Monika Kumar

Discuss whether memory is not one function but several different functions. 1. Palombo DJ, Te AA, Checknita KJ, Madan CR. 2021. Exploring the Facets of Emotional Episodic Memory: Remembering “What”, “When”, and “Which”. Psychological Science, vol. 32, no. 7, pp-. Palombo, Te and Checknita are from Department of Psychology at British Columbia, Madan is from Department of Psychology, Nottingham. They defined diverse facets of emotional episodic memory. This article was selected as it defines how emotions influence memory of the individual. Evidently, memories differ in quality and also relies on the events; however, emotion plays an imperative role in episodic memory. Emotions can potentially dampen memory for contextual and peripheral information. The study laid emphasis on the temporal context of the memory and observed if emotions could impair memory for the occurrence of any event. The study involved 116 adults, they were subjected to watch a video encompassing neutral and negative images. The study showed that emotion enriched and impaired memory for “which” and “what”. For “when” emotion was related with boosted accuracy. Observation reveals that most easily recalled and impactful memories are highly emotional as well as carry greater meaning to a person’s life. The participants were questioned about “what” was apparent to them, in “which” spatial situation and “when” they have glimpsed. The study illustrates a number of findings- for “what” the participants retained negative images better compared to the neutral ones as well as displayed aninclination to recommend emotional stuffs as old, emotions heightened compassion and bias. Another finding associated with “which” component, highlighted that negative emotion encumbered associative memory. The literature concerning emotion and temporal memory is inadequate compared to other aspects of emotional episodic memory. The findings of this study support the perspective that emotion diminish temporal memory. Further the study illustrates that negative emotion did not influence precision, but alter responses of participants. In neutral condition,temporal judgment was made by participants. The temporal memory encompasses a hippocampal binding mechanism responsible for distorted temporal-context memory related to emotional content. The findings in this study define that emotion does not hamper hippocampal binding. This study was considered as it highlights a different aspect of memory, the temporal memory, which is accountable for generating as well as preserving long-term as well as conscious memory. Temporal memory play role an imperative role in visual aspects and in sound processing, it is imperative for language recognition and also for object recognition. It is therefore, the study emphasised on the temporal context with the generation of emotions when visual aids of negative and neutral pictures were shown. Hippocampus is a part of temporal lobe that is implicated in memory formation. Thus, memory is an intricate process that involves diverse domains of the brain and under different set of situations, emotions of an individual are different which at times leaves lasting implications in the psychological development of the individual. A good frame or portrayal influences positive emotions while negative depictions are responsible for poor emotional development. It could be concluded that for appropriate psychological development and emotional wellbeing it is essential to have good temporal coordination, which aids in enhancing memory as implicated in this study. The three Ws- “what”, “which” and “when” as discussed in the study influence memory in various aspects. Good surroundings and pictorial representations do carry positive emotional implications and thus aids in better cognition. Thus, memory is not just one function but it is an amalgamation of different functions. 2. Donato F, Alberini CM, Amso D, Dragoi G, Dranovsky A, Newcombe NS. 2021. The Ontogeny of Hippocampus-Dependent Memories. J Neurosci, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 920-926. Donato belongs to University of Basel, Switzerland; Alberini, belongs to Center for Neural Science New York University, Amso is from Department of Psychology, Columbia University, Dragoi is from Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Yale University while Newombe belongs to Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University. The article provides an in-depth understanding about the Hippocampus-dependent Memories another multidomain aspects of memory. Since the authors are from the field of Neuroscience and Psychology, article is published in Journal of Neuroscience bearing good ranking and it is a perfect amalgamation of psychology and neuro-biological development concerning memory. The research article is selected as it highlights that memory is a unification of diverse functions. To authenticate this, the article compared memory functions at infant stage to the adult stage. The article highlights that the formation of memories containing information about a particular time as well as place of acquisition designated as autobiographical or episodic memories entrusts on hippocampus and on diverse interconnected structures present on medial temporal lobe. Adults are capable of retaining very few memories of their infancy and is called hippocampus-dependent memory system or episodic memory. Research evidence reveals that infant hippocampus is capable of generating long-lasting memories even when the circuitry is not mature. Moreover, the potential to attain and store infant memories entrusts on molecular pathways along with network-based activity dynamics dissimilar from the adult system maturing with the progression of age. Further, the article limits that the procedure underlying the development of hippocampus-dependent memories during infant stage as well as the role exerted by experience in endorsing the maturation of the hippocampus-dependent memory system needs more understanding. The article discusses an understanding for the ontogeny as well as the biological connections of hippocampus dependent memories. Infant brain is regarded as an immature version of an adult brain; however, infant brain possesses remarkable potential for learning and plasticity and wires sophisticated cognitive procedures. Adults retain a little memory of incidence that took place in their first year, besides that such events shape their developmental processes. Additionally, psychology-based hypothesis illustrates that swift forgetting of childhood instances is instigated by absence of advanced cognitive constructs. Enhanced rate of neurogenesis during postnatal hippocampus contributed to rapid forgetting of memories created during infancy, decrease in neurogenesis after acquisition of memory enhance the endurance of hippocampus-dependent memory. The article explains that brain is gifted with distinct memory systems, differing in their rules of operation and neurobiological substrates with distinct systems for the creationof explicit orasserting and implicit or with procedural memories. The hippocampal network encompasses diverse interconnected areas, which are connected by means of multiple routes either directly or indirectly. Neuronal activity in these areas is moderated by orientation in space or elapsed time and aids in generating cognitive experience map for the creation of semantic and episodic memories. The article further explains various theories elucidating that hippocampal network delivers a spatiotemporal context to episodic incidence.Hippocampus is imperative for the relational binding of spatial position and incidences into spatial and mental routes and memory incidents. Memories are considered to be formed in several stages.Episodic aversive memory is framed in infancy during infancy, regardless not being expressed at the behavioral level. The review highlights that the developing hippocampus is involved in memory and learning process during the infancy stage. Further, memories generated by infant hippocampus count onmolecular pathways as well as network-based activity dynamics, these are known to be dissimilar from those functioning during childhood. The review highlights that the hippocampus endures an evolving critical phase for learning to learn. During early development, the influence on infant memories is directly correlated with the cognitive function in later stages of life. The article links the molecular responses persuaded by learning to the appearance of coordinated firing patterns in the process of hippocampal development. The article further illustrates that ontogeny of hippocampus-dependent recalls could be helpful in opening new domains of thinking concerning brain development and functioning. The article is helpful in understanding the treatment of neurological disorder or other developmental disorders concerning memory. The article explains that memory is not a single function but it is a multifaceted function. 3. Romeo T, Otgaar H, Smeets T, Landstrom S, Boerboom D. 2019. The impact of lying about a traumatic virtual reality experience on memory. Memory & Cognition, vol. 47, pp. 485-495. The authors are from the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Forensic Psychology Section, therefore, they provided detailed account of memory condition under actual witnessed condition and when the participants were forced to formulate the condition. The article was published in Memory and Cognition, which holds weightage in psychological studies. This article was taken into consideration as it defines the impact of specific fraudulent strategies such as false denial on memory. The article details the experiment carried out with 94 participants; they were shown a traumatic virtual reality video (VRV) of a plane crash. The participants had to select an option to cope with the stress as displayed on VR scene, these options are- falsely denied, tell the truth or fabricate. 81 participants opted to state the truth, a few of these truth tellers were asked to falsely deny having perceived certain facts. After a week the participants were asked if they remembered talking about details and if they remembered observing details during VR experience. This time, participants had to speak the truth, however, the participants instructed to falsely deny showed impaired memory or a denial-induced forgetting. The experiment concluded that false denials can have undesirableconsequences regarding memory perceived or discussed. The article was selected as it discusses various situations where people lie either due to circumstances or forcefully in order to cope with the bitter experiences and victimizations such as sexual abuse, sexual offending and child sexual abuse (CSA) where denials act as coping tools. CSA victims may fabricate another explanation either to save themselves or to protect themselves from the social stigma. Noteworthily, fabrication and lies impact memory owing to limited knowledge. This has lasting implications on memory of the individuals. The motive of the study was to understand memory effects in individuals who intend to speak the truth but are forced to adapt another cognitive strategy. The study defines that diverse lie are responsible for exerting different impact on memory. For instance, deception is responsible for cognitive resources than honesty as a result, false denials devoid of rehearsal of event, tend to forget the lied-upon event. On applying fabrication of event, fresh details are formulated which could become mis-remembered afterwards. The study is an indicative of another aspect of memory where it is explained how fabrication of events and lying influence memory. The study concludes that denials impair memory in a negative aspect. Lying may damage memory and generate a state of confusion. Thus, memory is not governed by one aspect but it is controlled by diverse aspects including surroundings and forceful denials. An individual perceives a certain set of information and this piece of data remains in the memory for certain interval or may become lasting if it leaves an impact. However, if someone tries to distort this set of information, by means of imposed fabrication, then there is a possibility of mis-interpretation of information ever time if not rehearsed appropriately since this fabricated information remains in working memory, while the original perceived information remains in long-term memory. Working memory accommodates limited information on temporary basis in the accessible format to utilize it for diverse cognitive tasks. Working memory works well to retrieve instant information but to process this information in long-term memory, it needs to be recalled again and again. This set of memory is utilized by learners and students and also by those who have to memorize certain set of information for instant retrieval. However, long-term memory retains the information for longer duration or even for the lifetime. Thus, memory works in a multifaceted manner and not controlled by single path. 4. Cowan N. 2017. Mental Objects in Working Memory: Development of Basic Capacity of Cognitive Completion? Adv Child Dev Behav, vol. 52, pp. 81-104. The author belongs to the Department of Psychological Sciences, Columbia and the article is published in Adv Child Dev. Behav, which holds weightage in the study of psychology. The article emphasises on the working memory and therefore of higher relevance in the present study. This article deals with the working memory used to perform cognitive processes encompassing language production and comprehension, problem solving skills as well as decision making power. The article aims to understand cognitive development and if working memory enhances in aptitude with the development, further the article emphasise that came test cannot be used form infancy to adulthood. Thus, the article lays emphasis on different aspects of mind encompassing developmental augmentation in the number of working memory inserts. The article explains that there is an implication concerning brain development that cognitive progress cannot be attributed to increasing knowledge across ages, however, knowledge expansion is passableto elucidate the evolutionof the mind. Study reveals that younger children possess slower speed for processing compared to the older ones or young adults, which is depicted in diverse ways in working memory. One of the most basic investigated developmental changes in working memory encompass application of diverse strategies to perform a definite task. Development enhances propensity to verbalise items, it enhances speed to name and identify or recite. Articulation could be repressed by means of repetition of word inexhibition of items to be remembered or at the retention interval.The article suggested that rehearsal is not accountable for capacity findings. The article discusses that the process of development is intricate to decipher and many aspects of development co-occur. Developmental factors encompass knowledge, encoding, attention allocation, efficiency and utilization of covert rehearsals. The article discusses that infants attain ability to retain three items in their working memory. the current state of affairs. Thus, memory is not simply a mainstream purpose of maintaining data processed by any motive but an amalgamation of diverse tasks and thus cannot be controlled by one factor but it is a combination of diverse factors which keep it in its form failing to do so leads to poor retention and cognition. 5. Raymundi AM, da Silva TR, Sohn JMB, Bertoglio LJ, Stern CA. 2020. Effects of (9)-tetrahydrocannabinol on aversive memories and anxiety: a review from human studies. BMC Psychiatry, vol. 20 no. 1, pp 420. The authors are from department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Parana Brazil. The article is published in British Medical Committee Psychiatry and therefore, it is perfect one to study impact of drug interaction on developing memories and to study the impact of lying on temporary and permanent memory. This article is taken into consideration to highlight how intense and long-lasting memories are formed following threatening or stressful events, these events are responsible for triggering the development of PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder). An inappropriate behaviour encompassing fear-related response even in non-risky situation is also recurrent together with nightmares, intrusive thoughts. In order to suppress the expression of such behaviour and to overcome traumatic and aversive memory, fear extinction is carried out. The process demands activity as well as plasticity in various interconnected brain domains.Particular PTSD psychotherapies involve extinction learning, however, patients present extinction impairment in the form of hypofunctional hippocampus. along with hypoactive vmPFC, amygdala and hyperactive dACC. Memory is altered by using dronabinol in humans for aversive memory extinction, which activates CB1 receptors, crucial in memory extinction for fear. THC (Δ9Tetrahydrocannainol)accelerates extinction accomplishmentwhile CBD(cannabidol) initiates recall. The article illustrates that THC, nabilone and dronabinol could potentially deal with insomnia, hyperarousal symptoms, anxiety and fear extinction concerned with PTSD. Further, the study establishes that low doses of THC is required to initiate fear memory extinction when given to healthy volunteers, low dose is also effective in reducing anxiety responses in patients with anxiety and PTSD individuals. It is evident that low dose does not initiate any psychotic effects. Memory of fear is dampened by these drugs however, this aspect of memory is suppressed as long as the individual is under the influence of medication. Symptoms may onset with the withdrawal of medication. On the other hand, high dose of THC may not help in overcoming extinction of fear memory, but may be associated with anxiogenic as well as psychotic effects in healthy volunteers. The study highlights the authentication of data with animal studies. Not much research has been carried out where PTSD patients use THC alone and CBD for aversive memory extinction as well as reconsolidation. Much research is done on acute impact of THC or THC and CBD together, as a result it is not established if chronic treatment is advantageous in PTSD treatment. The article is taken into account as it explains how drugs influence memory and how low doses keep the fear and anxiety under control while high doses may bring psychotic behaviour. Consequently, human studies have designated a suitable dose to influence the memory in a controlled manner, the dose does not worsen symptoms of PTSD nor it reinforces aversive memories post medication with THC. Moreover, smoked dose of THC generates greater propensity of concentration in blood compared to oral administration indicating that anxiogenic impact would be more recurrent in such individuals. This drug induced behaviour opens a new paradigm of memory. Under the influence of drugs, a person is not able to concentrate and there occurs loss of memory. Attention is one of the chief aspects required for normal living, any alteration in attention may enormously affect thelife of an individual. Frequent use of drugs may induce an abusive behaviour which may cause memory loss owing to lack of neuronal connections. Although the article emphasises on taking low dose of THC to deal with PTSD and other anxiety related symptoms but it is also essential to understand the adverse reactions associated with the drug. Considering this aspect, it is essential to deal with such individuals using psychological means where an environment is created in a way that individual tends to fade away poor thoughts from mind and nurture creative thoughts. Memory is not a single wired entity but it is a combination of diverse wires, therefore switching over from one scenario to other may aid in fading away past memories to some extent but by witnessing same situation that stimulates anxiety may hamper the appropriate cognition. All these resources highlight the fact that memory is not just a facet of one parameter but it encompasses diverse parameters which are yet to be discovered.