Jacob Kostecki

AI Gaming WhitePaper Version: 1.0 “Anything that could give rise to smarter-than-human intelligence—in the form of Artificial Intelligence, brain-computer interfaces, or neuroscience-based human intelligence enhancement - wins hands down beyond contest as doing the most to change the world. Nothing else is even in the same league.” - Eliezer Yudkowsky 1 Executive Summary 4 History and Traction of AIGaming 5 Outline of Vision & Core Objectives 5 Opportunity 5 Market Overview: The Artificial Intelligence Industry 5 AI Industry Key Market Drivers 7 AI Employment Market 8 The AI Gaming Solution 9 Product Overview 9 Education 11 Branded Competitions 11 Crowdsourcing 12 Recruitment 12 Bot-to-Bot Transactions 13 Summary 13 AI Developer Benefits 13 Crowdsourcing Scenario 14 Developer Scenario 14 Customer Scenario 15 Current Traction TECHNOLOGY Assessment of the asset and network. 15 15 The AIG Technological Ecosystem 15 Blockchain - As An Enabler of Development Interoperability 16 Platform 16 Roadmap 18 At-A-Glance Token Information 19 Legal Compliance & Obligations Team 20 20 Founders and Leadership 20 Engineering 20 Business & Operations 20 2 Specialized Knowledge and Key People Toby Halloran 20 Advisors and Partners 20 Legal Representation 21 3 Executive Summary Once relegated to purely the academic realm, advances in hardware and software technologies have created distinct opportunities for the widespread use of artificially intelligent (AI) systems. Yet, AI requires a level of technological expertise and complexity that commands a highly specialized skillset. As such, there is currently a high demand for AI experts as businesses both large and small clamor to maintain a leading technological edge. AI Gaming (​https://aigaming.com/​) is proposing the transition of our current system to a blockchain-based platform, whereby AI novices can achieve a high level of expertise and certify their skillset. Furthermore, businesses searching for AI talent will have a readily available pool of AI developers who’ve demonstrated proficiency within the speciality they are targeting, e.g., image processing, natural language process (NLP), robotics, etc. Through AI gaming and developer competitions, AI novices and experts can sharpen their skills and connect with enterprise organizations in dire need of their skillset. AI Gaming’s current non-blockchain platform consists of 7,000 participants who’ve competed in over one million AI challenges. By layering additional incentives via our AI Gaming Coin (AIGC) token, AI Gaming is in a prime position to be the market leader for AI education, swift AI development, and a crowdsourced platform for finding highly sought after AI developers. Furthermore, we have identified various area where crowdsourcing of AI development would be beneficial and had initial discussions with several crowdsourcing customers. Typical usage falls into the categories of optimisation, prediction and recognition, examples include: ● Fresh food sales level prediction ● Recognition of license plates from poor quality CCTV images ● Identification of scalpers' (touts) bots purchasing concert tickets online AI development expertise is a scarce and increasingly sought after skillset. AI Gaming is building the world's largest community of AI developers via its education and gaming platform. Developers are incentivised to learn and exercise AI development skills by receiving small rewards of cryptocurrency (currently bitcoin). Customers can crowdsource their problems to our developer community and users can opt into a recruitment system to match them with suitable employers. 4 We propose to replace bitcoin on our site with a new cryptocurrency which will add numerous additional benefits leveraging the power of blockchain technology. History and Traction of AIGaming Founded 2016 in Oxford, United Kingdom, AIgaming.com offers an innovative approach to build a community of AI developers sourced from both the top Universities around the world and the AI community at large through a platform that allows AI developers to build computer programs - also known as bots, that compete in games and gamified real world challenges, where the winning developer receives bitcoin. The AI Gaming platform is already in place and has attracted over 7,000 users who have entered over 1m challenges. The platform ultimately aims offer developer services out to customers with problems that can be solved effectively by AI, such as those of optimisation, prediction and recognition. Outline of Vision & Core Objectives ● ● ● ● ● Education of the next generation of AI developers Crowdsourcing of AI solutions to real world problems Democratising access to customers of AI services Helping employers and candidates in machine learning and AI find each other Helping companies market their products to machine learning enthusiasts Opportunity AI programming is wasted by being locked into gated datastores. If it were placed on a blockchain where it could be accessed, shared and borrowed both by human programmers as well as through smart contracts, its value and use could be multiplied exponentially. Peer to peer transfers require a platform. The advent of blockchain technology offers the transfer of title and record permissions and activity logs so as to track the flow of goods (e.g. code) and services (e.g. programmers time) between individuals, businesses and across borders. Market Overview: ​The Artificial Intelligence Industry The world of Artificial Intelligence got its start and for decades remained confined to the academic realm. Indeed, the term Artificial Intelligence (AI) officially surfaced at an academic conference in 1956 where it was coined by the American cognitive and 5 computer scientist John McCarthy.1 In the 21st century, AI has gained traction beyond academia, predicated by a combination of economic factors and bolstered by a new era of advanced technologies including: ● Increased machine computational capacity via improved hardware capabilities (CPU, GPU, ASIC, and FPGA), storage capacity, and parallel processing; 2 ● Refinement of machine learning and deep learning algorithms; ● Massive influx of available data via Web 2.0 and, eventually, Web 3.0 which greatly influenced the rise of Big Data. The intense media and marketing attention surrounding AI is often driven by the misunderstanding as to the true complexity of creating and deploying “thinking machines.” Within AI there exists debate as to the true meaning of what a “thinking machine” is and does. But, this is overshadowed by the industrial push towards implementing AI for the purpose of self-driving our cars, constructing “smart” cities, detecting and finding a solution for potential fraud, performing autonomous functions in jobs that are dangerous to humans, and learning our emotional or physiological patterns for early diagnosis of life threatening symptoms. With this in mind, the AI industry is expected to have a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 52% over the next eight years and generate a cumulative revenue of $58 billion by 2025.3 Clearly, the AI market will continue to expand at a quick pace over the next seven years. This will also lead to an increased demand for AI experts as a wide variety of industries begin to leverage the technology to improve existing automated processes or implement new AI systems that fully automate both basic and more complex tasks that, in prior history, only human labor was able to perform. 1 Smith, C. (2006). The History of Artificial Intelligence: Introduction. Available at: https://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/csep590/06au/projects/history-ai.pdf 2 Grand View Research. (2017). Artificial Intelligence Market Analysis. Available at: https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/artificial-intelligence-ai-market 3 Grand View Research. (2017). Artificial Intelligence Market Size To Reach $ 35,870 Million By 2025. Available at: ​https://www.grandviewresearch.com/press-release/global-artificial-intelligence-ai-market 6 Worldwide AI Revenues 2016 to 2025 (In USD Billions)4 AI Industry Key Market Drivers ● Consistent evolution of new and advanced artificial intelligence. ● Rising adoption of artificial intelligence across different verticals of end-use industries. ● Heavy investments towards the development and applications for artificial intelligence by industry giants.5 ● Algorithms and access to tools: algorithms like deep learning and its hierarchical pattern recognition are stepping in as a major driver of AI adoption. With software like RStudio and Sentient, companies who would never have thought about getting into AI suddenly can. ● The influx of human talent is as critical to the AI equation as the leaps being made in both hardware, and algorithms. This is clearly indicated by the number 4 Statista. (2018). Revenues from the artificial intelligence (AI) market worldwide, from 2016 to 2025 (in million U.S. dollars). Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/607716/worldwide-artificial-intelligence-market-revenues/ 5 Business Wire. (2017). Global Artificial Intelligence Market-. Available at: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/-/en/Global-Artificial-Intelligence-Market-2017 -2025---Growth 7 ● ● ● ● ● of AI startups that have come about in recent years in which talent was the primary driver for their rise. Artificial intelligence (AI) can transform the productivity and GDP potential of the global economy. Strategic investment in different types of AI technology is needed to make that happen. Labour productivity improvements will drive initial GDP gains as firms seek to "augment" the productivity of their labour force with AI technologies and to automate some tasks and roles. PWC research shows that 45% of total economic gains by 2030 will come from product enhancements, stimulating consumer demand. This is because AI will drive greater product variety, with increased personalisation, attractiveness and affordability over time. The greatest economic gains from AI will be in China (26% boost to GDP in 2030) and North America (14.5% boost), equivalent to a total of $10.7 trillion and accounting for almost 70% of the global economic impact. Intellectual Property: Machine learning patents grew at a 34% Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) between 2013 and 2017, the third-fastest growing category of all patents granted.6 7 AI Employment Market The demand for AI talent is fierce and academia is often the target of technological behemoths, such as Google, who “poach” AI developers and professors from Ivy League and other high ranking schools.8 Lured by six figure salaries, with some 6 https://www.forbes.com/sites/louiscolumbus/2018/02/18/roundup-of-machine-learning-forecasts-and-mark et-estimates-2018/#311c1fd52225 7 ​https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/data-and-analytics/publications/artificial-intelligence-study.html 8 Mizroch, A. (2015). Artificial-Intelligence Experts Are in High Demand. Wall Street Journal. Available at: https://www.wsj.com/article_email/artificial-intelligence-experts-are-in-high-demand--lMyQjAx MTA1MzA2MTMwNTEyWj 8 companies offering between $300,000 and $500,000 annually,9 it’s little wonder that the likes of Baidu, Amazon, and Microsoft are successful in enticing academics to leave their lofty university positions. However, according to The Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) small to medium sized businesses (SMBs) comprise over 95% of the total number of enterprises that represent the 35 nations who are members of the organisation.10 11 Furthermore, SMBs employ 60% to 70% of the working population within those same nations.12 The AI Gaming Solution As discussed, AI development expertise is a scarce and increasingly sought after skillset. AI Gaming is building the world's largest community of AI developers via its education and gaming platform AI Gaming (https://aigaming.com/). Developers are incentivised to learn and exercise AI development skills by receiving small rewards of cryptocurrency (currently bitcoin). Product Overview 9 Metz, C. (2017). Tech Giants are Paying Huge Salaries for Scarce AI Talent. The New York Times. Available at: ​https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/22/technology/artificial-intelligence-experts-salaries.html 10 OECD. (2000). Small and Medium-sized Enterprises: Local Strength, Global Reach. Available at: http://www.oecd.org/cfe/leed/-.pdf 11 Eurostat. (2015). Statistics on small and medium-sized enterprises. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Statistics_on_small_and_medium-sized_enterp rises 12 OECD. (2000). Small and Medium-sized Enterprises: Local Strength, Global Reach. Available at: http://www.oecd.org/cfe/leed/-.pdf 9 10 Education Education - Students are rewarded for taking AI Gaming courses. For each step a student complete towards completing one of our certificates, the company will reward them with a small amount of AIG coin. Their submitted code and results will be stored in the blockchain so that their progress will be available in an immutable form for future use by recruitment agencies or so they can prove their competence to crowdsourcing customers. AI Gaming’s reward-based education system is positioned to help fill the existing gap between the industry demand for excellent AI devs. Supporting the high demand for AI developers is the global machine learning courses market, which is projected to be worth $8.71 billion by 2021.13 Machine learning is a fundamental educational precept for successfully constructing and deploying an AI system. Therefore, the market potential for machine learning education is distinctly present. Branded Competitions AI Gaming runs regular physical and virtual hackathons where users can play challenges in a fun competitive environment, win prizes, and meet interesting sponsors. Prizes will include amounts of AIGC. We run regular competitions on our site where user can win AIGC. Users are able to enter challenges ranging from two player games to multiplayer tournaments and use AIGC as their stake and receive AIGC as their reward. The AIGC token will be both their stake and reward. Challenges range from popular games such as battleships, which we offer at our regular outreach events to build our community, to real world challenges which encourage them to develop skills they can use on our crowdsourcing platform. To clarify, AI Gaming is not a gambling site: only skill games and challenges are supported on our platform. By having bots created by AI devs play for small amounts of 13 Business Wire. (2017). Machine Learning Courses Market - Trends and Forecasts by Technavio. Available at: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/-/en/Machine-Learning-Courses-Market---Tre nds-Forecasts 11 cryptocurrency, we notice a specific change in performance versus using worthless points. Results of challenges will be stored in an immutable form in the blockchain, allowing recruiters and crowdsourcing customers to reflect a reliable view of a user's prior performance, progress, and present knowledge-set. All code running on AI Gaming platform stores code signatures to ensure security, accuracy and efficiency. Crowdsourcing Users who have reached a certain level of certification are invited to participate in the crowdsourcing system. AI Gaming works with customers to gamify their real world problems. These are offered to the bot network as a challenge that they can play competitively among themselves, inherently encouraging them to improve their performance. Customers will then be able to send queries to an API provided by AI Gaming and connected bots will respond with results. The customer will optionally be able to specify which individual bots can respond, or filter bots on such factors as experience or feedback. The results will be processed and presented to the customer. The customer will be able to respond with feedback on the quality of the results. Bot participation, signatures of their input and output, and customer feedback will all be written to the blockchain. If the bot code is run on the AI Gaming platform, as would be the case for confidential data, the signature of the code is also written to the blockchain, allowing future customers to confirm that the same code was used while still protecting users' IP. Users are rewarded for crowdsourcing participation via AIGC which is paid by the customer. Using a cryptocurrency democratises the AI development industry by allowing programmers from around the world to be rewarded directly for their performance, irrespective of location or other factors. Recruitment As mentioned previously, the users’ educational progress will be recorded on the blockchain. Additionally, users will be able to opt in to our recruitment system and choose to show their educational, competition and crowdsourcing performance to employers or recruitment agencies. Recruiters will pay small amounts of AIGC to users to have access to their data as part of their recruitment process. 12 Bot-to-Bot Transactions Bots may use services supplied by other bots. Bots may offer their services via an online marketplace where developers may choose to contract with a third party bot that specializes in a particular function, i.e., recognizing number plates. AIGC would be used to pay for these services. Summary Notably, the AI Gaming blockchain is not only a decentralised store of user balances, but also of bot performance. A set of open standards will allow other platforms similar to AI Gaming to be created by third parties. We provide a fun environment for playing games while improving AI development skills. At the moment, games are played for small stakes of satoshi. But, subsequent to the ICO launch, AIGC will be used. We offer online courses and accreditation to users which they can put on their CV or LinkedIn profiles. AI Developer Benefits Qualified users who have achieved a certain level of certification, they can participate in our crowdsourcing system where they will earn AIGC. We offer a convenient, non-spammy way for them to connect with employers and demonstrate their skills and coding techniques. 13 Crowdsourcing Scenario The customer has a requirement to identify the correct number plate given a poor quality image and a list of potential values. An example might be a police force wanting to build a witness list where the only available imagery is CCTV footage from stores adjacent to a road. The images may not be human readable, they may be partially obscured, out of focus, etc. The list of potential number plates may be the entirety of vehicles on the road or a much smaller list ; for example, one built from a bridge camera near the point the image was captured: YP64 ORX, OU55 FZZ, PE21 ERX, etc. Summarily, our bot network participates in three stages: 1. Training data is made available to developers so that they can develop their bot code offline if they wish. 2. The challenge is made available at aigaming.com in a gamified form, and our users' bots continually play the game and improve in this competitive environment. 3. An API is provided to the customer. When they have a requirement to identify one or more number plates, they call the API and a micropayment is billed. Developer Scenario Alice signs up on the AI Gaming platform and receives a small amount of AIGC for doing so. She would then complete Certificate 0 (our certificate which just gets the user to exercise all the features of the website). For each step she completes, she will receive additional small amounts of AIGC. She could then develop a bot to play one of our challenges and compete against other bots on the system to potentially win more AIGC. She could also enter competitions and win more AIGC. Alice will then be incentivised to complete further certificates, each of which will be rewarded with additional small amounts of coin. Once she has completed Certificate 4, she is qualified to participate in crowdsourcing and can then earn more AIGC. At any point, she can transfer her account balance out to a third party wallet, and/or sell her AIGC on an exchange. 14 Customer Scenario Our customer scenario is a straightforward and easy process. To illustrate, if they have an image of a vehicle with a number plate which is too difficult for a human to read, they call our API with the image and a list of possible solutions. Next, they receive back a list of top rated solutions with confidence values. From that point, they can choose which solution is optimal and send the developer AIGC​. Current Traction With an existing platform in place, there are several milestones AI Gaming has already reached within the context of launching AI Gaming and the AIGC: ● 1.1m challenges completed by 7000 registered users. ● Microsoft has become the first company to brand one of our challenges and is supplying prizes for a launch competition and sponsoring a real world hackathon. ● Successful completion of 4 hackathon events and received sponsorship from Bloomberg, TPP, RS Components and others. We have 10 additional hackathons planned for 2018. ● We are presenting a lecture course at Exeter College, Oxford University to form the basis of AI Gaming’s first certificate and MOOC. ● We have reached the second round of the $5 million IBM Watson AI XPRIZE, one of only 59 teams remaining in the process from an original 156 entrants and one of only 3 UK teams remaining. ● Facebook post reach is 200,000 pcm, with 8000 followers. ● 5 games or challenges live with 10 on our test platform. ● Development of the platform to date has been achieved by investment of 600,000 GBP from private investors. ● We have identified various area where crowdsourcing of AI development would be beneficial and had initial discussions with several crowdsourcing customers. TECHNOLOGY​ Assessment of the asset and network. The AIG Technological Ecosystem Given the Ethereum’s robust smart contract protocol using the Ethereum Virtual Machine (Turing-complete)​ and the flexibility of building decentralized applications (dApps) on top of the blockchain system, Ethereum is our blockchain of choice for AI Gaming. Additionally, the ERC20 standardized token, a digital asset which can be used to represent any type of underlying asset such as gold, proprietary data, stocks, etc., is fungible, well established, and easy to implement. Certainly, we are aware that blockchain systems continually evolving. As 15 such, we will continue to monitor each of the next generation blockchain systems to determine whether it is feasible and warranted to continue forward with Ethereum or migrate to another blockchain. Blockchain​ - As An Enabler of Development Interoperability When combined with blockchain, machine learning and AI present a great opportunity to improve security, productivity and efficiency in a variety of sectors. Education​ - we pay our users in AIGC for each step they take towards earning a certificate ("earn while you learn"). Their progress is recorded in the blockchain. For example, a particular step in a certificate may be to use some technique that they have recently learned to play against a house bot. Their results, including what percentile they are within their peers, would be stored immutably in the blockchain for later review by recruiters or crowdsourcing customers. Quality (of your programmers) is ensured by the blockchain. Competitions​ - users pay entry fees in AIGC for competitions and winners receive payouts in AIGC. Their results are stored in the blockchain. The irreversibility, transparency and of records, bolstered by computational algorithms and approaches are deployed to ensure that the recording on the database is permanent, chronologically ordered, and available to all others on the network, thus ensuring integrity Crowdsourcing​ - customers use AIGC to pay users who participate in crowdsourcing their problems, and the signature of the user's code. Their results and feedback from the customer are all stored in the blockchain. Crowdsourcing customers have access to a browser that shows them the user's educational, competition and crowdsourcing history, so they can decide which users they allow to work on their problem. Transactions are tied to computational logic and in essence, programmable. As such, users can create algorithms and rules that automatically trigger transactions between nodes on the blockchain, in the case of crowdsourcing, this feature becomes a major factor in allowing participants to sort through other members skillsets, finding programmatic matches for their specific needs and thereby obtain optimal solutions. Platform Ethereum 16 Ethereum strives to be the platform for DApps and to date has largely accomplishing this goal, owning the DApp market right now. The roadmap is focused on giving users and developers more control and more options in developing their applications. Ethereum’s most disruptive aspect, thus far, has been the growth of “tokenized assets” being created on the Ethereum public chain to create ​incentivized ​platforms; wherein the owners of the token use that asset to interact with and utilize the platform itself - as such, Ethereum is a natural fit for AIGC. At Ethereum’s core is the EVM or “Ethereum Virtual Machine”, a decentralized computer that can execute “smart contracts” (e.g. mini-applications) which, when submitted, can run on the Ethereum public chain. Roadmap ICO Complete (April) Transition users to AIG coin Implement crowdsourcing platform Write competition results to blockchain Implement online certification system Implement online recruitment system Record certification results to the blockchain Record crowdsourcing results and feedback to blockchain Recruitment system - user history browser Bot to bot marketplace Third party integration (allow another aigaming.com style platform) 17 Integrate with other emerging AI bt marketplaces/ecosystems 18 At-A-Glance Token Information 19 Legal Compliance & Obligations Howey Test SAFT Digital Asset Framework → GDAX Team Founders and Leadership Paul McDonnell​ , Founder and Managing Director: Bsc Computing Science. Successful entrepreneur, business mentor and technical consultant. Engineering Stephen Graham​ , Director: Bsc (Hons) Computing Science. Over 20 years experience of board level management. Business & Operations Sarah Tapping​ , Technical Operations/Project Lead: BEng Computer Aided Engineering. Rolls Royce, BAE Systems, Vickers, Coventry University Specialized Knowledge and Key People Toby Halloran Stephen Everett Alina Petrova Bedour Alshaigy Chandra Prakash Oleg Minenko Advisors and Partners A​dnan Al-Khatib Tim Bukher Tom Ivings Charles Wismer Andrew Trask 20 Omer Gunes Jacob Kostecki Legal Representation Thompson Bukher LLP 21