Shiny Alugula

RESEARCH BACTERIAL MENINGITIS CAUSED BY NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS AND GLOBAL ETIOLOGY INFORMATION OFBACTERIALMENINGITIS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META ANALYSIS. BY : SHINY ALUGULA COORDINATOR: LANA BOKHUCHAVA AUTHORS :THIGPEN MG,WHITNEY CG, MESSIONNER NE ,ZELL ER, LYNFIELD R, HADLER JL, HARRISON JL, ANOUK M,FAR , OORDT- SPEETS, RENEE BOLIJIN , ROSA C.VAN M HOOM , AMIT BHAVSAR MOE H KYAW. INSTITUTE: DEPARTMENT OF NEUROSCIENCE AND DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY. DATE:-. PLoS One. 2018 Jun 11;13(6):e-. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone-. eCollection 2018. ABSTRACT AIM ; proposal of bacterial meningitis (neiserria menigitidis) and global etiology of different types of bacterial meningitis METHODS; PUBMED, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PLOSONE,PRISMA data bases have performed systematic review and meta analysis. RESULTS ; the search was done initially identified neiserria meningitis 755 potentially relevant articles. The literature of this topic was insufficient and no establishment of neiserria meningitidis directly with any global etiology issues. CONCLUSION; research states that neiserria meningitidis can cause meningitis and global etiology information of different kinds of bacteria that causes bacterial meningitis. INTRODUCTION; Bacterial meningitis is a very serious deadly disease and global concern, with several responsible etiology agents that vary by age group and geographical area. Mainly bacteria like streptococcus pneumonia, neiserria meningitidis, haemophilus influenza. Death may occur in few hours. Most of the people recover from the meningitis. However permanent disabilities like(such as brain damage, hearing loss and learning disabilities). N.meningitidis was the most common in children aged ±1– 5 years in Europe (47.0%). Meningitis is an infection that causes protective membranes of the nervous system to swell. Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord can affect every part of our body. mainly disease causing bacterium are streptococcus pneumonia, haemophilus influenza, neiserria meningitis cause invasive bacterial meningitidis and septicaemia However current vaccines against meningococcal disease by neisseria meningitidis have been only partially effective due to challenges in vaccine design and this bacterium highly variable surface antigens and meningococcal bacteria are divided into 13 groups base on polysacchirides present in it. The disease variability of the bacterium’s antigens also contributes diverse and unpredictable epidemiology of global meningococcal disease and serogroup emergence and distributions changes varies world- wide not only by region but also over time. Keywords; NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS, GLOBAL ETIOLOGY OF BACTERIAL MENINGITIS. REASON FOR CHOOSING; It has been noted that bacterial meningitis is one of the cause mortality in children as well as adults. It causing permanent disabilities of brain , hearing loss. And it as epidemiological out breaks are large in the world caused by different types of bacteria and changes due to time to time. PAPERFOUNDED ; world journal of neuroscience; world journal of infectious disease. RESEARCH QUESTIONS; Question1 What are the advantages by knowing about Neisseria meningitidis? Answer; Neisseria meningitidis is of one most disease causing bacteria in children as well as adults. It causes invasive meningitis and septicaemia. Current vaccines against this bacterium as been partially effects due to challenges in vaccine design. Question 2 Is this procedure like global etiology reliable? Answer ; Yes sure, it is worthy by knowing epidemiological outbreaks of diseases particularly like pathogen causing diseases. Because it as high mortality rates than other. Also better to know how bacteria changes place to place and time to time. Question3 Is there any future development in this procedure? Answer; it is developing at a very rapid pace and from the biotechnological process. In the preparation of different vaccines. epidemiologists are also giving valuable contributions for the development of this procedure. MATERIAL AND METHODS; An electronic research was performed in PUBMED,MEDLINE PLOSONE. All studies which responds to the article are eligible. CRITERIA FOR CONSIDERING STUDIES FOR THIS REVIEW; The present systematic search included studies are include neisseria meningitis and global etiology of bacterial meningitis different countries information. SEARCH METHODS FOR INDENTIFICATION OF STUDIES; The studies which are potentially eligible were listed and evaluated and the studies which were eligible are selected. RESULTS; In the PUBMED the articles about Bacterial meningitis 33345 articles specifically about Bacterial meningitis caused by Neisseria meningtidis are 717 articles. In that I have subtract topics by reading abstract. Related topics are 11 topics in this about 8 articles about neisseria meningitidis main important information take out and 3 articles about data of bacterial meningitis take out. In PUBMED there information of surveillance data are include countries like Nigeria ,Italy etc. it as systematic review and meta analysis. CASE REPORT; This case as been given on NEISERRIA MENINGITIS effected on 23 month old female child was admitted with history of fever 7 days. there were no history similar illness in the family .she was febrile,frowsy,tachypneic heart rate was 134/mt, capillary refill time was less than 2 sec, blood pressure wad 96/60mmHg. Clinical examination revealed equal pupils and reaching to light, normal tone,brisk reflexes, plantar was bilateral extensor and neck stiffness anterior forntanelle was closed. Child was started on ceftriaxone and anti convulsants with supportive therapy. Investigations revealed equal pupils and revealed Haemoglobin of 8 g/dl total count of 12,300 cells/cumm. Electrolytes and renal parameters were normal. lumbar puncture revealed CSF. Microscopy revealed 36 cells /cumm, 75% polymorphs and 25% lymphocytes, gram stain revealed 14 plus cells.No organism was seen in gram stain. CSF culture revealed that N. meningitis sensitive to cefotaxime and chromphenicol. PCR was positive for N. meningitis . blood culture was sterile.CSF was negative for HSV and JE. CT brain revealed a normal study .child received intravenous injection cefriaxone at sa dose of 100mg/kg/day for 10 days and was discharged after 14 days without any neurological sequelae. Meningococcal screening of the child was negative. The contacts of the child were adults and they received a single dose of ciprofloxacin 500mg as chemoprophylaxis. DISCUSSION; Neisseria meninigitis is a gram negative, aerobic, non- endospore forming diplococcus.meningococci can lively harmlessly in the nasopharynx of upto 10% of healthy population. This career state facilities the circulation of the bacteria within communities with transmission taking place via air bourn respiratory circulation or through direct contact . Progression from carriage to invasive disease depend on virulent an susceptibility of the individual. Invasive meningococcal disease is rapidly fatal and reported mortality is high . Though meningococcal meningitis is a notifiable disease the reporting has been incomplete and in consistence. Incidence of N.meningitidis is much lower has per previous Indian studies in recent studies from India shown the incidence to be 9.5% Upper respiratory tract is the reservoir and habit of N.meningococci transmission is through direct contact or airborn droplets and incubation period is 1 to 7 day Among the serotypes A,B,C,Y,W135 strains account for nearly 90% of infections . the interaction mediated by the type 4 pili is responsible for the formation of micro colonies on the apical surface of cell . This interaction followed by activation signalling pathways in the host cell leading to formation of endothelial docking structures resembling those elicited by the interaction leukocytes with the endothelial cells during the extravasation. the consequences of the bacteria induced signalling events in the recruitment of intercellular junction components in the docking structure and the subsequent opening of the intercellular junction. N.meningitidis is frequent asympyomatic colonizer of human nasopharynx and only a very small proportion of infections proceed to a sustained bacteria. Once in the blood stream. N.meningitis can either be responsible for a deadly septic shock leading to purpura fulminans and/or cross the BBB to invade the meninges. The reasons. Why disease occurs in some individuals and not in others remains unclear,but human genetic polymorphism is likely to be important in determining the outcome of infection. N.meningitidis interacts only with human cells and there is no animal model of meningococcal sepsis.N.meningitidis interacts with endothelial cells and form colonies on the apical surface of endothelial cell capillaries. Bacteria are found inside cells and intercellular spaces. In peripheral purpuric lesions, retraction of endothelial cells with capillary disruption can be observed as well as haemorrhages adhesion of leukocytes and formation of thrombi. In the brain ,bacteria are seen interacting with capillaries of sub-arachnoidal space , the brain parenchyma and choroid plexuses, and inside drain vessels .N. meningitidis to disseminate through the meningeal spaces. In contrast, in case of high bacteria, many peripheral endothelial cels are colonised by meningococci, leading to significant increase of vascular permeability possibly associated with extensive thrombosis and purpura. DATA SURVELLIANCE OF BACTERIAL MENINGITIS; Out of 3227 unique records screened,72 studies reported on etiology of bacterial meningitis by age and region. Although search was limited in last five years-. The meta analysis of these studies showed the most prevalent pathogens that caused bacterial meningitis were N.meningitis with weighted means for frequency across geographical regions and age groups ranging from 3.2-47.0% .but streptococcus pneumonia was the most frequently implicated cause of bacterial meningitis in children as well as adults groups with weighted means for frequency between 22.5%-41.1% and 9.6%-75.2% . Fig 3 . frequency of seven pathogens that caused bacterial meningitis in all age by geographical region.doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone-.g002 Ss CONCLUSION; In this research study, we discussed that from long time our world increasing the cases with Bacterial meningitis in the children as well as adult age groups. In particularly information included about Neisseria meningitidis. this research includes information of data surveillance about different bacteria which causes Bacterial meningitis like streptococcus pneumonia, neiserria meningitis etc in different geographical areas. REFERENCE; 1)Johswich KO, McCaw SE, Islam E, Sintsova A, Gu A, Shively JE, Gray-Owen SD. In vivo adaptation and persistence of Neisseria meningitidis within the nasopharyngeal mucosa. PLoS Pathog. 2013;9:e-. [Pubmed] [DOI]. 2)Jamet A, Euphrasie D, Martin P, Nassif X. Identification of genes involved in Neisseria meningitidis colonization. Infect Immune. 2013;81:-. (PubMed). 3)Livorsi DJ, Stenehjem E, Stephens DS. Virulence factors of gram-negative bacteria in sepsis with a focus on Neisseria meningitidis. Contrib Microbiol. (pubmed). 4) World Health Organization (WHO); Fact sheet 2017 [updated December 2017; cited 2017 November . 5)CENTRES FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION(CDC) Bacterial Meningitis 2017 [updated January 25, 2017]. https://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/bacterial.html