilized mainly as animal feed. Like soybean meal, copra meal is technically classified as a plant-based protein feed ingredient and mainly used as source of protein and energy in mixed feed. Records from 2012 showed the Philippines has been importing about $500 million worth of soybean every year. Source: Inquirer.net Link: http://business.inquirer.net/210894/cheaper-healthier-animal-feed-uplb LOS BAÑOS, Laguna—Scientists from the National Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology at the University of the Philippines Los Baños (Biotech-UPLB) have developed a protein-enriched copra meal that promises to provide a healthier yet cheaper animal feed. The pilot scale production of the Protein-Enriched Copra Meal (PECM) will be housed in a new building to be put up with a P22-million fund allocation from the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD). Once completed by the end of the year, Biotech-UPLB would begin production of the PECM at a volume of one metric ton every three days. 12. What types of innovations / usage cases have emerged within aquaculture? Source: Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD) Link: http://www.pcaarrd.dost.gov.ph/home/portal/index.php/quick-information-dispatch/2894-protein-enriched-copra-meal-pecm-as-feed-protein-for-tilapia-milkfish-and-shrimp-aquaculture Primarily used as animal feed, copra meal is an important feed resource in the Philippines. In 2014, the Philippines produced about 750,000 metric tons of copra meal as coconut by-product. About 60% of this was locally utilized mainly as animal feed. Like soybean meal, copra meal is technically classified as a plant-based protein feed ingredient and mainly used as source of protein and energy in mixed feed. Records from 2012 showed the Philippines has been importing about $500 million worth of soybean every year. Source: The Fish Site Link: https://thefishsite.com/articles/adm-announces-new-product-registrations-for-proplex-dy-in-philippines-and-vietnam ADM Animal Nutrition, a division of Archer Daniels Midland Company announced today that PROPLEX DY, a high-quality protein source for swine, poultry and aquaculture, has been approved for registration in the Philippines and Vietnam. Source: The Fish Site Link: https://thefishsite.com/articles/can-sweet-potato-feed-the-aquaculture-industry PHILIPPINES - The Department of Agriculture’s Bureau of Agricultural Research (DA-BAR) is eyeing the sweet potato or kamote as an important feed source for the aquaculture industry. According to BAR, the restrictive cost in feeds is a main discouraging many operators in the aquaculture industry, adding that animal nutritionists all over the world are constantly searching for the dietary protein sources of fish to maximize growth and increase production within the shortest possible time and at lowest cost. According to BAR, employing fermentation makes use of beneficial microbes, resulting in a 17 times more protein content of sweet potato pulp “after enrichment by fermentation was achieved,” which can replace a percentage or even entirely, the expensive and sometimes seasonally unavailable conventional feed ingredients. Initial feedback from fishpond operators and the fishing communities showed positive response. Big-scale fishpond owners have appreciated the effects and potentials of the feeds as a viable substitute to commercial ones. Source: The Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD) Link: http://www.pcaarrd.dost.gov.ph/home/portal/index.php/quick-information-dispatch/2108-big-plans-underway-for-a-philippine-microalgae-industry One of the plan’s pathways leads to development of microalgae as aquafeeds. This year, the Philippine Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD) released P10 million to start off the National Aquafeeds Research and Development Program. The University of the Philippines (UP) Los Baños and UP in the Visayas are working with the Bohol Island State University to develop feed formulations using microalgae, seaweeds and seaweed by-products, and water hyacinth as possible protein sources. The feeds will come in various forms, namely: algal paste, nutrient concentrates, and as floating and sinking pellets. These will be field-tested on milkfish, shrimps, and tilapia. A village-level feed mill prototype will also be built in Bohol to pilot-test small–scale commercial feed production. Source: SeafoodSource Link: https://www.seafoodsource.com/news/aquaculture/tilapia-farmers-discover-fish-feed-alternative Fish farmers in the Philippines have discovered tilapia prefer natural fish feed over commercial varieties. According to a regional office of the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR), phytoplanktons are easier for tilapia to digest than commercially available fish feed. In addition, by delaying the introduction of commercial feeds, farmers can save as much as five bags, or about $72. BFAR also says that the delay in commercial feed introduction does not adversely affect the overall growth of the fish and actually enhances cost-benefit ratio for budget-conscious tilapia farmers. 13. Where should the pulse industry focus to help further develop pulse integration into aqua feed products? Source: Grains Research & Development Corporation, Pulse Australia Link: http://www.feedgrainpartnership.com.au/items/927/Pulses%20Nutritional%20Value%20and%20Their%20Role%20in%20the%20Feed%20Industry.pdf KEY ISSUES WITH PULSES IN THE FEED INDUSTRY The key to the long term balance of supply and demand within the stock feed industry is the development of strong lines of communication and longer term commitment between growers and end-users. It is critical for there to be end-user confidence so as to ensure a reliable, consistent and competitively priced supply of pulses as feed ingredients while growers must feel confident that there will be a sustainable market for their product. Too often in the past an apparent lack of supply has stemmed from a perceived lack of market opportunity by growers. This has happened when overall supply is in fact sufficient, but is available only in small parcels that would need to be aggregated to become useful to the feed industry. Growers must work together, and in partnership with industry end-users to resolve such issues. Growers must gain a more in depth understanding of the end-uses for the pulses they produce, and their priorities of use. They must also be aware of competitive alternatives to pulses that may be available to the stock feed market from other sources. They must consider the rotational benefits of pulse crops, and how they fit into their whole farm system, when assessing potential returns from pulse production for the price sensitive feed ingredient industries. Growers should be aware that simple quality assurance programs on farm may be needed in future as end-users start to insist upon their suppliers complying with increasing demands for traceability. End-users need to understand that many factors can influence grower decisions as to which pulse, if any, they grow. Reliability of market is paramount, but input costs, potential yield, price per tonne (nett dollar return), fit within the farming system, sowing date, weed issues and projected seasonal conditions are all considerations that may impact on supply in any given year. Source: USA Dry Pea & Lentil Council Link: http://www.northernpulse.com/uploads/23/MarketIntroductionofAguacultureFeedsBasedonFeedPeasinthePhilippines2.pdf The study done by the USA Dry Pea & Lentil Council in 2005 was in collaboration with commercial aquaculture feed manufacturers in the Philippines and conduct farm-scale trials using feed peas as raw material in diets for shrimp and tilapia. Findings, conclusions as well as challenges faced during the study can be used to identify further opportunities to develop pulse integration in Philippine aquafeed industry. Executive Summary: DPLC collaborated with three commercial aquaculture feed manufacturers in the Philippines to conduct farm-scale trials using feed peas as raw material in diets for shrimp and tilapia. This work was in follow up to earlier EMP-funded that demonstrated opportunities and benefits of dry peas as a high-protein and energy aquaculture feed ingredient. The USADPLC Southeast Asia regional representative and Philippine consultants worked closely with Cargill Animal Nutrition, Santeh Feeds, and Overseas Feed Corporation to complete the trials. Several meetings were held with each firm to develop protocols and agreements for commercial on-farm testing. The feeding trials were then conducted in exchange for fees charged by the firms, dry peas used in the trials, or a combination of both. Santeh Feeds' trials showed that the inclusion of feed peas in tilapia feeds could help in reducing feed prices without significantly affecting fish growth. Cargill Animal Nutrition also conducted tilapia feeding trials, which showed that, even at up to 25% inclusion rate, feed peas are a good source of plant protein. Cargill also tested feed peas as a pellet binding agent in floating feeds for tilapia, and in sinking feeds for shrimp and crab Feeds with peas were comparable to those using wheat or wheat flour as a binder. The researchers concluded that peas can be used effectively for improving water stability of pelleted aquaculture feeds. Overseas Feed Corporation conducted feeding trials with shrimp using feed peas as a substitute for other protein ingredients. The results showed that feed peas may be used as a substitute for soybean meal in limited quantities. A disease outbreak adversely affected these trials, however, so further research on shrimp feeds is needed. The project's successful trial results and positive feedback from the cooperating companies stimulated at least 3,000 metric tons in new sales of US feed peas. The successful use of dry peas as a pellet binding agent will be of particular interest to other aquaculture feed millers. as well as to producers of swine. poultry and other animal feeds. Varying production and weather cycles, plus changing market conditions and disease factors limited the interest of shrimp and milkfish feed millers and farmers in cooperating with USADPLC on the trials. 1.1.3 Usage-Specific Questions 14. How and to what extent are pulses being utilised in aquaculture feed? a. What types (i.e. peas, lentils, beans, chickpeas etc.) and forms (e.g. flour, starch, fiber, protein powder etc.) are being utilised in aquaculture? I.e. what are the usage cases? i. Usage cases – This means within each feed sector (i.e. “feed for tilapia”, “feed for shrimp”, etc.) and the forms that the pulses take (e.g. “pea protein”, "pea fiber", "pea flour", "whole pea", etc.). b. How is usage split across aquaculture (i.e. animal sectors such as shrimp, tilapia and notable others identified through research)? i. Usage split – This means the % of total pulses / pulse ingredients used in feed for each feed sector (i.e., “feed for tilapia”, “feed for shrimp”, etc.). We are looking to understand the relative importance of each feed / animal sector to the consumption or uptake of pulses / pulse ingredients. Source: USA Dry Pea and Lentil Council Link: http://www.northernpulse.com/uploads%5Cresources%5C514%5Cpeas-in-tilapia-feed-formulations.doc The USA Dry Pea and Lentil Council contracted research with a large feed miller in the Philippines in order to conduct replicated tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, feeding trials utilizing pea inclusion at all growth stages from starter to final harvest. The trial was done using cages on Sampaloc Lake, San Pablo City. Table 3: Trial Feeds and Treatments with Pea Content Feeding Days Formulation Treatment Component 35 Starter T1 12% Peas   T2 No Peas 22 Juvenile T1 20% Peas   T2 No peas 36 Adult T1 25% Peas   T2 No Peas Table 4: Feed Composition, Nutrient Analysis, and Cost Starter Juvenile Adult   2. Cost 3. T 1 T 2 T 1 T 2 T 1 T 2 Ingredients* $US/ mt 12 % Peas No Peas 20% Peas No Peas 25% Peas No Peas     % Cost % Cost % Cost % Cost % Cost % Cost Peas-   20 45   25 56   Corn, yellow-       Pollard/Midds 150     - Rice Bran HF- Tapioca Pellets 135           7 10     11 15 Corn GM 60%CP-           SBM 47% CP- Other materials - Total Cost ($US/mt)   316   317   264   267   238   234 Source: soyaqua.org Link: http://www.soyaqua.org/sites/default/files/reports/06milkfishmanjuyodbayrpresultspdf.pdf TABLE 1. First formula provided to Feedmill A for the ASA 34/6, soymeal-based feed used in the 2006 ASA-IM SIA Milkfish Demonstration Project at Manjuyod Bay, Negros Oriental, Philippines. The feed was fed in 3-4 mm, extruded pellet form Ingredient% Inclusion Rate Soybean Meal - 47% 40.00 Wheat, ground grain 22.80 Fishmeal, whole 63.7/8 15.50 Cassava Meal 10.00 Fish Oil 3.75 Poultry BP-69 3.50 Ca phosphate 18.7%P 3.50 Vitamin Premix F2 0.50 Mineral Premix F1 0.25 Choline Chloride (liquid) 0.09 Mold Inhibitor 0.05 Antioxidant 0.03 Stay C - 35% 0.03 TOTAL 100.00 Feed formulation for sustainable aquaculture Source: SEAFDEC Link: https://repository.seafdec.org.ph/bitstream/handle/10862/2777/ColosoRM2015.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Carbohydrates include simple sugars, starches, celluloses, gums and related substances that are inexpensive sources of energy giving 4 kilocalories of energy per gram of carbohydrate. Thus, as much carbohydrate as the fish or shrimp can use is usually included in aquaculture diets. They are also used as feed binders (for example, bread flour, carrageenan, agar, and alginates) to make the feed stable in water. Table sugar (sucrose), glucose, lactose, bread flour, wheat flour, corn starch and cassava starch are good carbohydrates and bread flour, wheat flour, and starches are used as carbohydrate sources in fish or shrimp diets. . The carbohydrate levels in grow-out diets for various tropical aquaculture species are 25-30% of the diet, 29%, 45%, and 55% for grouper, Tiger shrimp, milkfish, and tilapia, respectively. Animal sources of fats or lipids in fish diets are cod liver oil (CLO), squid liver oil, and beef tallow while the plant sources are soy bean oil (SBO), corn oil, coconut oil, and sunflower seed oil. CLO is rich in w3 HUFAs and SBO is rich in w6 and also w3 PUFAs. The crude fat levels in grow-out diets for tropical aquaculture species can vary considerably. Diets for marine fish like grouper and milkfish can contain higher levels (11-12%) of fat compared with those of shrimps or freshwater fish like tilapia (4-9%). A 1:1 combination of CLO: SBO is usually used to provide a source for both w3 and w6 fatty acids. Common protein sources in fish or shrimp diets are classified into two – animal sources such as fish meal, shrimp meal, squid meal, and meat and bone meal; and plant sources such as soy bean meal, pea seed meal, cowpea meal, and various leaf meals. The crude protein levels in fish or shrimp diets also vary. Grow-out diets for carnivorous species like grouper contain more protein (44% or higher) and tiger shrimp contain 42% while grow-out diets for omnivorous or herbivorous species such as milkfish or tilapia can contain much less protein (28-32%). In addition, the crude protein levels in diets for other life stages of tropical aquaculture species are not static and can also vary. Diets for the larval stages contain higher levels of protein (38-50%) to support rapid growth as well as for brood stock stages (44-48%) to support ovarian maturation and production of good quality eggs and larvae. c. What local / regional varietals are being used in aquaculture? (Note: Given anti-nutritional properties of several pulses / pulse ingredients within aquaculture, research is expected to largely centre on peas / pea fractions / types within this sector.) Source: Pinoy Entrepreneur Link: http://www.pinoy-entrepreneur.com/2010/07/27/pigeon-pea-or-kadios-production/ Pigeon pea better known as “kadios” here in the Philippines, is a minor crop that is usually grown in backyards or some insignificant portion of the farm. Actually, however, it is one crop that has a big potential, both for small-scale and large-scale production. Pigeon pea is not only a vegetable crop but also for other agricultural purposes. It is a super crop for dryland agriculture because it is an excellent animal feed aside from being a protein-rich human food. It is also useful in increasing soil fertility, in preventing soil erosion, and in suppressing weeds in upland farms. Of course, the main reason why pigeon pea should be produced by more farmers is its importance as nutritious food. Young pods as well as mature fresh are cooked in dishes together with other vegetables. Source: Seafdec Link: https://repository.seafdec.org.ph/bitstream/handle/10862/2778/AyaFA2015.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Among the alternative protein sources for fishmeal, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.)) meal has been used to replace fishmeal in crustacean diets because of its high nutritional value and digest. An important legume crop in the Philippines and in other Southeast Asian countries, cowpea seeds are known for their crude protein content of 23–26%, high levels of essential amino acids such as lysine and tryptophan and digestible energy. Likewise, the successful use of V. unguiculata has been reported for tilapia feeding. Source: Sunstar Iloilo Link: http://www.sunstar.com.ph/iloilo/local-news/2017/12/08/mongo-beans-diet-could-help-make-apahap-affordable-578690 Mongo beans diet could help make 'apahap' affordable Dr. Erlinda Ganzon-Naret, a scientist from the UP-Visayas, conducted a scientific research on the potential of three legume seeds as protein sources for apahap. With the goal to "develop cost-effective diets for a more profitable production," Ganzon-Naret used pigeon pea (kadyos), yellow mungbean (mongo), and kidney bean (bitswelas) as food replacement to fish meal. d. What is the estimated overall amount of usage in volume / value for aquaculture? (As available) Specific data not available for Philippines. 15. What usage cases within aquaculture are the least price-sensitive / cost-sensitive towards pulses / pulse ingredients, and why? Which are the most price sensitive and why? (Hypothetically, this would help Pulse Canada understand how price sensitivity differs by each feed sector and pulse form.) Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Link: https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/SSA2017%20%281%29.pdf Latest statistics on Foreign Imports (Soya bean oil/cake meal): _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Source: Index Mundi Link: https://www.indexmundi.com/agriculture/?country=ph&commodity=soybean-meal&graph=imports Philippine Soybean Meal Import in the last 5 years Source: aquaculturealliance.com Link: https://www.aquaculturealliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/goal13-lap-rouse.pdf Soybean meal prices are approximately 30% of the FOB cost of fish meal; $410 / MT for soybean meal compared to $1420 / MT for fish meal. The price of fish meal has been extremely volatile over the past 3 - 4 years, ranging between $900 - $1900/ton due to shrinking stocks. •  Fish meal prices will continue rising as fishing bans are implemented and wild fish populations continue depleting due to over fishing. Source: Index Mundi Link: https://www.indexmundi.com/commodities/?commodity=soybean-meal&currency=php Soybean Meal Monthly Price - Philippine Peso per Metric Ton Source: GMA News On-Line Link: http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/economy/267310/feed-millers-seek-more-soybean-importation-amid-record-prices/story/ Feed millers seek more soybean importation amid record prices Though the price of soybean meal in the world market is at a record high due to decreasing supply, local feed millers need to import additional supplies of the legume to fill in the country's needs, the Philippine Association of Feed Millers, Inc. said over the weekend. Soybean meal is used as a filler and protein source in animal feeds. Imported soybean meal is now at an all time high at $340 per metric ton, while the cost of landed soybean meal is about P30 per kilo from P22 per kilo early this year, Ramos said. The increase in prices is due to the severe drought that hit soybean-producing areas in the United States, the world's biggest supplier of soybean meal. Sixty-three percent of the country's imported soybean supply comes from the US, while the remaining 37 per cent come from Argentina. Local feed millers have imported as much as 842,677 MT of soybean meal this year. Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Link: https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/CommdtyFactSht_2016F.pdf Source: Agricultural Market Information System of the G20 (AMIS) Link: http://www.amis-outlook.org/fileadmin/user_upload/amis/docs/resources/3c%20Feed%20use%20estimation%20%E2%80%93%20Data,%20methodologies%20and%20gaps%20(Philippines)%20September%202014.pdf Estimated mixed-feed production vs. total commercial feed production (‘000 MT) ______________________________________________________________________________ Source: USDA Link: http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Oilseeds%20and%20Products%20Annual_Manila_Philippines_-.pdf Production: Local soybean production remains minimal and no significant change is expected through MY16/17. Philippine agricultural output is largely a function of weather. Drier-than-normal conditions as a result of the El Nino weather pattern, as well as several tropical typhoons seriously affected farm output in CY2015. Local weather forecasters expect the El Nino weather phenomenon to weaken in the 2nd quarter of CY2016. Expected to be most affected are areas in Northern Mindanao and Eastern Luzon. Consumption: There is a lone soybean crusher in the country with limited capacity who imports a small volume of soybeans each year. Soybean crush consumption is expected to marginally increase 3,000 tons to 103,000 tons in MY 16/17 due to increasing food demand of the Philippine population. A large agribusiness company involved in feed-miling operations has reported plans to substitute rice bran with full fat soybeans (FFSBs) in its poultry feeds formulation. Rice bran is a traditional source of fat in local poultry feeds but adequate supply and availability could be an issue. Trade: Soybean imports are likely to increase to 137,000 tons in MY 16/17 due to rising food and feed demand. Bean imports from the United States are likely to increase its market share to over 90 percent in MY 15/16 and MY 16/17 due increased demand for FFSBs. Policy: Executive Order No. 61 (EO 61), signed October 2011, took effect in January 2012 and adjusted Most Favored Nation (MFN) tariff rates on a range of agricultural products. Soybean (HS Code 12.01) and copra (HS Code 12.03) duties were unchanged at 10 percent and 1 percent, respectively, for the period-, and remain in effect for CY 2016. Soybean imports are duty-free under the Agricultural and Fisheries Modernization Act provided they are inspected and certified by the Philippine Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI) and the Bureau of Customs (BOC). Soybean and copra imports originating from countries of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) are also duty-free in CY 2016 under the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AFTA). Commodities: Soybean Meal Production: Local SBM production remains insignificant relative to overall Philippine oil-meal production. SBM output is expected to increase in small increments through MY16/17 reflecting similar increases in soybean crush during the period. There are roughly 500 registered feed-mills in the Philippines producing over 10 million tons of compound feeds annually. According to trade contacts, home-mixers used to dominate feed production but have been overtaken by commercial feed-millers and integrated producers which now have a combined share of around 80 percent of overall feed production. According to the same source, geographically, around 75 percent of all feed operations are located in the main island of Luzon, 15 percent in Mindanao island, and 10 percent in the Visayas region. The industry has been instrumental in lobbying for the speedy resolution of an issue related to feed ingredients from genetically engineered (GE) crops, including SBM (see POLICY, Oilmeals). Local feed-millers stressed there was no substitute for imported SBM, which likely were GE. Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections are part of the May 2016 political exercise where elections to the Senate, House of Representatives and local governments (including the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao) will be held. As mentioned in previous reports, election-related spending traditionally results in a spike in consumption. This year, the increase in consumption was less than expected, and SBM demand in MY 15/16 was pared down accordingly. Despite the downward revision, however, SBM consumption is still predicted to expand through MY16/17 as feed demand by the growing domestic livestock and poultry industries remains strong. Alongside this trend are multiple reports from industry contacts of increased investments in the feed grain delivery and distribution chain, specifically in the storage, handling and marketing infrastructure system. Trade: The Philippines was the 2nd largest U.S. SBM market globally in CY 2015 with sales reaching a record $635 million (up 8 percent from the previous year’s level). U.S. SBM was the country’s top agricultural import from the U.S. during the same year. Philippine SBM imports, based on customs data (1.5 million tons for CY 2015), are well below local industry estimates of over 2.1 million tons. Post concurs with the official USDA numbers through MY 15/16 and expects SBM imports to reach 2.5 million tons in MY 16/17 as a result of the continued and strong growth of the domestic livestock and poultry industries. There were, and continues to be no trade disruptions on U.S. SBM sales to the Philippines as a result of a court ruling on products derived from GE soybeans (see POLICY, Oilmeals section). On the contrary, increasing SBM imports are expected to be enhanced by the amendments to the Cabotage Law once implemented (See POLICY section).