Sharlyn May Nas

I. Research on the significant contributions of the known persons in the field of Management and Leadership in Organization A. Douglas McGregor His 1960 book The Human Side of Enterprise had a profound influence on educational practices. In the book he identified an approach of creating an environment within which employees are motivated via authoritative, direction and control or integration and self-control, which he called theory X and theory Y. Theory X has been proven counter-effective in most modern practice, management assumes employees are inherently lazy and will avoid work if they can and that they inherently dislike work. As a result of this, management believes that workers need to be closely supervised and comprehensive systems of controls developed. A hierarchical structure is needed with narrow span of control at each and every level. In Theory Y, the management assumes employees may be ambitious and self-motivated and exercise self-control. Manager believes that, given the right conditions, most people will want to do well at work. They believe that the satisfaction of doing a good job is a strong motivation. Many people interpret Theory Y as a positive set of beliefs about workers  A close reading of The Human Side of Enterprise reveals that McGregor simply argues for managers to be open to a more positive view of workers and the possibilities that this creates. He thinks that Theory Y managers are more likely than Theory X managers to develop the climate of trust with employees that are required for human resource development. B. William Ouchi He is an American professor and author in the field of business management. He first came to prominence for his studies of the differences between Japanese and American companies and management styles. His first book Theory Z summarized his observations. In Theory Z, Ouchi describes the art of Japanese management and shows how it can be adapted to American companies. He takes readers behind the scenes at several U.S. corporations making the Theory Zchange and shows step-by-step how the transition works. Ouchi also examines the corporate philosophies that have become blueprints for Theory Z success, and looks at the evolving culture of “Z” people in society. He also proposed 3 approaches to control in an organization’s management. These 3 are: (1) Market Control, (2) Bureucratic Control, and (3) Clan Control, which are all examined in his second book, The M Form Society. C. Peter Senge He was named the “Strategist of the Century” by the Journal of Business Strategy. While he has studied how firms and organizations develop adaptive capabilities for many years at MIT,  it was his 1990 book The Fifth Discipline that brought him firmly into the limelight and popularized the concept of the ‘learning organization'.. According to him, “learning organizations” are those organizations where people continually expand their capacity to create the results they trully desire, where new and expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured, where collective aspiration is set free, and where people are continually learning to see the whole together. D. Frederick Herzberg He became one of the most influential names in business management. He is most famous for introducing job enrichment and the Motivator-Hygiene theory. According to the two factor theory, people are influenced by two factors. Satisfaction and psychological growth was a factor of motivation and dissatisfaction was a result of hygiene factors. Hygiene factors are needed to ensure that employees do not become dissatisfied. They do not lead to higher levels of motivation but without them there is dissatisfaction. Motivation factors are needed in order to motivate an employee into higher level of performance. These factors result from internal generators in employees. Beside the Two factors Theory, Herzberg is also known for his acronym KITA (kick in the a..) which is the process of providing incentives or a threat of punishment to cause someone to do something. Herzberg argues that these provide only short-run success because the motivator factors that determine wether there is satisfaction or no satisfaction are intrinsic to the job itself, and do not result from carrot and stick incentives. E. David McClelland One of McClelland’s most well known theories is that human motivation is dominated by three needs. He's theory, sometimes referred to as the three need theory or as the learned needs theory, categorises the needs as follows: (1) the need for achievement, (2) the need for power, and (3) the need for affiliation. The importance of each of these needs will vary from one person to another. If you can determine the importance of each of these needs to an individual, it will help you decide how to influence that individual. A person’s motivation and effectiveness can be increased through an environment, which provides them with their ideal mix of each of the three needs. II. Compare and Contrast Management and Leadership. Management Leadership The organization and coordination of the activities of an enterprise in accordance with certain policies and achievement of defined objectives. The process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task. Controls or directs people/resources in a group according to principles or values that have already been established. The setting a new direction or vision for a group that they follow. Managers have subordinates. Leaders have followers. Management and Leadership may have different functions, but for me they are the same in the sense that both leaders and managers are on top of an organization. The two handles the organization in ways that can help the members to improve or be better in what they’re doing. III. Assuming that you are elected as new president of the student government and you are not familiar with the culture of the organization: A. What are the possible changes that you want to propose? Since I am a newly elected official and I am not familiar with the culture of the oranization, I must first be now every aspect that concerns. I would not want to make any changes without knowing the needs of the organization. Once I became familiar with the culture it has, I will then do all the necessary changes to make the student government a better organization. Also, as a leader, I will need the help of my followers. I will establish a good and healthy relationship with them for us to be able to work as one and perform all the tasks needed. B. How will you initiate these changes? Identify steps. First, I will identify the strength and weaknesses of the organization. Second, establish possible ways to improve the student organization. I will then identify what improvements should take place. Fourth, I will examine whether the applied changes worked. If it succeeded, I will now make follow-up changes to improve the organization, if not, I will determine the reasons why the changes didn’t worked-out. IV. What type of leader are you? Characterize. I can consider myself as a situational leader. I instinctively switch leadership styles in accordance to the kind of people and work I deal with. I take in consideration the skill levels and expirience of the members of my team, the tasks that I will be assigning to them will vary on their work capacity and the king of work that is in need to be done. I do these because not every leadership style works for every situation. For me, it is better to assess what’s best for the situation. From my personal point of view, that kind of approach benefits both the leader and the members. V. Write a short reflection of HBO to your personality as an individual. As an individual, being able to study HBO helped me understand that every person is different. In times, we may seem to have numerous things in common but if we look deeper into everyone’s personality we will discover that differences dominate the significance. Through class discussions, I slowly understand aspects of my personality that has been a question to me. It has been clear to me why I acted in such ways that opposes the kind of personality I have. I realized that it takes more than just knowing things about someone to understand their behavior and the personality they possess. Also, I realized that studying without application would be useless. That is why I am so glad that we are able to apply everything that we have learned. At the end of the semester, I can say that as an individual, I noticed that I became an obeserver. I always look around my environment observing things/people that catches my attention. I am not participative during class discussions, but through HBO, I now participate more especially in times when I know that I can be helpful for others. References: wikipedia.com vectorstudy.com http://www.infed.org/thinkers/senge.htm http://www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_herzberg_two_factor_theory.html http://www.netmba.com/mgmt/ob/motivation/herzberg/ http://www.learnmanagement2.com/DavidMcClelland.htm http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/management.html http://changingminds.org/disciplines/leadership/articles/manager_leader.htm Republic of the Philippines Cavite State University College of Business and Entrepreneurship Imus, Cavite Take Home Exam A partial fullfilment in the course HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN MANAGMENT October 11, 2011 Submitted by: Sharlyn May D. Nas 3-BSHRM-D Submitted to: Mrs. A. Gomez