Joshua Mokaya

 NAME PROFESSOR INSTITUTION DATE Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development outlines eight stages, each characterized by a central conflict that influences psychological growth throughout life. This paper will discuss two pivotal stages—Initiative vs. Guilt and Identity vs. Role Confusion—highlighting their main conflicts and characteristics. Additionally, it will compare Erikson’s theory with other developmental models. Initiative vs. Guilt (Early Childhood) The stage of Initiative vs. Guilt, occurring between ages 3 and 6, involves the conflict between taking initiative and feeling guilt. During this period, children begin to assert themselves through play and decision-making, which fosters a sense of initiative. Successful resolution of this conflict leads to confidence and autonomy. Conversely, excessive criticism or restrictive parenting can cause children to feel guilty about their actions and inhibit their ability to take initiative (Erikson, 1963). Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence) The Identity vs. Role Confusion stage, typically occurring between ages 12 and 18, centers on the adolescent’s quest for a coherent sense of self. Successful resolution of this stage results in a strong, stable identity and a clear sense of direction. In contrast, role confusion arises when adolescents struggle with their personal identity and future goals, leading to uncertainty and instability (Erikson, 1968). Key Differences from Other Developmental Theories Erikson’s theory differs significantly from other developmental theories, such as Jean Piaget’s cognitive development theory and B.F. Skinner’s behaviorism. While Piaget focuses on cognitive development through distinct stages of intellectual growth, and Skinner emphasizes behavioral conditioning, Erikson integrates social and emotional aspects into each developmental stage. Furthermore, Erikson’s model spans the entire lifespan, addressing developmental challenges from infancy through old age, unlike theories that predominantly focus on childhood (Hoare, 2002). References Erikson, E. H. (1963). Youth: Change and challenge. Basic Books. Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. W. W. Norton & Company. Hoare, C. H. (2002). Erikson on development in adulthood: New insights from the unpublished papers. Oxford University Press.