Tasneem Shafiq

Microbiology Summary Reports Table of Contents Chapter 21: Microbial Disease of Skin and Eyes2 Chapter 22: Microbial Disease of Nervous System4 Chapter 23:Microbial Disease of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System6 Chapter 24:Microbial Disease of Respiratory System8 Chapter 25: Microbial Diseases of Digestive Systems9 Chapter 26: Microbial Diseases of Urinary and Reproductive Systems11 Chapter 21: Microbial Disease of Skin and Eyes Skin is the largest organ of the human body and consists of 16% of the whole body weight. The skin performs significant functions, as it is helpful to form barriers to external environment for protecting the body from any external harm. It allows restraining the inward and outward of the body, such as water, electrolytes and other biological substances and provides protection against microorganisms, ultraviolet radiation and other toxic agents. The structure of skins is composed of three main layers namely epidermis, dermis and subcutis. The glands of hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous are derivatives of skins. Normal microbiota of skin is the large numbers of gram-positive bacteria including staphylococcus, micrococcus and Propionibacteruim. Normal microbiota of the skin is a normal organism or microorganism located on the body without causing any infection to skin. They are present on two square meter of human skin while there are 1000 of different species present on the human skin. As far as microbial diseases of the skin are concerned, rashes and lesions are kind of systematic diseases rather than infections and can be useful in diagnosing other skin diseases. There are three types of skin diseases including bacterial, viral and fungal. Bacterial disease of skins mainly regards to staphylococcal, streptococcal, and pseudomonad infections. Amongst all, staphylococcal disease is difficult to treat and classified as coagulase positive and coagulase negative bacteria. Moreover, streptococcal is a disease that is grown in chains and can be treated by topical creams along with broad-spectrum antibiotics. Most common viral diseases of skins are Papilloma Virus, Small Pox, Chicken Pox, Measles and Rubella virus. Viral skin diseases are usually transmitted such as Papilloma Virus is transmitted through direct contact and causes warts; similarly, small pox is transmitted by aerosols. Fungal diseases of the skin and nails mainly include Cutaneous Infections, Subcutaneous Infections, and Candida species. Bacterial diseases of eye are Conjunctivitis, Neonatal Gonorrheal Opthalmia, and Chlamydia trachomatis Infections. Chapter 22: Microbial Disease of Nervous System Nervous system in human is composed of brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves. The main function performed by the nervous system is to recognize and coordinate the responses received from body both in the internal and external environment. Structurally nervous is divided into two central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. Meningitis and Encephalitis are two microbial diseases of the nervous system and Meningitis is the infection of the meninges, in which the brain and spinal cord are surrounded by membranes. The cause of Meningitis can be both viral and bacterial infections while Encephalitis is the infection of the nervous tissues mainly involving the brain or spinal cord caused by viruses. Bacterial diseases of the nervous system include Bacterial Meningitis, Tetanus, Botulism and Leprosy. Bacterial Meningitis are subdivided into three types including Haemophilus influenza, Neisseria meinigitis and Streptococcus pneumonia. Major symptoms of disease are headache, nausea, vomiting, stiff neck, convulsions and coma. The treatment extends to broad-spectrum antibiotics and vaccine. In tetanus, Clostridium tetani discharges the tetanus toxin resulting in consistent muscle contraction and further causes systemic organ failure. In botulism, clostridium botulinum discharges the botulinum toxin resulting in consistent muscle relaxation. The treatment for tetanus is vaccine DPT, and for treating botulism, no vaccination is required while antitoxin antibodies are effective. Viral diseases of nervous system are Poliomyelitis, Rabies and Arboviral Encephalitis. The virus of Poliomyelitis disease resides in the motor neuron and its symptoms can be stomach flu and paralysis. It can be caused by direct contact with ingestion of fecal contaminated food and water. As far as the treatment for poliomyelitis disease is concerned, OPV vaccine is used. Rabies virus is transmitted by the bite of infected hosts and it may result in encephalitis; the treatment for the disease occurs in two ways process in which passive vaccination is injected at first and active immunization is injected to stimulate cell-mediated responses. Arboviral Encephalitis is transmitted through arthropod bite through virus enters blood and causes encephalitis. There is no treatment for the disease and it leads to mortality. Fungal disease of the nervous system is Cryptococcus neoformans Meningitis and Protozoan diseases of the nervous system is African trypanosome and Amebic Meningoencephalitis. Nervous System diseases caused by Prions are Bovine Spongifonn Encephalopathy and Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. Moreover, there are some diseases of which, agents are not identified yet including chronic fatigue syndrome. Chapter 23:Microbial Disease of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System Cardiovascular system in human is blood circulatory system and combines whole body as a unit to perform overall functions. The main components of the system are heart, arterial system, venous system and lymphatic system. Main function of the system is to enable the components circulating the blood by providing active muscle with consistent stream of oxygen and nutrients. Moreover, it also functions to remove the metabolic byproducts. Microbial disease of cardiovascular and lymphatic system includes bacterial, viral, protozoan, and Helminthic diseases. The bacterial diseases of cardiovascular and lymphatic system are Sepsis and Septic Shock, Bacterial infections of heart, rheumatic fever, tularemia, brucellosis, anthrax, gangrene, systematic disease caused by bites and scratches and vector-transmitted disease. Viral diseases of cardiovascular and lymphatic system have been recognized as Burkitt’s lymphoma, infectious mononucleosis, other diseases and Epstein-Barr virus, Cytomegalovirus infections, Chikungunya fever, classic viral hemorrhagic fevers, and emerging viral hemorrhagic fevers. Protozoan diseases of the cardiovascular and lymphatic system include Chagas’ disease, Toxoplasmosis, Malaria, Leishmaniasis and babesosis. Besides, there are Helminthic diseases such as Schistomiasis and Swimmer’s Itch. Sepsis and Septic Shock encompass four major infectious diseases such as Septicemia, Sepsis, Severe sepsis and Septic shock. Additionally, Bacterial infections of heart include endocarditis, which is caused by the endocardital tissues lining the heart chambers and infecting it. Endocarditis bacterial infection of heart is subdivided into acute bacterial endocarditis and subacute bacterial endocarditis. Acutbacterial endocarditis is caused by the progressive disease leading to heart failure while the alpha-hemolytic streptococci cause subacute bacterial infection of heart. Classic viral hemorrhagic fevers are the viral disease of cardiovascular and lymphatic system and includes yellow fever, hemorrhagic dengue fever, Lassa fever and Ebola fevers. Moreover, Toxoplasmosis is a protozoan disease of the cardiovascular and lymphatic system and it causes sore throat, lymph node and low fever. One of the major symptoms of the disease is blurred vision and low fever while it can also cause retina inflammation. Swimmer's itch or schistosome is Helminthic diseases, which is also considered as a skin reaction in which flatworms enters into the epidermal layer of the skin causing small red spot at the penetrated site of the cercaria. Chapter 24:Microbial Disease of Respiratory System However, lungs are the major component of respiratory system in human yet it is classified into two major parts including upper respiratory tract system and lower respiratory tract system. The upper respiratory tract system is composed of mouth, nose, and nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx. The lower respiratory tract system consists of trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and diaphragm. The main functions performed by respiratory system are gas exchange, filtering microthrombi coming from the veins and metabolic activities, and speech. The microbial diseases of upper respiratory infections include bacterial and viral disease while lower respiratory infections are bacterial, viral and fungal. Upper respiratory infections include Strep throat, Scarlet fever, Diphtheria and Otitis Media. Strep Throat is caused by Streptococcus pyrogenes while virus causes virulence and server infection caused scarlet fever, toxic shock and rheumatic fever. Diphtheria infection is caused by Lysogenized C. diphtheria leading to sore throat, fever, fatigue and heart and kidney failure. Otitis Media causes pneumonia, influenza, catarrhalis and pyrogenes. They can be treated using broad-spectrum antibiotics and the infection of pneumonia can be treated by vaccination. Number of virus such as rhinoviruses that leads to serious bacterial diseases can cause common cold. Lower respiratory infections are bacterial, viral and fungal. Bacterial infections of respiratory system are Pertussis or whooping cough, tuberculosis, bacterial pneumonia, and Meliodosis. Pertussis or whooping cough is caused by a tiny gram-negative rod and causes violent coughing and vomiting. Moreover, Tuberculosis is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis causing chronic fever and cough. Influenza, a viral infection, is caused by virus A and influenza virus. The most common symptoms of influenza are fever, muscle ache and nasal congestion. Amantidine and rimantadien are used as vaccination for treating influenza. Fungal diseases of lower respiratory system are Histoplasmosis (Spelunkers’ disease) and Coccidiomycosis (Valley fever). Histoplasmosis is caused by histoplasma capsulatum and takes place in tropical and temperate zones. Coccidiomycosis is caused by coccidioides immitis and starts with the airborne fungal spores. Chapter 25: Microbial Diseases of Digestive Systems Human digestive system is an important system of the body composed of different parts including mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, colon (large intestine) rectum and anus. The main function of the digestive system is to turn food into energy that is required to body and package residue for waste disposal. Normal microbiota the gut flora is the human flora of microorganism resides in the digestive tract and has ability to carry out effective function. Microbial diseases of digestive system include bacterial disease of the mouth, bacterial diseases of the lower digestive system, viral diseases of the digestive system, fungal diseases of the digestive system, protozoan diseases of the digestive systems and Helminthic diseases of the digestive system. Bacterial diseases of mouth are dental caries and periodontal disease. Bacterial diseases of the lower digestive systems are Staphylococcal food poisoning, shigellosis, samonellosis, typhoid, and cholera. Viral diseases include mumps, hepatitis and viral gastroenteritis. Protozoan disease includes giardiasis and amoebic dysentery. Helminthic Diseases are Tapeworms, Hydatid disease and Nematodes. Bacterial diseases of the lower digestive systems are diagnosed with diarrhea, gastroenteritis and dysentery. This infection is mainly caused by pathogen that is overly grown but can be treated with fluid and electrolyte replacement. Shigellosis is caused by the Shiga toxin and causes inflammation and bleeding. Mump is viral infection caused by mumps virus that enters through respiratory tract infecting the parotid glands. It can be prevented using MMR vaccine. Hepatitis causes inflammation of the liver and can be caused by drug and chemical toxicity. EB virus and hepatitis virus can also lead to hepatitis. Amoebic dysentery is Protozoan disease caused by entamoeba histolytica in which amoebic feeds on GI tract tissues. It can be diagnosed by examining the trophozoites in feces and can be treated with metronidazole. Tapeworm a Helminthic disease is caused by Taenia spp and is mainly transmitted through uncooked meat. Cysticerci can be developed in the body but can be diagnosed by examining the proglottids and eggs in feces and can be treated by with praziquantel. Chapter 26: Microbial Diseases of Urinary and Reproductive Systems The urinary system functions to regulate the blood chemical composition and releases nitrogenous waste. Moreover, the reproductive system generates gametes for reproduction, it provides support to grow embryo in females. Microbial disease of the urinary and reproductive system can be caused by different infections. Diseases of the urinary system mainly include bacterial diseases of the urinary system such as Cystits, Pyelonephritis and Leptospirosis. Diseases of the reproductive systems are bacterial diseases of the reproductive systems, viral diseases of reproductive systems, fungal diseases of reproductive systems and Protozoan diseases of reproduction. Cystitis a bacterial disease of the urinary system is diagnosed with e inflammations of lower urinary tract. This urinary infection is caused by the opportunistic gram (-) from intestines while Cystitis is caused by E. coli and S. saprophyticus. Leptospirosis another bacterial disease of the urinary system is transmitted by skin and mucosal contact from urine. The major symptoms are headache, fever, and muscle aches. Bacterial diseases of the reproductive systems are sexually transmitted disease and can be prevented by using condom while antibiotics can treat this. Gonorrhea is a bacterial disease of reproductive system can cause painful urination and pus discharge in male and it can be treated with antibiotics. Genital herpes is a viral disease of the reproductive system and its main symptoms are painful urination, genital irritation, and fluid filled vesicles. Candidiasis is a fungal disease of reproductive system and can grow on mucosa of mouth, intestinal tract, and genitourinary tract. Candidiasis can be treated by clotrimazole and miconazole.