Mubashir Mehmood

 Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTii DEDICATIONiii DECLARATIONiv CERTIFICATE FROM SUPERVISORv Abstractviii Chapter 1Introduction1 1.1. Introduction 1.2Background of the Study3 1.3Statement of the Purpose4 1.4Objectives of the Study4 1.5Research Questions4 1.6Significance of the Study5 1.7Definition of Key Terms5 1.7.1 Cultural Diversity5 1.7.2 Split Identity5 1.7.3 Immigrant Experiences5 1.7.4 Post Modernism5 1.8Delimitation of the Study5 1.9Chapterization6 Chapter 2Literature Review7 2.1Post Modernism and Its Different Perspectives7 2.2Historical Perspectives of Postmodernism8 2.3Politics and Postmodernism9 2.4Post Modernism as Critical Theory9 2.6Postmodernism and Values11 2.6.1Postmodernism as the Part of Western Modernity11 2.6.2Reality, Belief and Postmodernism12 2.6.3Pluralism and Postmodernism12 2.6.4Postmodernism and Materialism12 2.6.5Moral Development and Postmodernism13 2.7Previous Studies on Exit West14 2.8Research Gap19 Chapter 3Research Methodology20 3.1Research Design20 3.2Theoretical Framework20 3.4Data Collection and Analysis Process21 3.5Role of the Researcher22 Chapter 4Data Analysis23 4.1Culture as the Core Aspects for Own Identity23 4.2Living Experiences under Diverse Culture30 4.3Adoption of Foreign Culture and Question of Identity37 4.4Feelings of Pains under Diverse Identity and Culture45 Chapter 5Conclusion72 References79 Abstract Exit West by Mohsin Hamid is the true mouthpiece of the postmodernism in which the immigrants have to live under the foreign culture. The immigrants have to face the cultural and identical issues despite the age of technology and communication. Identity and the culture are the core element life living in which the mental relief and the turbulence are inbuilt. The present study is qualitative which has analyzed the elements of Postmodernism in Exit West by Mohsin Hamid under the theoretical framework of David Harvey and Fredric Jameson to manipulate the elements of culture, identity and ethnicity. Describing postmodernism, Harvey illustrates the certain aspects of cultural and identity issues. Jameson and Harvey recognize that cultural forces have been prominent in the transformations of societies in late capitalism. For instance, Jameson argues that machines of later capitalism are reproductive machines that have allowed "Capitalism's cultural logic" to infiltrate all aspects of human existence. As a result, culture has the same effects as purely economic processes. In addition, Harvey recognizes that the reduction of time and space by new technologies in communication and transport and the commercialization of images and symbols by the forces of the new market have turned people's efforts towards identifying themselves and finding their way into the search for cultural images that are circulated by the mass fashion market. Current study is qualitative in its nature and the textual analysis is made on the basis of proposed theory of Harvey and Jameson which respectively mentions the global spread of technology to change the minds of people and the has inbuilt the global capitalism thoughts being provoked in the west which has absorbed all the cultures but dominate the western culture only. The results of the study describe that the immigrants have to live under mental turbulence. Through the global technology claim the reduction of the distances and formation of the hybrid culture yet the domain at thoughts is of the western culture and their capitalist through. Under these thoughts, the immigrants have to suffer and they lost their culture but their identity remains still be labeled to them. Key Terms: Cultural Diversity, Split Identity, Immigrant Experience, Postmodernism Introduction Identity deterioration is another kind of war which is waged globally by the mega narratives broadcasted throughout the world. Now wars are being fought over cultural demolishment via soft power advancements in our global village. Cultures are being absorbed by one mega culture under disguise of harmony and acceptance for all, which as a result, is undermining all and presenting one as collection of others, Capitalism. Identities are being tarnished according to the will and demand of Capitalistic controllers for their own benefits of making more and more human labor for their own businesses. That is the reason world is filling with more entrepreneurs and tech guys rather than of aesthetic and artistic persons, who are not of any use to the Capitalistic Masters. The growing technology has changed the identities to a great extent by keeping everyone close and exposed to the mega narratives of the ongoing era. Postmodernism rejects the ideas of mega narratives and through the advancement of technology, it is expanding at light year to everyone exposed to technology. These advancements in technology, according to David Harvey are disrupting cultures and delivering their narratives in soft form rather than colonizing and taking the responsibility of whole. Mohsin Hamid also worked a lot in this subject of study, explaining the diasporic lives through his works and barbarity of greater powers towards the displaced ones whose homeland, now, is not capable to live peacefully due to insurgencies or externally backed civil riots. 1.1 Mohsin Hamid was born in Lahore, Pakistan in 1971. At the age of 18 he moved to the US where he studied Law and Princeton University. Hamid was awarded the Tiziano Terzani International Literary Prize and shortlisted with the KLF Embassy of France Prize and the Haus der Kulturen der Welt International Literature Award for his Third Novel How to Get Filthy Rich in Rising Asia (2013). The Man Booker Prize was awarded to his fourth novel, Exit West (2017). Exit West (2017) begins with the first encounter of its two key protagonists, Saeed and Nadia, at a corporate branding class, told in the third-person omniscient perspective. Despite Nadia's initial rejection of Saeed's advances, the two eventually meet for coffee and have a pleasant time. Saeed accepts Nadia's invitation to return to her home, where they smoke weed and finally clasp hands. Both characters' back stories are provided. Saeed lives with his parents, who met years ago in the city. Meanwhile, Nadia's lack of faith and general rebellious attitude causes a rupture with her family, and she moves into a leased studio apartment on her own. They cling to one another as the extremists seize control and the bloodshed in the city increases. Nadia and Saeed start meeting during the day when a curfew is imposed. Nadia spends her lunch hours stocking up on supplies, while Saeed delivers items such as a kerosene stove and candles to her. Nadia and Saeed are desperate to flee the nation when Saeed's mother is killed by a stray bullet. Nadia tells Saeed's father that she will safeguard his son if he refuses to leave with them. Saeed and Nadia escape to the Greek island of Mykonos with the help of a hired agent through a so-called "special door." Nadia and Saeed set up camp on Mykonos. Nadia notices a new streak of "bitterness" in Saeed when he rejects one of Nadia's kisses. Saeed had never been bitter before. Nadia suggests that they go sightseeing on the island as a bonding activity. They go to a clinic when Nadia falls on the rocks and scrapes her arm, where she befriends the female volunteer who bandages her wound. The girl eventually leads them to a door that leads to London. They emerge from a home on the opposite side of the door in London. Other migrants from Guatemala, Indonesia, and Nigeria arrive during the weekend. While Nadia settles comfortably and soon joins the Nigerian elder council, Saeed begins to spend more time in a nearby residence populated by people from their homeland. Meanwhile, tensions are developing between migrants arriving in ever-increasing numbers and nativists who want to “reclaim Britain for Britain”. There has been talk of war and a mass migrant killing. Saeed purchases a firearm and then returns it. The bloodbath is averted, and the nativists acknowledge the necessity of coexistence. Outside of London, Saeed and Nadia find jobs on a construction site. Work is difficult, and the hours are long. They become increasingly estranged, and Nadia advises that they relocate to Marin County, just outside of San Francisco, in order to heal their relationship. They built up a cardboard shack with a strong wireless broadband signal on a mountaintop in Marin. Nadia finds work at a food co-op, while Saeed joins a local religious organization run by an African American preacher. Nadia eventually moves out of the shanty and into a shared storage space. Nadia begins dating the cooperative's female head cook, while Saeed becomes more connected with the preacher's daughter. The final scene takes place half a century later. For the first time, Nadia returns to their hometown and joins Saeed for coffee at a neighboring café. Their talk gradually takes on a more lighthearted tone. Nadia speculates on what might have happened if she had accepted to marry Saeed, while Saeed speculates on what might have happened if he had agreed to have sex with Nadia. As they leave the café, Saeed promises Nadia that he will take her to the Chilean deserts one day. She replies that sounds great, and they embrace, unsure if that day will ever arrive. 1.2 Background of the Study Postmodernism is school of thought, appeared in complex policy situations after the close of World War II, in particular in the context of the Cold War and the expansion of nuclear weapons. A declaration of human rights was emerged, the emergence of absurd theatre; and irrationality philosophies such as surrealism, existentialism, and absurdity and nihilism, gave birth to the thinking of postmodernism. One of the most ambiguous and exciting terms of the postmodern period is the word "postmodernism," which critics and scholars disagree with because of the variety of concepts and the implications between critics and others. There are many meanings that make the concept of postmodernism different and overlapping. knew Dictionary.com 2016 means "a number of arts and literary trends and movements in the 1970s that reacted or rejected established modernism's dogma, principles or practices, especially architectural and decorative art movements contrary to international style practice and influence and encouraged the use of elements from the historic world "To be one or more of the different movements in reaction to the Modernity typically characterized by a return to traditional materials and forms (as in architecture) or ironic self-reference and absurdity as in the literature in Merriam-Webster. The importance of culture is undeniable in society. Culture forms attitudes and actions of people and distinguishes them from traditional orders of their respective societies (Dominick, 2009). Culture gives people meaning in their identities and in their political opinions, for example. It includes daily activities and practices of people, from gathering at specific places such as coffee, attending events and shopping, to consumer media (Dominick, 2009). The same society nowadays exists: blacks, whites, Renaissance, Cubism, punk, grunge, atheists, religious devotees, homosexuals, heterosexuals, transgender, conservatives, liberalism, monogamy, polygamy, working mothers, homemakers, nuclear families, one-parenthoods and multiple intercourse variations. How is it possible that so many different cultural modes will be present and accepted in general in one period? A worldview of postmodernism can provide a plausible explanation. Samuels endorses the idea of postmodernism as a cultural dominant concept that allows other divergent features to coexist in the postmodern domain at the same time. Postmodernism supports the idea of dynamic, shaping and reforming social realities to respond to environmental stimuli (McQuail, 2010). The present study is also going to highlight the cultural and sociological aspects in Exit West (2017), which are considered as issues in the society, being manipulated under the theoretical framework of Postmodernism proposed by Harvey and Jameson which describes the prominence of culture of the global fashion market and the loss of the own identity. 1.3 Statement of the Purpose Historical events let to the clashes of perception and change the human minds towards the derived theologies. At the public level, the life of the immigrants is perceived as the running theology of those natured persons is portrayed in the media and in the mind of the people. Adopting the foreign culture cannot hide the native identities and cultural perception so the diversity of the culture and identity make turbulence in the mind of the immigrants, even in the age of digitalization and modernization. 1.4 Objectives of the Study To study the novel under the Post-modern perspectives To address the issues of culture and identity of eastern immigrants living in western culture. 1.5 Research Questions 1. How the immigrants live under the cross-cultural issues in West? 2. How the native culture and identity is affected in the light of novel? 3. Which are the social, cultural and identity; issues are affected of Pakistani Immigrants living in Western countries? 1.6 Significance of the Study The present study is significant in its nature and structure as is going to manipulate the cultural and identity issues of Pakistani immigrants, living in western culture, soon after the 9/11 attack. The study will able to make understood the living experiences of eastern couple who have to face the identical issues in the age of modernization and digitalization. 1.7 Definition of Key Terms 1.7.1 Cultural Diversity Cultural diversity is the existence in society of a number of cultural groups. Cultural groups can share various features, including: "Culture, religion, ethnicity, language, nationality, sexual orientation, class, gender, age, disability, differences in health, geographical location and much else". 1.7.2 Split Identity Split Identity is a mental disorder with a person who has two or more separate personalities in him/her due to change of culture or existing in other culture. Every personality's thinking, actions and behaviors can be entirely different. 1.7.3 Immigrant Experiences An immigrant experiences are referring to the feelings of the immigrants, who adopted the foreign nationality for the purpose of business, education or for the political safety, and has to face a number of issues due to diversity of culture, identity and nationality. 1.7.4 Postmodernism Postmodernism is the notion of cultural identity being derived from the modern and set rules of the westerns. 1.8 Delimitation of the Study The study is confined to the theory of Postmodernisms proposed by David Harvey’s “The condition of postmodernity: an enquiry into the origins of cultural change” and Fredric Jameson’s “The Cultural Turn, Selected Writings on Postmodernism” aligned with the novel Exit West (2017) by Mohsin Hamid. 1.9 Chapterization The early first chapter of the present study is consisted on the through introduction of the study including the summary of the novel, theory, statement of the problem, objectives, research questions, and significance of the study, delimitation of the study and definition of key terms. The second chapter is entitled as “Literature Review” which is going to describe the review of the theory, previous related studies on Exit West and the description of the Research Gap. The third chapter is consisted on the methodology of the study in which the nature of methodology, theoretical framework and the data collection and analysis process is described. The fourth chapter is entitled as “Data Analysis” which is the critical analysis of the lines of Exit West under the adopted framework. The final chapter is consisted on the title “Conclusion” in which the findings of the study are described. There is also description of gap for further research, being mentioned in the chapter. At the end, there are the references of the study as well. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Postmodernism and Its Different Perspectives The term "Postmodernism" itself, which critics and scholars argue on due to the complexity of its concepts and implications from critic to critic, is one of the opaquest terminologies and exciting the age of post-modernism. There are many diverse and overlapping meanings that make the notion of Postmodernism inconsistent with each other. According to Dictionary.com, the term refers to "a number of trends or movements in the arts and literature that emerged in the 1970s in reaction to or rejection of established Modernism's dogma, principles, or practices, particularly a movement in architecture and the decorative arts that ran counter to the practice and influence of the International Style and encouraged the use of historical vernacular elements." and is defined as “of, relating to, or being any of numerous movements in reaction to Modernism that are often marked by a return to traditional materials and forms (as in building) or by ironic self-reference and absurdity (as in literature)” according to Merriam-Webster. After WWII, Postmodernism's philosophy has adopted questioning, undermining, and nihilism, as well as inter-textuality, disorder, and non-compatibility, as well as revisiting many of the major axioms and arguments established by Western thought, both past and present. As a result, it is destabilizing postmodern - by David Carter”: all old concepts of language and identity are destabilized, as evidenced by the fact that many foreign students studying English literature are accused of calling whatever they don't understand postmodern. Literary texts frequently demonstrate what postmodern absence of narrow-mindedness looks like, and analyze it. All textual criticism and a lack of identity, as well as what is known as Intertextuality, involves reformulating early work or establishing a connection between literary texts” (Carter, 2012). It has been demonstrated that the ideals of Postmodernism and previous Modernism are fundamentally different. There are those who believe Postmodernism is a major departure from Modernism's concepts. Some of them thought it was possible to consider premodern writers and artists as post-modernists, even though the term had not yet been coined; this is the closest thing to the debate over whether Freud's theories of the unconscious were already present in German romantic thought, despite the fact that the term had not yet been coined. The German philosopher Jurgen Habermas argued that the Modernism mission was never completed, as it is ever striving to realize its goals. He is attempting to enlighten mental ideals and social fairness in this way. Whatever the purpose, it is evident that the theory of using the Metanarrative to analyze social and cultural changes is no longer conceivable or acceptable, and that concepts can no longer be tightly tied to historical reality. Everything is made up of words and images (Habermas, 2015). 2.2 Historical Perspectives of Postmodernism Postmodernism is related with historical and contextual reference, as well as the postmodern social, economic, political, and cultural evolution of Western capitalism. It has also been strongly linked to the evolution of the media. As a reaction to structural linguistics, Western and central claims that relate to hegemony, dominance, exploitation, and alienation, postmodernism emerged. Furthermore, Postmodernism was intended to weaken Western philosophy as well as the erosion of capitalist institutions that rule the world, have a monopoly on the means of production, and possess scientific knowledge (Carter, 2012). The ideas of Postmodernism are reflected in everyday life, all humanitarian and technical fields in the community context, where many pioneers have linked Postmodernism to current intellectual and philosophical shifts, among other changes in social, economic, political, cultural, and even psychological in various societies. The beginning was in Western countries, where elite dominance over all sources of power and influence was resisted. A number of social movements have also formed, asking for the abolition of ideologies and the abolition of all standard measurements, as well as the consolidation of individual identification and the promotion of consumer culture. As a result, new sources of power have emerged in society, which has been dubbed the "post-industrial society" by American Daniel Bilal, one of the most brilliant neo-conservative thinkers, and the "information society" or "consumer society" by American critic Fredric Jameson (Ziydah, 2003). 2.3 Politics and Postmodernism Politically, the concept of democracy is changing, as the Democratic majority is no longer required as urgently due to Postmodernism's emphasis on the individual as a source of rights and duties, laws, and thus everyone has the right to be represented in power that governs, as well as the right to reject any representation in this power, which is what gave rise to the PMO. “I cannot be above politics on the topic of post-modernist” (Muller, 1979) remarked a German writer a decade ago. Politics and Postmodernism have been inextricably linked over time, and they can no longer be separated. One of the reasons is that the debates over the definition of Postmodernism and its assessment have often used politically unfavorable rhetoric, primarily referring to neo-conservatives (Newman, 1984) and neo-Marxists (Eagleton, 1985). Others on the political left (Russell, 1985) saw their potential for radical change but not the actual achievement, whereas some artists and activists resisted the inclusion of their work within Postmodernism, fearing that it would be retained and, with it, their political programs would be disabled. 2.4 Postmodernism as Critical Theory Critique of the Post-modern Postmodernism, like any other cultural phenomenon or theory, as well as the rest of the literary criticism curriculum, has advantages and disadvantages. As a result, it is impossible to discuss and imperfect in the humanities at all; the advantages It is a liberation movement aimed at releasing man from the world of illusions and myths, as well as from mythology's dominance. By undermining, questioning, dispersion, audit, and demolition, Postmodernist philosophers are likewise aiming to undermine the core arguments of Western thought and reexamine the constants. And the objective is to create new values. On the other hand, it combats elite status culture (examples: Margin and Popular Culture), and then dismantles, criticizes, and analyses Orientalist discourses with a colonial flavor. Pluralism, variety, multiple identities theory, and re-consideration of the context of the referral, the author, and the recipient were all values held by Postmodernism. Intertextuality, chromatography differences, gender, and ethnicity are all well-cared for. And it gave in to fragmentation, disintegration, and disordered language. It also condemned the principles of repression and power authority. However, one of the most significant disadvantages of Postmodernism is its reliance on the idea of disruption, destruction, and chaos; it does not provide a realistic alternative to human cultural and practical issues; and it is difficult to apply Postmodernism's perceptions due to its whimsy and extremism. As a result, Postmodernism used its method to draw attention to unjust preconceptions without taking a moral, political, or social stance. Because of the anarchist, nihilist, and ludicrous nature of postmodern philosophy, it has been remarked that it undermines itself. Both favourable and negative criticism has been leveled at postmodernism. Editors are destabilizing preconceived conceptions about language and its relationship to the world, and undermining all self-languages that refer to history and society, which may be considered as a beneficial force. Also argues that the Postmodernist age leads to its own assumptions and trumps all other interpretations. Many people are ineffective and uninterested in politics (Carter, 2012). 2.5 Postmodernism and Post-Modernism Some scholars view that, "postmodernism" is actually "post-modernism," which refers to a fresh movement that emerged after modernism due to fundamental distinctions between the two movements. Postmodernism emphasizes the instability of everything and the construction of realities, whereas modernism emphasizes realities and their discovery. Modernism believes in certainty, necessity, and meta-narrative, whereas postmodernists argue that these notions should never be mentioned. There should be no mention of universal and consistent theoretical foundations, particularly in the areas of values, moralities, politics, and education. Values are a culturally dependent concept that varies from one culture to the next. As a result, the postmodernism movement is the era after modernism and a shift from it. Some followers of this type claim that Richard Rorty's writings were the catalyst for it (Rahnama, 2009). 2.6 Postmodernism and Values This reflects the presence of Postmodernism in most of the existing values and ideologies over which nations are built. This theory has its own importance regarding opposite nature towards the universal and grand narratives which are discussed and set as standard mark for many things. 2.6.1 Postmodernism as the Part of Western Modernity Certain say that postmodernism is an element of modernity that has been variously replicated or reorganized with a critical attitude to some of its assertions, given the essentials of foundational and humanist commonality and the rise of these two ideas. As a result, postmodernism, as a unique perspective on the criticism, explanation, and extension of modernism and in contrast to modernism, places a negative emphasis on wholeness and meta-narratives in order to achieve a balance and temper the dominant humanist moralities in the West. If modernism has destroyed the older unity and is disintegrating, then postmodernism is intrigued by modernism's remnants and is a parasite of it (Ozmen, 2007). Although the birthplace of this thought was France, and its most prominent figures are Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, and Jean-Francois Lyotard, these people believe that philosophers like Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, Soren Kierkegaard, Martin Heidegger, and other 19th century pragmatism philosophers like Sandrys Peirce, William James, and John Dewey are, in a sense, among. The reason for this is that some postmodern ideas, particularly those critical of modernism and taking a stand against it, are readily apparent in their minds. As a result, while postmodernism has significant and fundamental differences from modernism, this does not imply that it dismisses it; rather, they share shared characteristics in terms of senses and nature. In truth, postmodernism is fueled by current ideas and beliefs, and while it rejects some of them, it embraces many others (Poorshafei, 2009). 2.6.2 Reality, Belief and Postmodernism The principles of postmodernism are the denial of objective reality that is independent of human minds and the belief in realities as inter-mind and social creations. According to postmodernists, all organisms have a manufactured and constantly shifting identity, leaving them with no stable identity. Facts can be created but not discovered. As a result, philosophical causality, necessity, and totality are replaced in postmodern philosophical conceptions by serendipity, incident, and fortune (Farmahini, 2010). 2.6.3 Pluralism and Postmodernism Pluralism is the denial of pre-experimental, definite, and everlasting reality. Pluralism is thus regarded as one of the most significant postmodern philosophical concepts in a variety of fields, including ontology. Postmodernism, more than any other school, opposes "totality" and kindred concepts and deems them to be completely nonexistent, even in the human mind. As a result, they reject any notion of totality or universal values. Because of its post-constructivist roots, postmodernism opposes any continuous and solitary reality, as well as any parallelism or likeness (Farmahini, 2010). 2.6.4 Postmodernism and Materialism Humans are at the heart of all realities, knowledge, and values, according to postmodernism, which denies any belief in the paranormal or metaphysical truth. Any debate of God's solitary and eternal existence, or the presence of other singular or constant entities, is completely rejected at this school. Anything that exists in this universe is a material item with locally and socially manufactured realities. As a result, postmodernists vehemently oppose theological beliefs in supernatural religions, and all of their proposals are founded on them. Postmodernists do not discuss materialism explicitly; rather, they emphasize morality and religiousness. Their goals, on the other hand, are natural religion and theology, which are created and shaped by human societies and their wants. They have no beliefs outside of the ordinary world, and there is no evidence of spiritual or material dualism (Farmahini, 2010). 2.6.5 Moral Development and Postmodernism In "Critical Examination of Postmodernism Using Religious and Moral Values in Education" the basic slogan of postmodernism, or a new and freshly processed version of modernism, according to the study, is to shatter standards and any "meta-narrative." (Forghani et al, 2015) As a result, speaking of value education in the context of postmodernism is a bit of a contradiction. However, because it defends a set of postmodernist principles in a dogmatic manner, this movement might be regarded to be preaching and even forcing its ideas on society. Furthermore, speaking of postmodernism's philosophical foundations is inconsistent due to postmodernism's conceptual contradictions. However, because philosophy can only be rejected and evaluated by philosophy, this movement's claims are founded on a set of philosophical premises. In numerous philosophical domains, postmodernism's philosophical underpinnings include pluralism, relativism, and resistance to fundamentalism and objectivism. Because they view all realities and values, including human nature and innate values, to be flexible and produced by social and external variables, postmodernists strongly reject the knowledge position of reason and other human knowledge tools, and place no importance on natural and intrinsic values. As a result, they oppose not just religious and educational patterns, as well as religious and moral directives, but also any authority and pattern-based ability. As a result, the most significant educational aims in values education are the institutionalization of pluralism and democracy, the rejection of any authority or dominance, and the strengthening of learners' autonomy and self-determination. They emphasize individual freedom as the most essential fundamental in education, avoiding any dogmatism, paying attention to fluidity and advancement, and opposing artificial borders between different sciences as educational principles. To achieve their objectives, they have used means such as conversation, norm-breaking, media use, and opposition to any system-centeredness. They promote a diverse approach in curriculum development, paying attention to individual diversity, socio-political issues, and avoiding elitism. Despite its strengths and anti-imperialist stance, the postmodernist approach of values education has flaws. The most serious flaw in this perspective is that it lacks defensible, logical, and certain fundamentals, as well as opposing developing realities, certain knowledge, and eternal ideals. As a result, postmodernist thought falters and becomes entangled in glaring inconsistencies. They simply criticize and destroy by taking a negative stance, but they provide no alternative ideas or beliefs. As a result, they overlook cultural and moral connections among nations and schools by focusing indiscriminately on differences and subcultures. This school of thought or movement has finally resulted in moral and educational anarchism, with learners perplexed and society sinking in a swamp of corruption and ruin as a result of this movement. 2.7 Previous Studies on Exit West A research-based article “Rethinking identities in contemporary Pakistani fiction” claims that post-9/11 discourse that is unconcerned about cultural distinctions, homogenizes the world's Muslims (Kanwal, 2015). She looks beyond 9/11 because the tumultuous Islam-West relationship has reshaped home and identity for diasporic Muslims. She links post-9/11 rhetoric to stereotyping of Islam and Muslims, as well as Pakistan as a hotbed of terrorism. In place of blacks or the East, the west and the US have turned their attention to Muslims, a “shift from orientalist epistemology to terrorist ontology”. Cara Cilano examines Pakistani literature to see how the country became entangled in the US war on terror (Cilano, 2013). These works deal with migration in the aftermath of 9/11, while Mohsin Hamid's Moth Smoke (Hamid, 2000) raises questions of class disparities and global economic development. The West portrays Muslim countries, particularly Pakistan, as test beds for fundamentalist terrorism. Hamid portrays Pakistanis as victims of terrorism, which he despises. He examines Hamid's Exit West (Hamid, 2017) as a current picture of people being forced to migrate across countries/continents to escape instability. Mir emphasizes how Exit West portrays the plight of migrants in an unknown city ravaged by internal conflict. By keeping the location nameless, Hamid universalizes the agony of migrants. In his paper "Waiting in Motion: Mapping Postcolonial Fiction, Fresh Mobilities, and Migration via Mohsin Hamid's Exit West," a brief article by over post-colonial fiction gives mobility studies and postcolonial literature a new impetus (Lagji, 2018). In his article "Black Holes in the Fabric of the Nation: Refugees in Hamid's Exit West," Michael points out that Exit West was published after the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees released a report stating that the number of refugees reached a peak in 2014 after World War II (Perfect, 2019). The story is a reflection on refugee disasters and the political upheavals they cause. Displacement of refugees represents mobility across time (Perfect, 2019). The refugees are described as a vast throng with a muddled sense of individual identity. As refugees are always specified in the Subordinate clause, the storytelling syntax shows subjection. Their concerns call into question the concept of nationality, as they are denied of individual rights and protections when they are separated from their birthplace. Protagonists roving the globe finally construct a "new city" for themselves and receive a sign of optimism (Perfect, 2019). Asian Woman concluded that modern women are dissatisfied with the duties that have historically been assigned to them as mandatory; rather, they feel suffocated by them. Pakistani women, particularly urban women with international exposure, are not immune (Safdar & Ghani, 2018). Moth smoke and how to get filthy rich in rising Asia, two of Hamid's novels under consideration, highlight the changing cultural landscape in Pakistan in terms of female sexuality and gender in the aftermath of global cultural exchanges. Based on cultural theorist Homi K Bhabha's postmodern theories of fluid and performatively differential identity and feminist theorist Judith Butler's feminist theorist, the study also looks at how the modern Pakistani woman, in her path to self-fulfillment, opposes the religiously and culturally hallowed institutions of wifehood and motherhood, which she finds to be constraining. However, the place (i.e., Pakistan) has a restraining effect, and these relocated ladies are not completely free of concern. This work seeks to make a contribution in the areas of fluidity in sexuality and gender in the Pakistani context, in addition to contributing to the current discourse on the blurring of boundaries caused by the increasing interconnectedness across geographical scales, notably the local and the global. Exit West was the subject of a thesis study by Pequea which is the representation of the migrant woman in Moshin Hamid's Exit West was critically examined in this thesis, with a focus on the text's interaction with diasporic conceptions of home and identity. Essentially, this research looks at how the migrant heroine engages with and expresses these themes, as well as how her representations disrupt the dominant and traditional meanings of home and identity (Pequena, 2019). This interpretation of the novel shows how Nadia's storey implies that home and identity are no longer generic, concrete, or fixed concepts. Instead, these notions must be given diverse interpretations because migrating women experience them in a variety of ways. The conceptions of home and identity for the migrant heroine in Exit West are not rigorously or unilaterally defined in connection to her place of origin or any affiliation with a particular place for her. In other words, the text's narrative revolves around the idea that, while the migrant heroine initially identifies her home and identity in terms of her country or place of origin, this alters as she travels outside of her hometown and encounters different places and cultures. Subjectivity, Power Affairs, and Migration: A Foucauldian Analysis of Hamid's Exit West was the subject of study which looks at subjectivity, power dynamics, and how they affect migration and its negative consequences (Sadiq, et al 2020). The human world has been transformed into a dystopian society in which everyone is controlled by powerful authorities, such as Nadia and Saeed. The calm setting is destroyed, and the appearance of camera drones, robots, and helicopters denotes the ongoing surveillance of the inhabitants, leading to the subject formation. Through electronic media, Muslims are depicted as terrorists. 9/11 provided an opportunity for American political elites to launch a "war on the Muslims" under the pretext of a "war on terrorism." The people were monopolized as subjects through discursive constructions, media assistance, and military attacks. Refugees are people who have been shaped by violent crimes, power struggles, and media scrutiny, and they are not allowed to settle anyplace in the globe. In the end, people absorb positive feelings as they move forward. Anyone can't imagine their nostalgic thoughts of hopelessness, patience, and humanistic perseverance. The geopolitical turmoil that has resulted from the post-9/11 scenario has created a slew of issues for migrants. In this enchanting tale, Hamid unearths global conflicts and political maneuverings lying beneath the world's flawless surface. The known researcher Emma did a research study on Immense Risks: The Migrant Crisis, Magical Realism, and Realist "Magic" in Mohsin Hamid's Novel Exit West (Kowal, 2019). The purpose of this thesis is to look at Mohsin Hamid's 2017 novel Exit West as a literary response to the migrant crisis of 2015. On the one hand, Hamid's fourth novel will be seen as a formal departure from his earlier works, but on the other, as a continuation of the author's most essential thematic strands. The study shows how Hamid takes on the dangerous task of expressing the migrant experience by providing a nuanced response to the refugee crisis, which allows for readings from postcolonial studies, trauma theory, and socio-literature. Hamid's use of magical realism as a metaphor and ellipsis will also be studied; nonetheless, it will be claimed that the novel's politically subversive promise resides elsewhere: in the formally realist vision of an optimistic conclusion to the migration problem. This ending, which many readers will find unrealistic and fantastical, if not "magical," provides a "radical political engagement with the future," as it expresses the author's unwavering support for "impurity," as well as his call for strategic hope and optimism in the face of the current political discourse of fear and division. According to Sundas Javaid, Hamid presents a fragmentary but hybrid narrative in "Exit West" to criticize purist conceptions about culture and identity (Javaid, et al, 2021). Hamid creates a diaspora area with multiple travels for the two main protagonists for this goal. The voyages are laced with painful experiences that lead to identity crises in a global culture, as well as a longing for a cohesive home that is unattainable in today's reality. The doors are a metaphor for the metonymical representation of borders, from which vast migrations occur, signifying the modern man's diasporic existence. By preserving the status of Saeed and Nadia between the migrants and the natives, Hamid emphasizes the need for a Third Space for articulation for both natives and diasporans, as the writer captures not just the migrants' but also the natives' displacement. By allowing Saeed and Nadia easy access to many regions of the globe through porous doors, Hamid tends to deterritorialize the world in favor of migration as an unavoidable fact in the postcolonial world. Research was conducted for study on the female stereotypes to highlight the feature of womanhood (Kiyani, et al 2020). In Mohsin Hamid's Exit West, the study examines the subversion of traditional feminine stereotypes. Pakistani writers have always emphasized the struggle and persecution of women in the patriarchal community, but their viewpoint has shifted recently. They now present women as self-assured and capable. In Exit West, the study looks at how typical feminine stereotypes are subverted. Betty Friedan deconstructs the feminine mystique and works to establish a society in which everyone, regardless of gender or identity, is free to pursue their ambitions and passions. Finally, she believes that women should be given the autonomy and freedom to completely grow as individuals separate from their homes and families. Nadia is of the same mind; she wants to be free of her family and relationship. Nadia defies clichés of the ever-loving, self-sacrificing mother who sacrifices her children's individuality for her family. Exit West by Hamid explains womanhood from a new perspective and defies assumptions that exclusively define women in terms of being good and loving. The importance of culture in society cannot be overstated. Culture can be described as an invisible thread that binds society together. The culture of a society is represented through its literature, religion, art, and language. Pakistan is a country rich in culture and history, yet western culture has taken precedence over Pakistani culture in recent years. It had an economic, political, and social impact on Pakistan, as well as a cultural impact. This study also examines how liberal feminist ideals, when combined with the notion of modernism, have completely broken traditional women's ideologies, as well as how liberal feminism influences women's roles in society, particularly in Islamic societies. In Pakistan, the role of women is also a contentious matter, as there is a debate between liberals and non-liberals regarding whether Pakistan is an Islamic or liberal state, but the general consensus is that it is an Islamic state. Westernization has had a significant impact on people's lives and minds, and it has also eroded our religious norms. Our media, too, is presenting liberalism with such glitz and glam that no one can avoid it. To some extent, socio-cultural development is improving, but it is increasingly breaching moral, social, and religious borders. Exit West is a symbol of modernism and culturalism as well. In the narrative, Nadia defies traditional gender and sexual norms to the point where she loses all of her relationships. 2.8Research Gap There are many studies being conducted on “Exit West” under different theories perspectives as well as under different linguistics aspects. There are the studies which are conducted on the perspectives of culture as well but no study has been found which has been conducted in which the cultural resistance and identity quest has been found or manipulated regarding postmodern perspectives. The present study is going to fill the room of the research yet it is the consistency of the previous researches as well. Chapter 3 Research Methodology The present study is qualitative in its nature, describing the issues of the culture and the identity which are being lost by the immigrants living in the West. The qualitative type of study is the study in which the core issues are discussed in the descriptive form (Gay, 2012). 3.1 Research Design The research design is the formation of the research based in the logical reasons. The study is conducted to know the cultural and the identity issues presented in the postmodern literature. The intention behind the present research is to manipulate the aspects of the diversity of the culture and the living experiences of the immigrants in the western society. The qualitative type of research is mostly conducted under the theoretical frameworks to manipulate the meanings and the understandings other than the writer’s intentions. 3.2 Theoretical Framework The present study is qualitative in its nature which is going to be conducted on the novel Exit West under the theoretical framework of David Harvey, which describes the prominence of culture of the global fashion market and the loss of the own identity. Postmodernism is related to the cultural issues and the ethnic issues of the post colonials but living in the colonizer’s countries. Many experts believe that "postmodernism" is in fact "post-modernism" because of the fundamental differences that exist between modernisms and postmodernism, which means a new movement that emerged after modernism. Whilst modernism highlights reality and the exploration of reality, postmodernism highlights the instability of everything and the creation of reality. Modernism believes in certainty, necessity and meta-narratives, while no mention of these categories should be made in postmodernist view. No mention should be made of universal and constant theoretical foundations particularly in the fields of values, morality, politics and education. Culture-to-culture values are relative things. The postmodern movement therefore, in fact, is the era after modernism and a kind of transition from it. Some supporters of this postmodern version believe that Richard Rorty's writings have started it (Rahnama, 2009). The adopted model of Harvey which illustrates the certain aspects of cultural and identity issues. Fredric Jameson and David Harvey recognize that cultural forces have been prominent in the transformations of societies in late capitalism. For instance, Fredric Jameson argues that machines of later capitalism are reproductive machines that have allowed "Capitalism's cultural logic" to infiltrate all aspects of human existence. As a result, culture has the same effects as purely economic processes. In addition, Harvey recognizes that (1) the reduction of time and space by new technologies in communication and transport and (2) the commercialization of images and symbols by the forces of the new market have turned people's efforts towards identifying themselves and finding their way into the search for cultural images that are circulated by the mass fashion market. Scott Lash, author of “The End of Organized Capitalism” agrees with David Harvey's assessment but view extended formal training periods and the consequent uncertainty of the identity of adults to make cultural images and symbols markets particularly important for youths of the middle class and service professionals (Lash, 1987). From these and related approaches, transformations in the way culture organizes human experience are seen as the result of four fundamental forces. (1) the ever increasing commoditization and symbolization of virtually anything; (2) the dramatic escalation of credentials; (3) imagery proliferation; This theory lists general statements about the effects of those forces in postmodern societies, which emphasize that the importance and importance of cultural signals increases, and that the level and rates of commoditization, the level of credentials, the level of imaging technology and the distinction of time and space are a positive and additive function. The analysis of the novel is taken under the proposed theoretical frameworks of the Harvey and Jameson which manipulate the effects of the fashioned and global aspects and the changing mind of the youth which lost their identity and are prey of the western culture. 3.4 Data Collection and Analysis Process The data is collected through the repeated reading of the novel and the aspects of the mental turbulence, cultural diversity and the split identity are indentified to analyze the text. The elements of the theory are elaborated in the theoretical framework. 3.5 Role of the Researcher The role of the researcher is totally unbiased and the elements of the theory are proposed to be adopted for the analysis. The adoption of the research ethics is made to be unbiased and free from the ethnic affiliation. The analysis is made under the proposed framework and there would be no inclusion of own interest in the research. Chapter 4 Data Analysis I have analyzed some specific lines from the primary text, Exit West, which certainly focuses on the widely discussed issue of Identity and Cultural deprivation due to diaspora. These given analyses are the key milestones of promulgating idea of identity crisis faced due to the displacements, which are the ultimate results of anarchy in any country. 4.1 Culture as the Core Aspects for Own Identity “Every time a couple moves, they begin, if their attention is still drawn to one another, to see each other differently, for personalities are not a single immutable color, like white or blue, but rather illuminated screens, and the shades we reflect depend much on what is around us.” Cultural identity is kept as too concerning and liked in the age of modernization where every nation is tended to adopt own identity. Exit West is the tale of two immigrant who leave their country to be settled in the western country. The immigrants are from the eastern country yet they have to live under the western civilization. David Harvey views that the emergence of the loss of the culture and identity is due to the emergence of the digital technology and the media let towards the emergence of the new global culture. The cultural forces let towards the emergence of the identity and the cultural issues and same had been observed in this regard. The lines depicts that the one culture and mingle of the people is based on the one color and nation which seems as the culture is being most loved and preferred. The thinking of the people let towards the unification of the mind and make the denote separate based on the color so the color is given most preference to make a single family. “We are all children who lose our parents, all of us, every man and woman and boy and girl, and we too will all be lost by those who come after us and love us, and this loss unites humanity, unites every human being, the temporary nature of our being-ness, and our shared sorrow, the heartache we each carry and yet too often refuse to acknowledge in one another,” The loss of identity and the homeland led towards the self-turbulence and the mind of the person is not true here where the love for the past and homeland is seemed to be prefer here in which the issues had been there in case of turmoil too. The characters as Saeed and Nadia have to leave for Greek and had to live the life of the immigrants in the west. Harvey shows that the new global fashion industry and the emergence of the new technologies has let towards the feelings of isolation and the feelings of no way other than of alienation. The loss of culture and the family loss are seemed here in which the characters are missing the family and presenting that the family has to be part of their life. Fredric Jameson views that minds of the people are changed due the commercialization and same has been also viewed by Harvey that the new generation is prey of the uncertainty in which the new elements of the work and manipulation has let them away from the family life. The selection of the term “loss of parents” denotes that the offerings are not given so prestige and the family life is put into “no culture”. “All their doors remained simple doors, on/off switches in the flow between two adjacent places, binarily either open or closed, but each of their doors, regarded thus with a twinge of irrational possibility, became partially animate as well, an object with a subtle power to mock, to mock the desires of those who desired to go far away, whispering silently from its door frame that such dreams were the dreams of fools.” The life in the camp is put to show the feelings of the migrants where the home and shelters are seemed abandoned in their lives. The selfless feelings are aroused which let towards the loss of the culture and loss of the own identity. The life of the migrants as seemed that their homes are destroyed by the terrorist yet the life has not been seemed to be more prefects and conscious. Harvey says that the emergence of the technology has make the people closer yet the life is seemed to be abandoned from the standardization where the life standards are not true. The emergence of the technology has let human to be thought and prey of the fashion yet the emergence of the terrorism has let towards the destruction of the society where the lifeless feelings are there. The use of modern technologies, as in the novel, show that the human life is fully disturbed and the actions of the humans are dependent on the technological situation being portrayed in the life of the humans as well. “The fury of those nativists advocating wholesale slaughter was what struck Nadia most, and it struck her because it seemed so familiar, so much like the fury of the militants in her own city. She wondered whether she and Saeed had done anything by moving, whether the faces and buildings had changed but the basic reality of their predicament had not.” Split identity and the loss of the home is there where Nadia has to leave her home to project herself from the shocks of the terrorism. The technology is based on the welfare of the humanity yet the emergence of the technology has let the people be deprived from their homes and shelters and enforces them to adopt new cultures as well. Fredric Jameson discusses about the impact of the commercialization and the closeness of the people based on the new technology yet the new technology, is here to be more crucial where the new technologies has given birth to the isolation of the people and has make the people more isolated from their homes and shelters due the terrorism. The crucial culture anarchy where the own type of thoughts are seemed important for her. The life meeting with Saeed shows that the life of Nadia is can only be presented be matched as the past and the culture of the characters is of the same level. “But Saeed’s father was thinking also of the future, even though he did not say this to Saeed, for he feared that if he said this to his son that his son might not go, and he knew above all else that his son must go, and what he did not say was that he had come to that point in a parent’s life when, if a flood arrives, one knows one must let go of one’s child, contrary to all the instincts one had when one was younger, because holding on can no longer offer the child protection, it can only pull the child down, and threaten them with drowning, for the child is now stronger than the parent, and the circumstances are such that the utmost of strength is required, and the arc of a child’s life only appears for a while to match the arc of a parent’s, in reality one sits atop the other, a hill atop a hill, a curve atop a curve, and Saeed’s father’s arc now needed to curve lower, while his son’s still curved higher, for with an old man hampering them these two young people were simply less likely to survive.” Culture and identity are the two elements which are malty adopted for own existence and the existence of the human is totally dependent on the issues of the life and the issues of the running situation. The lines depict the feelings of the father who is coward before the running circumstance yet is encouraged to make his family more perspectives. Harvey has cleared that the new cultural aspects and the tendencies let the human to be merged in the unified system. The things which are important in this regard, manipulate the aspects of the life and the issues of the life in which the life is seemed totally dependent on the situation where the wrong use of the technology and the other laments had let the human towards the destruction and the destruction of the while element of the life. Human thoughts are seemed to be bound to the dependency of the technology rather than of the physical aspects which are seemed to be necessary to live under the traditions and the running situation. Immigration is known as the act of leaving own land and adopted the other one yet here in the running situation, the father is letting his son to adopt the new traditions and culture where the life would be peaceful rather of the culture and other aspects. The feelings of the son are also quite different as the adoption of the new and the merged peaceful seeming culture is the dream yet is not easy to be adopted because of the running situation in the world. The lines also deputies that new fashion, the western citizenship, is known as the new fashion and global trend has let the human be deprived from their culture and traditions and all the scenario can be observed in the same perspectives when the traditions and the culture is seemed totally unadorned in the characters while the new adoption is the destiny in their view. “All sorts of strange people were around, people who looked more at home than she was, even the homeless ones who spoke no English, more at home maybe because they were younger, and when she went out it seemed to her that she too had migrated, that everyone migrates, even if we stay in the same houses our whole lives, because we can't help it. The immigrant experiences are presented in the lines when the immigrants are seemed to be prey of the split identity. The question of alienation and the cultural diversity is there when the scene of the camp is presented in the lines showing the alienation of the characters when the charterers are the part of the time and the time is seemed to be crucial. Postmodernism gives the answer of the cultural identity and the cultural diversity where the things are seemed to be more crucial. David Harvey and Fredric Jameson proposed the theory of modernism in which they believe in the reduction of the distances as well as the impact of the new fashion industrialization. The lines depict the crucial setting of the life in which the immigrants have to portray the running situation where they are prey of the alienation. The alienation is due to the spread of the technological aspects which let human close yet the hybrid wars with the accession of the new technologies has made diverse the direction of the people and time. The lines are showing the lifeless feelings when the impact of the Postmodernism is seemed abandoned while the alienated culture and situation is there showing that the own culture is abandoned in foreign culture as well. “The old woman had become a rich woman on paper, the house now worth a fortune, and her children were always pestering her to sell it, saying she didn’t need all that space. But she told them to be patient, it would be theirs when she died, which wouldn’t be long now, and she said this kindly, to sharpen the bite of it, and to remind them how much they were motivated by money.” Harvey viewed that the emergences of the post-modern thoughts let the human towards the distinctive behaviour while the emergence of the new cultural aspects are seemed to be very deep in the other culture as well. Culture based on the technology convenience and the culture based on the elements of the westernization is seemed to be put in the eastern culture when the honour of the elder family members is not given as of the level as would be given rather than they are given the status of the old generation. Jameson believes that the post-modern elements are there when the new fashion and the commercialized ways of the thoughts are rooted in the people. The lines illustrate the selling of the house in the life of the old parents yet it is not given the status fair action in the east. This denotes that the emergence of the Postmodernism has let towards the diversity of the culture and had taken the new generation towards the polarized culture when the new fashion industry is seemed be the part of the time and life. “Third layer of inactiveness was composed of those who others thought directly descended, even in the tiniest fraction of their genes, from the human beings who had been brought from Africa to this continent centuries ago as slaves. While this layer of inactiveness was not vast in proportion to the rest, it had vast importance, for society had been shaped in reaction to it, and unspeakable violence had occurred in relation to it, and yet it endured, fertile, a stratum of soil that perhaps made possible all future transplanted soils, and to which Saeed in particular was attracted, since at a place of worship where he had gone one Friday the communal prayer was led by a man who came from this tradition and spoke of this tradition, and Saeed had found, in the weeks he and Nadia had been in Marin, this man’s words to be full of soul-soothing wisdom.” Split identity and the cultural diversity are the core subject of study in the theory of Postmodernism. The lines depict the cultural diversity when the slaves of the other countries had been let towards the native country and the native country is asked to perform such an action which would let humans towards the subjugation and the feelings of the complicity. Lines shows that the life of the Muslims and the Africans who are seemed to be the part of the country yet the country of the west is not at the state of accepting them or letting them towards the rights of the native citizen. The words “layers of natives” and “salves from other continents” are meant here in which the direction of the society as well as the voice of the significance of the own culture is presented in a way that denotes the life meanings. The emergence of the new technologies which the core subject of Postmodernism, as Harvey and Jameson have viewed that there is reeducation of the distances as well as the reduction of the diversity but the things seemed to be diverse as the layers of the nativity are there on the people and native people are not at the state to accept them at any cost. 4.2 Living Experiences under Diverse Culture “We are all migrants through time.” Immigration and the feelings of the immigration had been the core subject of discussion since the past decades and the elements of the subjugation are there when the life and the feelings of the immigrants are not given such prestige as would be given. Harvey and Jameson say that there is reduction of the distances and the commercialization of the thoughts is there in the world and these are the core subject of the study. The lines show that the feelings of the immigrants lie under the issue of the Postmodernism in which the core elements of the subjugation and the lifeless experiences are mostly presented. Color, creed, race and ethnicity are the core issues which are mostly discussed in the spectrum of Postmodernism and these elements can be extracted from the line as the characters is saying that they had been the part of the history and the history had been the crucial elements in which the other nations have to migrate from one place to other and this migration had let the human towards the subjugation and the marginalization in which the issues of the identity and the issues of the existence has let the humanity towards the feelings of isolation and the character shave to suffer in such feelings throughout the history as well. “It has been said that depression is a failure to imagine a plausible desirable future for oneself, and, not just in Marin, but in the whole region, in the Bay Area, and in many other places too, places both near and far, the apocalypse appeared to have arrived and yet it was not apocalyptic, which is to say that while the changes were jarring they were not the end, and life went on, and people found things to do and ways to be and people to be with, and plausible desirable futures began to emerge, unimaginable previously, but not unimaginable now, and the result was something not unlike relief.” Postmodernism is the vast theory in which the question of identity, self-reproduction, race, creed and ethnicity is proposed. Jameson says that vast use of technology ha reduces the distances and had emerged the humanity into unification of the system yet things are seemed abandoned in which the adopted culture and region is not going to be fruitful. The life of the immigrants has been proposed in the lines, denoting the issues of the immigrants, be deprived form the self-productivity and peaceful life. The relief and the peaceful life require the distraction from the elements of the misery yet the misery comes to face at the time of need where the immigrants have to spread the life of difficulty. The closed and the global relation which is termed as to be the close future and bright future seemed abandoned due to the political rules and the political instability of the countries in which the foreign are not surely welcomed. “Perhaps they had decided they did not have it in them to do what would have needed to be done, to corral and bloody and where necessary slaughter the migrants, and had determined that some other way would have to be found. Perhaps they had grasped that the doors could not be closed, and new doors would continue to open, and they had understood that the denial of coexistence would have required one party to cease to exist, and the extinguishing party too would have been transformed in the process, and too many native parents would not after have been able to look their children in the eye, to speak with head held high of what their wish is. The line depicts the perception about the westerns as the western society is kept as the society of the dreams in which the life of the eastern people is changed. The depiction of the life imagination and the life of immigrants are shown as the closely related to the peace and calm. The rest of the life and things are kept as unnecessary rather than the protection of the life is kept as necessary in the country. Harvey viewed that the global capitalism and the commercialism has let the people to be closer in many of the regards and the people are seemed to be part of the western life in the dreams yet the dreams are not fully covered. Quest of identity and the culture is seemed to be abandoned and the imagined life is seemed to be part of the life in which the life is kept as the necessary actions and the necessary playback where the core issues is of the issues of existence and the characters are imagining the life of peace and calm in the lines but the things are diverse from the imagined life. This could only due to the media development and the global capitalist thought which is not related to the grounds as well. “The news in those days was full of war and migrants and nativists, and it was full of fracturing too, of regions pulling away from nations, and cities pulling away from hinterlands, and it seemed that as everyone was coming together everyone was also moving apart. Without borders nations appeared to be becoming somewhat illusory, and people were questioning what role they had to play.” Mental turbulence is almost due to the running situation in the country as can be observed in the lined. The emergence of new media and technology has made the whole world as the global village yet the things are seemed to be abandoned in the peaceful way. The identical aspects are seemed to be abandoned no proper aspects can be observed of the good relations. Harvey views that the global technology has let human joined but, in the lines, the global technology is portrayed as of the weapons and the wars. The depiction of the postmodern aspects has attacked the regional denote as the regional peace as well in which the positive image is seemed to be abandoned while the image of terrorism is seemed to be the part of the life as well. Terrorism can be depicted as the global trend in which no region had been found is peaceful rather than the identical issues has been raised in this regard. “the end of a couple is like a death, and the notion of death, of temporariness, can remind us of the value of things,” “But while fear was part of what kept them together for those first few months in Marin, more powerful than fear was the desire that each see the other find firmer footing before they let go, and thus in the end their relationship did in some senses come to resemble that of siblings, in that friendship was its strongest element, and unlike many passions, theirs managed to cool slowly, without curdling into its reverse, anger, except intermittently. Of this, in later years, both were glad, and both would also wonder if this meant that they had made a mistake, that if they had but waited and watched their relationship would have flowered again, and so their memories took on a potential, which is of course how our greatest nostalgias are born.” Living experiences of the immigrants are presented in the lines; showing that the people had to live under the fear and the disaster where the debate of legal and illegal aspects is far varied. The cultural issues and the ethnicity are the main element of the turbulence of the characters in which the social as well as the psychological issues are too raised with the arise of the question of the identity and the question of the cultural diversity. Harvey views that the identical issues, race and the ethnicity are the main quest of modernism in which the element of the turbulence is aroused. The same view is there in which immigrants have to live under the set rules and with the fear of death. The abundance of the happiness as well as the crucial aspects is too frequent in which the humanity has to loss the identity while the happiness are at the dream state. Living experiences of the immigrants is core part of the lines, showing that they had been in choice of the cultural and the moralities yet the thing we diverse as the time passes the commitment with the culture as the values had to be made. The love of past, as the feelings of Nostalgia are there had been considered as the discussion of the past as well. Jameson views that global capitalism has let the humanity towards the commercialized life as own identity is seemed to be abandoned and assume can be observed as the immigrants had to live under the foreign culture and the love of the past had made them be nostalgic with the mental and identical turbulence. “Saeed and Nadia knew what the buildup to conflict felt like, and so the feeling that hung over London was not new to them, and they faced it not with bravery, exactly, and not with panic either, not mostly, but instead with a resignation shot through with moments of tension, with tension ebbing and flowing, and when the tension receded there was calm, the calm that is called the calm before the storm, but is in reality the foundation of a human life, waiting there for us between the steps of our march to our mortality, when we are compelled to pause and not act but be.” Postmodernism discuss about the issues of identity, race and ethnicity even in the age of globalization. The lines depict the mental turbulence and the identity issues of the characters who had to live under the turbulent situation raising the aspects of the quest of identity. Harvey and Jameson in their theories say that the cultural norms and values are highly obliged and the identity is being challenged even in the age of modernization. This trend let the humans to think about the aspects of manipulation based the trials and the ego. Jameson views that the new technologies have given birth to the issues of the capitalism in which the stretches of advancement are also in the hands of the capitalists. The living aspects of the marginalized people are mostly challenged and are asked to be familiar and limited to their feelings only. The peace, tendency and the morality is based on the media as the media of the people had made the behaviour of Saeed and Nadia be free and they do not let to raise any question on the aspects of the measuring the ethical and cultural norms. “...Saeed's father wept only when he was alone in his room, silently, without tears, his body seized as though by a stutter, or a shiver, that would not let go, for his sense of loss was boundless, and his sense of the benevolence of the universe was shaken, and his wife had been his best friend.” The cultural norms and the values are the core aspects in which the humans have to live the life. The thinking of the people can be so diverse and reciprocal when the elements of the tendency can be observed in making the relations and the things more effectives. Harvey believes that the postmodern thinking let human to think about the global tendencies while cultural aspects have to leave. The lines show the contrastive elements of the love making an adjoining of the family as the family as to live under eastern culture while the pain of the father is seemed to be crucial in many of the aspects making the things more concerning too. Jameson views that the modernism has put huge effect on the thinking of the humans and the humans have to live under the perspectives of the global fashion and capitalist thoughts. Saeed is symbol of these thoughts as the pain is not observed and the thinking is not so crucial on the loss of his partner while on the other hand, the life partner of father is kept as the core aspect Saeed has not such feelings. It seems that the culture is lost and the thinking of the people had been captured in the life. “If they had but waited and watched their relationship would have flowered again, and so their memories took on potential, which is of course how our greatest nostalgias are born.” Life span is based on the learning and the intention based on the experiences. The experiences in the life are mostly of the diverse thoughts which link the element of the subjugation and manipulation too. The love of the past is the core aspect of the characters that seem to be the part and the parcel of the memories. Postmodernism and its thoughts have let the humans towards the state of the love and shines in which the cultural elements are abandoned while the adopted and the global capitalist culture is accepted at all. When he prayed he touched his parents, who could not otherwise be touched, and he touched a feeling that we are all children who lose our parents, all of us, every man and woman and boy and girl, and we too will all be lost by those who come after us and love us, and this loss unites humanity, unites every human being, the temporary nature of our being-ness, our shared sorrow, the heartache we each carry and yet too often refuse to acknowledge in one another, and out of this Saeed felt it might be possible, in the face of death, to believe in humanity's potential for building a better world . . .” Immigrants' real-life experiences are depicted in the lines, demonstrating that individuals had to live in terror and disaster, despite the fact that opinions on legal and illegal issues differ greatly. The fundamental aspect of the turbulence of the characters is cultural concerns and ethnicity, in which the social as well as psychological issues are highlighted with the emergence of the topic of identity and cultural variety. According to Harvey, the same themes of race and ethnicity remain the central objective of modernism, which has sparked upheaval. Immigrants are subjected to the same set of restrictions and live under fear of death, according to the same viewpoint. The abundance of enjoyment, as well as critical components, occurs far too frequently, causing humanity to lose its identity when bliss is in a dream state. According to Jameson, global capitalism has led humanity to a commercialized life in which personal identity appears to have been abandoned. This can be seen in the immigrants who had to live in a foreign culture and the love of the past had made them nostalgic with mental and identical turbulence. “Perhaps they had grasped that the doors could not be closed, and new doors would continue to open, and they had understood that the denial of coexistence would have required one party to cease to exist, and the extinguishing party too would have been transformed in the process, and too many native parents would not after have been able to look their children in the eye, to speak with head held high of what their generation had done.” The loss of identity and homeland leads to self-turbulence, and the mentality of the individual is not true here, where love for the past and homeland appears to be preferred, despite the fact that troubles have arisen in the past. Saeed and Nadia, for example, had to flee to Greece and experience life as immigrants in the West. Harvey demonstrates how the new global fashion business, as well as the emergence of new technology, has contributed to sentiments of isolation and alienation. The loss of culture and the loss of family are apparent here, with the characters missing their families and emphasizing the importance of family in their lives. According to Jameson, commercialization has transformed people's thoughts, while Harvey believes that the new generation is subject to uncertainty, in which new components of work and manipulation have pushed them away from family life. The term "loss of parents" was chosen to indicate that the offerings are not given as much weight and that family life is reduced to "no culture." 4.3 Adoption of Foreign Culture and Question of Identity “To love is to enter into the inevitability of one day not being able to protect what is most valuable to you.” The main perspectives of Postmodernism are the quest of identity and the culture against the phenomenon which are being portrayed even in the age of digitization. The lines illustrate the ongoing issues of the culture and identity. Though Jameson believes that the own culture and the identity can be modified due to the commercialization of the world and the spread phenomenon of being modern yet the identity and the ethnicity cannot be hidden. The lines illustrates that the characters have to live under the aspects of modernity and the foreign culture yet the culture of the own and nativeness cannot be reduced. The infusion of the postmodern aspects can be observed as the characters are portrayed on the behalf of the things which are of the situation rather than intentions yet the quest of identity remains the issues which is because of the natives. “...he prayed fundamentally as a gesture of love for what had gone and would go and could be loved in no other way. When he prayed he touched his parents, who could not otherwise be touched, and he touched a feeling that we are all children who lose our parents, all of us, every man and woman and boy and girl, and we too will all be lost by those who come after us and love us, and this loss unites humanity, unites every human being, the temporary nature of our being-ness, and our shared sorrow, the heartache we each carry and yet too often refuse to acknowledge in one another, and out of this Saeed felt it might be possible, in the face of death, to believe in humanity's potential for building a better world, so he prayed as a lament. Though Harvey believes that the age of Postmodernism is due to the emergence of the technology and the people flow is due to the representation of the global capital systems as the massive representative of the progressivisms as well. The line specify that the feelings are not consider as the high rank of life while the status values and the past experiences are taken as the massive things to be live in. The lines depict the past experiences yet the Harvey believes that the global trends and the technology has evoked the thinking of capitalism rather than of the values and love to the nature. The thing seems very controversial and evoking that the life is not at the stage where the things could be retrieved or could be managed back. Jameson says that the global fashion industry let the human to think about the trending aspects in which the core issues of the ethnicity are provoked and the life is at the stage where the elements of making values adoptable, are vanished. “And so their memories took on potential, which is of course how our greatest nostalgias are born.” Split identity is the part of the life in which the elements of the life spam are taken and retrieved. The life issues are the core subject of Postmodernism in which the feelings of the modernity and the feelings of the ethnic core issues are highly discussed. The lines depict the love of past as the past is the eternal and inner matter of the humans in which the humans had to live. Jameson believes that the global trends let to avoid the past and the new memories are adopted as the fusion too. These could be strange in case where the life elements seem to be disguising and seems to be provoking in many of the turns. The thinking of the characters is still stuck to the past where the past culture and the ethnicity is tried to be forgotten by the characters as well. “But mostly there was little to report, just the day-to-day goings-on of countless people working and living and aging and falling in and out of love, as is the case everywhere, and so not deemed worthy of headline billing or thought to be of much interest to anyone but those directly involved.” Culture and identity are two factors that are malty adopted for one's own existence, and one's own existence is completely dependent on issues of life and running situation. The lyrics express the feelings of a father who is fearful in the face of a threatening situation yet is urged to broaden his family's horizons. According to Harvey and Jameson, new cultural elements and inclinations allow humans to be combined into a cohesive system. Human thoughts appear to be reliant on technology rather than the physical qualities that appear to be required to exist under the constraints of tradition and circumstance. Immigration is defined as the act of leaving one's own country and adopting a new one; however, in this case, the father is allowing his son to adopt new traditions and culture, allowing for a calm life rather than one marked by culture and other factors. The feelings of the son are also extremely different, as adopting a new and combined peaceful-appearing culture is a desire, but it is difficult to achieve due to the current global scenario. The lines also state that new fashion, or western citizenship, is known as the new fashion and global trend, which has deprived humans of their culture and traditions, and that all of the scenarios can be seen in the same light when the characters' traditions and culture appear to be completely unadorned, while the new adoption is their destiny. “Soon a rhythm was established, and it was thereafter rare that more than a few waking hours would pass without contact between them, and they found themselves in those early days of their romance growing hungry, touching each other, but without bodily adjacency, without release. They had begun, each of them, to be penetrated, but they had not yet kissed.” Learning determines life span, and intention is determined by experiences. Life's experiences are largely made up of a variety of concepts that are linked by the elements of subjection and manipulation. The characters' love of the past appears to be a basic feature of their personalities, and memories appear to be a part of them. Postmodernism and its ideas have led people to a condition of love and radiance in which cultural aspects have been abandoned in favour of a global capitalist culture that is widely embraced. The struggle for identity and culture against the phenomena that are being depicted even in the age of digitization are the main views of postmodernism. The lines depict the ongoing cultural and identity issues. Though Jameson argues that the world's commercialization and the widespread phenomena of modernity might alter one's own culture and identity, one's ethnicity and ethnicity cannot be hidden. The lines demonstrate that the characters must contend with features of modernity and foreign culture while maintaining their own culture and nativity. The characters are portrayed on behalf of things that are of the situation rather than intents, indicating the infusion of postmodern elements, yet the desire for identity remain a problem that is due to the locals. “In their phones were antennas, and these antennas sniffed out an invisible world, as if by magic, a world that was all around them, and also nowhere, transporting them to places distant and near, and to places that had never been and would never be.” Though David Harvey (1989) believes that the emergence of technology and the flow of people are due to the representation of global capital systems as the vast representative of progressivisms, he also believes that the era of postmodernism is due to the emergence of technology and the flow of people. The statement specifies that sentiments are not regarded as high-ranking aspects of life; however, status values and past experiences are regarded as significant factors to be considered. Despite the fact that the lines describe historical experiences, Harvey feels that global trends and technology have generated a mentality of capitalism rather than values and love for nature. The situation appears to be highly contentious, implying that life is no longer at a point where things can be retrieved or managed. According to Jameson, the global fashion market allows people to think about trending characteristics in which ethnicity's essential difficulties are triggered, and life has reached a point when the factors that make values acceptable have evaporated. In the presence of immigrants, mental turbulence and psychological disorders are most commonly provoked. The postmodern religion depicts such emotions that the decorated culture must experience. Harvey believes that in the presence of contemporary technology, a mutual culture will arise, but the dilemma remains the same: ethnicity and identity cannot change in any way. According to Jameson, global fashion has made people's minds a part of the global illusions in one system. The most important component of postmodernism is to follow the fashion industry in order to maintain the man's status as a progressive and more modern companion. “The maid said no, for she had a sense of the fragility of things, and she felt she was a small plant in a small patch of soil held between the rocks of a dry and windy place, and she was not wanted by the world, and here she was at least known, and she was tolerated, and that was a blessing.” Since the previous decades, immigration and the feelings of immigrants have been a hot topic of debate, and there are elements of oppression present when the lives and feelings of immigrants are not accorded the respect they deserve. According to Harvey and Jameson, there is a reduction in distances and a commercialization of thinking in the world, and these are the study's main topics. The lines demonstrate that the feelings of immigrants fall within the postmodernist umbrella, in which the essential aspects of subordination and lifeless experiences are prominently displayed. Color, creed, race, and ethnicity are the core issues that are frequently discussed in the postmodernist spectrum, and these elements can be extracted from the line as the characters say that they were a part of history, and that history had been the crucial elements in which other nations had to migrate from one place to another, and that this migration had allowed the human towards the sui generis. “War was the sort of view that might command a slight premium during gentler, more prosperous times, but would be most undesirable in times of conflict, when it would be squarely in the path of heavy machine-gun and rocket fire as fighters advanced into this part of town: a view like staring down the barrel of a rifle. Location, location, location, the realtors say. Geography is destiny, respond the historians. The fundamental issue of research in postmodernism theory is split identity and cultural diversity. The lines indicate the cultural diversity that occurs when slaves from other countries are released into the local country and the native country is asked to undertake behaviors that lead to human servitude and sentiments of involvement. The lines illustrate that, despite the fact that Muslims and Africans appear to be a part of the country, the western countries do not accept them or allow them to enjoy the same rights as native citizens. The terms "layers of indigenous" and "salves from other continents" refer to a way of presenting the direction of society as well as the voice of the relevance of one's own culture in a way that symbolizes life meanings. According to Harvey and Jameson, the emergence of new technologies, which is the core subject of postmodernism, there is a reeducation of distances as well as a reduction of diversity, but things appear to be diverse because layers of nativity are present on people, and native people are not in a position to accept them at any cost. Postmodernism is a broad theory that addresses issues such as identity, self-reproduction, race, creed, and ethnicity. According to Harvey and Jameson, widespread use of technology has reduced distances and brought humanity closer together, yet things appear to have been abandoned in which the adopted culture and region will not be fruitful. Immigrants' lives have been proposed in lines reflecting their concerns, such as being robbed of self-productivity and a quiet life. Relief and a quiet existence necessitate a diversion from the elements of misery, yet misery confronts immigrants in times of need, forcing them to spread a difficult life. Due to political rules and political instability in nations where foreigners are not always welcomed, the closed and global relationship that is described as having a bright future appeared to be abandoned. “If you don’t pray,” he said, lowering his voice, “why do you wear it?” They were sitting at a table for two by a window, overlooking snarled traffic on the street below. Their phones rested screens-down between them, like the weapons of desperadoes at a parley. She smiled. Took a sip. And spoke, the lower half of her face obscured by her cup. “So men don’t fuck with me,” she said.” The part of life in which the elements of life spam are taken and retrieved is known as split identity. The feelings of modernity and the feelings of ethnic core issues are heavily covered in Postmodernism's core theme of life issues. The lines represent affection for the past because the past is the timeless and deep matter of humanity in which they had to live. According to Jameson, global trends allow us to avoid the past, and new memories are adopted as fusion as well. These could be weird in cases where the living elements appear to be obfuscating and provocative in a number of ways. The characters' thinking is still trapped in the past, with the characters attempting to forget about their prior culture and race. The relationship without marriage is illegal in eastern and own ethnicity, but the feelings are the same for Nadia by Saeed, which motions the following of the global fashion industry, but the mental turbulence is present when the woman's freedom allows the man to be involved in love, and these feelings are mostly shared by more men. Saeed's inner turmoil has been reflected in his inner feelings as her ex-girlfriend has been participated in the love making but has not been a part of the person. “It might seem odd that in cities teetering at the edge of the abyss young people still go to class—in this case an evening class on corporate identity and product branding—but that is the way of things, with cities as with life, for one moment we are pottering about our errands as usual and the next we are dying, and our eternally impending ending does not put a stop to our transient beginnings and middles until the instant when it does.” Both Harvey and Jameson developed the theology of postmodernism, which is defined as the union of trends and culture in which people consider their prospective desires and intentions in life. The theology is meant to delve into the characters' thoughts, in which they believe that past experiences have caused mental instability. The characters' lived experiences are exalting because they trust in the unification of progressivism's thinking and hope that the future can be made better than it is in Western countries. The mental turbulence arouses that immigration detracts the characters in which living in the east appears as dark and living in the west appears to be based on the fashions and trends of beautiful existence. 4.4 Feelings of Pains under Diverse Identity and Culture “Saeed wanted to feel for Nadia what he had always felt for Nadia and the potential loss of this feeling left him unmoored, adrift in a world where one could go anywhere but still find nothing” Mental turbulence and the psychological issues are mostly aroused in presence of the immigrations. The postmodern theology illustrates such feelings which have to be felt by the adorned culture. Harvey believes in the emergence of the mutual culture in presence of modern technology yet the question remains the same the ethnicity and the identity cannot be change in any of the aspect too. Jameson says that the global fashion has made the minds of the people to be the part of the global illusions in one system. The dominant aspect in the Postmodernism is to follow the fashion industry so that the man would be kept as the progressive and would be kept as the more modern as of the companions. The relationship without marriage is kept as illegal in eastern and own ethnicity yet the feelings are same for Nadia by Saeed which motions the following of the global industry of fashion yet the mental turbulence is there when the freedom of the woman let the man be involved in love and these feelings are mostly by the more men too. The mental turbulence of Saeed has portrayed his inner feelings as her ex-girlfriend has been involved in the love making yet she has not been be the part of the person as well. “It has been said that depression is a failure to imagine a plausible desirable future for oneself, (...), and life went on, and people found things to do and ways to be and people to be with, and plausible desirable futures began to emerge, unimaginable previously, but not unimaginable now, and the result was something not unlike relief.” Harvey and Jameson both made the theology that the Postmodernism in which the unification of the trends and the culture in which the people think about the possible desires and the intentions of the life goodness. The theology is intended to explore the thinking of the characters in which they believe that the past experiences in which the turbulence of the mind occurs. The living experiences of the characters are exalted as they believe in the unification of the thinking of the progressivism and believe that that the future can be constituted as better as is in the western countries. Past and the future make split the identity and the mental turbulence arouse that immigration detracts the characters in which the living in east is seemed as dark and living in west, is based on the fashions and trends of glorious life. “I can understand it,” she said. “Imagine if you lived here. And millions of people from all over the world suddenly arrived.” “Millions arrived in our country,” Saeed replied. “When there were wars nearby.” “That was different. Our country was poor. We didn’t feel we had as much to lose.” Jameson views that the global capitalism let the human to be live in the dreamed life in which the life of the immigrants is of the superb level, taking and letting the humans towards the global fashion and peace level. The region is made on the basis of the trending aspects of making the western region as the peaceful place while the eastern region is based on the terrorist. The living experiences are made idealized of the west as the west is known as the centre of the global capitalism and idealism. The consideration of east, as the alienated and the unprogressive regions in which, the life living aspects are disrobed due to the war. Harvey views that the global unification of the system has let the humans towards the system of peace but with the unequal interpretation in which the east has yet to be at the state of terrorism while the west is considered as the region of peace. “Saeed prayed a great deal, and so did his father, and so did their guests, and some of them wept, but Saeed had wept only once, when he first saw his mother's corpse and screamed, and Saeed's father wept only when he was alone in his room, silently, without tears, his body seized as though by a stutter, or a shiver, that would not let go, for his sense of loss was boundless, and his sense of the benevolence of the universe was shaken, and his wife had been his best friend.” Culture let the humans towards the aspects of tendency in which inner of the humans, are quite changed. The love of the mother with the children is of the everlasting yet it lies in the heart of the kids too. The global technology has made the things more concern as the things are not kept so serious by Saeed due to his returning from the western countries. Harvey views that the global capitalism has let the human to think about the capital aspects rather than of the other deeds and same can be observed in this regard that the love of the children is abandoned as compare to the father the female. The culture is not as followed as would be followed so the things go against the aspects of turbulence. “To flee forever is beyond the capacity of most: at some point even, a hunted animal will stop, exhausted, and awaits its fate, if only for a while.” Global capitalism has emerged in the age of Postmodernism illustrating that the life of the humans is bound to the thoughts of the capitalists (Harvey, 1989). The link between the society and the other aspects of the society can be observed in the lines showing the identity as the at the point of destruction where the capacity of the people is seemed to be limited to the aspects of tendency showing that there is human power which is limited and no other source is there to elaborate it. The limitations of the thoughts and the identity have led to the question of awareness and peace. The life span is on the risk showing that the life cannot be run with the help of the tenancies in which the work ha shade the humans more animals than of the humans. Fredric Jameson (1998) believes that the global fashion industry has changed the minds of the people towards the fashion and capitalist thoughts. The things are quite different in this regard showing that the life is not full of peace rather the social norms and the cultural tendencies have made it at the point of destruction as well. “When he prayed, he touched his parents, who could not otherwise be touched, and he touched a feeling that we are all children who lose our parents, all of us, every man and woman and boy and girl, and we too will all be lost by those who come after us and love us, and this loss unites humanity, unites every human being, the temporary nature of our being-ness, and our shared sorrow, the heartache we each carry and yet too often refuse to acknowledge in one another.” Human life is bound to the process of birth to death yet the life living process is needed to be completed with the zest of progressivisms. The lines that the living experiences of the familial life in which the mental turbulence and the identity is at the quests, illustrating the feelings of alienation and the feelings of selflessness. Fredrick Jameson made clear the tendencies of the people towards the adopted culture rather than of the natural. The adopted culture in this regard is of such society in which the man has to live and suffer. The things of living area of the moderations where the following of the west is much presented while the no follow of the rules of nature. The line depicts the scenario, yet the natural culture has been observed abandoned while the culture of the global technology, as everything would be measured in the capital, is mostly followed which has let towards the invalid of the relations and the happiness of the family. The lines comparatively cleared the quest of the own norms and the destruction of family system on the name of Postmodernism. “so, by making the promise he demanded she make she was in a sense killing him, but that is the way of things, for when we migrate, we murder from our lives those we leave behind.” Postmodernism is the following of the global attitude and the fashion even in the presence of won culture (Jameson, 1998). The global capitalism has made the life of the modern people at the quest of the diversity and loss of own values and culture (Harvey, 1989). Same aspects have been observed as the death of the feelings, is counted as the death of the character too. The life scenario of the characters is quested diverse in many of the concerns showing that the life is not bound to the elements of the culture and indent it while the self-thought and the global running phenomenon is highly employee to be more fascinate in the life. The lines discuss the turbulence of the mind and identity of the characters how had to live under the diverse situation where the feelings of the humans are not counted yet the interest is widely counted to live in the west. The things are under the phenomenon of the global fashion a capitalism in which other’s lives are not loves yet these are kept as the useless things. Chapter 5 Conclusion The present study is qualitative in its nature, describing the issues of the culture and the identity which are being lost by the immigrants living in the West. The qualitative type of study is the study in which the core issues are discussed in the descriptive form (Gay, 2012). The study has the following objectives: To study the novel under the Postmodern perspectives To manipulate the issues of culture and identity of eastern immigrants living in western culture. The study is limited to Exit West by Mohsin Hamid and the postmodern perspectives of David Harvey and Fredric Jameson. The present study is qualitative in its nature which is conducted on the novel Exit West (2017) under the theoretical framework of David Harvey, which describes the prominence of culture of the global fashion market and the loss of the own identity. Postmodernism is related to the cultural issues and the ethnic issues of the post colonials but living in the colonizer’s countries. The adopted model is of Harvey which illustrates the certain aspects of cultural and identity issues. Jameson and Harvey recognize that cultural forces have been prominent in the transformations of societies in late capitalism. For instance, former argues that machines of later capitalism are reproductive machines that have allowed "Capitalism's cultural logic" to infiltrate all aspects of human existence. As a result, culture has the same effects as purely economic processes. In addition, latter recognizes that (1) the reduction of time and space by new technologies in communication and transport and (2) the commercialization of images and symbols by the forces of the new market have turned people's efforts towards identifying themselves and finding their way into the search for cultural images that are circulated by the mass fashion market. Scott Lash agrees with David Harvey's assessment but view extended formal training periods and the consequent uncertainty of the identity of adults to make cultural images and symbols markets particularly important for youths of the middle class and service professionals. From these and related approaches, transformations in the way culture organizes human experience are seen as the result of four fundamental forces. (1) the ever increasing commoditization and symbolization of virtually anything; (2) the dramatic escalation of credentials; (3) imagery proliferation; This theory lists general statements about the effects of those forces in postmodern societies, which emphasize that the importance and importance of cultural signals increases, and that the level and rates of commoditization, the level of credentials, the level of imaging technology and the distinction of time and space are a positive and additive function. Postmodernism raises the question of identity ethnicity, race and the group when the immigrants have to live under the foreign culture as well. It seems that the things are not quite same as the post-modern aspects are. The result of the study illustrates that the characters of Saeed and Nadia are the symbols of the Hybridity of the culture who had to live under the spectrum of the alienation and adoption of the culture. Harvey and Jameson believe in the dominancy of the global fashion culture which has transformed the thoughts, concern, intentions and the attitude of the people and there comes negligence with own culture and own identity. The loss of identity is taken place when the adopted culture is not fully adapted as the inner remains the eastern in all cases. According to novel, West is considered as the symbol of global capitalism in which the fashion market is idealized by the rest of the world and the immigrants had to adopt the culture in case of being living there. The role of the ethnicity and the identity remain perfect as the western are also prejudiced in their concern and they keep the divisions on the basis of the color, creed and the race. Thought the west is idealized as the global market of fashion which change the attitude of the people yet the identity is labeled in the west the people are not willing to accept the fusion of the foreign culture. The life of the migrants as seemed that their homes are destroyed by the terrorist yet the life has not been seemed to be more prefects and conscious. Harvey and Jameson say that the emergence of the technology has make the people closer yet the life is seemed to be abandoned from the standardization where the life standards are not true. The emergence of the technology has let human to be thought and prey of the fashion yet the emergence of the terrorism has let towards the destruction of the society where the lifeless feelings are there. The use of modern technologies, as in the novel, show that the human life is fully disturbed and the actions of the humans are dependent on the technological situation being portrayed in the life of the humans as well. New cultural elements and inclinations allow humans to be combined into a cohesive system. Things that are significant in this regard alter areas of life and concerns of life in which life appears to be completely reliant on a situation where the incorrect use of technology and other grievances have led to the destruction and destruction of the while element of life. Human thoughts appear to be reliant on technology rather than the physical qualities that appear to be required to exist under the constraints of tradition and circumstance. Immigration is defined as the act of leaving one's own country and adopting a new one; however, in this case, the father is allowing his son to adopt new traditions and culture, allowing for a calm life rather than one marked by culture and other factors. Though the dominancy of the western culture in the age of global technology has absorbed the minds of the people but at the later age, people like to be proud of their own identity and culture. Human life is not given important due to spread of the technology while the invasion of the fashion and the use of technology has made the minds of the people changed and they like to be part of the global fashion industry despite the things are contradictive for them, which cannot be easily adapted. Global capitalism has influenced the thinking of the people and the people who leave their country for the sake of safety and freedom, has to adopt the foreign culture which is invasion on them as well. Identity is challenged and the ethnicity cannot be changed even the global technology has tried to reduce the distances as well. New fashion industry and the global technology invasion have nothing to do with the eastern culture while the modernization has let the human to the state of global fashion adoption, which is basically of west. Thought name is labeled as Postmodernism in which own culture is idealized yet the inner the ideology is of the westernization. The immigrants have to live under the global fashion and had to adopt the global capitalist thoughts. Own identity and the culture is challenged and the no restriction and the resistance cane be produced in this regard. Love for past and the adoption of the new-fashioned culture produce the turbulence in the minds of the people. The part of life in which the elements of life spam are taken and retrieved is known as split identity. The feelings of modernity and the feelings of ethnic core issues are heavily covered in Postmodernism's core theme of life issues. The novel represents affection for the past because the past is the timeless and deep matter of humanity in which they had to live. According to Jameson, global trends allow us to avoid the past, and new memories are adopted as fusion as well. These could be weird in cases where the living elements appear to be obfuscating and provocative in a number of ways. The characters' thinking is still trapped in the past, with the characters attempting to forget about their prior culture and race. The relationship without marriage is illegal in eastern and own ethnicity, but the feelings are the same for Nadia by Saeed, which motions the following of the global fashion industry, but the mental turbulence is present when the woman's freedom allows the man to be involved in love, and these feelings are mostly shared by more men. Saeed's inner turmoil has been reflected in his inner feelings as her ex-girlfriend has been participated in the love making but has not been a part of the person. Postmodernism is the other name of modernism in which the western culture is prominent and no influence of the eastern culture is recorded. Postmodernism does not stand for the Hybridity of the culture yet it stands for the western culture adoption and the immigrants have to adopt it at any cost. Immigrants lost their color yet identity remains labeled to them. 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