Ibrahim Muhammad

AWARENESS ON CAUSES AND PREVENTIONS OF PERIODONTITIS AMONG YOUNG ADULTS IN KUMBOTSO L. G. A BY FIZZA SANI ABUBAKAR B/66/088/21 A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY HEALTH, EMIRATE COLLEGES OF HEALTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, KABUGA KANO, NIGERIA. IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DIPLOMA IN COMMUNITY HEALTH. SEPTEMBER, 2024 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this work is the product of my research efforts undertaken under the supervision of Mr. Muhammad Ahmad Udubo and has not been presented anywhere for the award of a degree certificate. All sources have been duly acknowledged. _______________________ FIZZA SANI ABUBAKAR B/66/088/21 APPROVAL PAGE This research project entitled “AWARENESS ON CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF PERIODONTITIS AMONG YOUNG ADULTS IN KUMBOTSO L. G. A” has been read and approved as meeting the regulation governing the award of Diploma in Community Health. _____________________________ _______________________ MR. MUHAMMAD AHMAD UDUBOSIGN & DATE (SUPERVISOR) _____________________________ _______________________ MR. MUHAMMAD AHMAD UDUBOSIGN & DATE (PROJECT COORDINATOR) _____________________________ _______________________ OWOLABI RASHIDAT O. SIGN & DATE (HEAD OF DEPARTMENT) _____________________________ _______________________ EXTERNAL SUPERVISORSIGN & DATE DEDICATION I hereby dedicate this research work to my Parents. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Surely all praise is due to Allah (S.W.A) Who endowed men and women with well-developed mental faculties, spiritual of inspiration as well as power of actions. The Beneficent, the Merciful, the Greatest, the most High, may His peace and blessings be upon the Holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) Amin. I am very grateful to Almighty Allah who granted me the opportunity, the good health and preserving lecturers, that enable me to pass through the memorable period of the course successfully. I hereby specially thanks and acknowledge with gratitude and respect, the guidance, encouragement and contributions given to me by supervisor in person of Mr. Muhammad Ahmad Odibo, who spared his time despite his tight engagements and attended to me in more ways than one throughout the period of my research work and Rashidat O. Owolabi May Allah reward them abundantly and continue to help them in all their affairs, Ameen. My immensurable gratitude goes to my parents and families for their cares, motivating, prayers, supports and encouragements, both morally and financially in our academic pursuit right from early beginning up to our studies at Emirate College of Health Science and Technology, May Almighty Allah Bless them all. I also acknowledge the motivation, Care, and contribution I got from my husband Muhammad Inuwa Abdullahi (Abba), and my sister and brothers, and my son Abdullahi Muhammad (Irfan) May Allah reward them. Moreover, I cannot conclude without thanking my great and unforgettable friends and colleagues Sadiya Haruna Ahmad and Zahra Musa Muhammad who immensely contribute towards the success of my studies in one way or the other in the Emirate College of Health Science and Technology. TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page DECLARATIONii APPROVAL PAGEiii DEDICATIONiv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSv TABLE OF CONTENTSvi LIST OF TABLESviii ABSTRACTix CHAPTER ONE1 INTRODUCTION1 1.1 Background of the study1 1.2 Statement of the Problem2 1.3 Research Objectives:3 1.4 Research Questions:4 1.5 Significant of the Study4 1.6 Scope and Limitations of the Study5 1.7 Definition of the terms5 CHAPTER TWO6 LITERATURE REVIEW6 2.0 Introduction6 2.1 Conceptual Review6 2.1.1 Prevalence and Impact of Periodontitis in Young Adults6 2.2 Obstacles to Awareness and Knowledge of Periodontitis in Young Adults7 2.3 Hurdles to Accessing Dental Care and Prevention for Periodontitis8 2.4 Causes, Prevention, and Control of Periodontitis in Young Adults9 2.5 Potential Complications of Periodontitis Disease13 2.6 Prevention and Control14 2.7 Government and Organizational Efforts to Control Periodontitis17 2.7.1 Government Initiatives:17 2.7.2 Dental Organization Programs:18 2.8 Theoretical Review18 2.9 Summary of the Review20 CHAPTER THREE21 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY21 3.0 Introduction21 3.1 Research Design21 3.2 Study Area21 3.3 Population of the Study21 3.4 Sample Size Determination22 3.5 Sampling Technique22 3.6 Data Collection Instrument23 3.7 Validity and Reliability of the Instrument23 3.8 Data Collection Procedure23 3.9 Data Analysis23 CHAPTER FOUR24 RESULT AND DISCUSSION24 4.1 Introduction24 4.2 Demographics24 4.3 Research Questions25 4.4 Discussion30 CHAPTER FIVE32 SUMMARY OF MAJOR FINDINGS, LIMIJTATION OF THE STUDY, CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY32 5.1 Summary of Major Findings32 5.2 Limitation of the Study32 5.3 Conclusion33 5.4 Recommendations33 5.5 Suggestions for Further Study34 REFERENCES:35 APPENDIX I38 LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1 Age group of the respondents:24 Table 4.2 Gender:25 Table 4.3 Level of Awareness25 Table 4.4 Sources of Information27 Table 4.5 Knowledge about Periodontitis28 Table 4.6 Challenges in Accessing Dental Care29 ABSTRACT This research work entitled awareness on causes and prevention of periodontitis among young adults in Kumbotso L. G. A. The study set to achieve the following objectives; to determine the prevalence of awareness of Periodontitis among young adults in Kumbotso, L.G.A., through a survey-based approach. To identify the most common sources of information about Periodontitis utilized by young adults in the target population. To assess the level of knowledge concerning the causes and prevention of Periodontitis among young adults in Kumbotso, L.G.A., using a standardized questionnaire. To explore the perceived barriers and challenges faced by young adults in Kumbotso, L.G.A., regarding access to dental care and preventive measures related to Periodontitis. It was found that, the low awareness of periodontitis and reliance on school health programs highlight gaps in education and communication. Despite this, respondents showed strong knowledge of preventive measures. Major barriers to dental care include financial constraints and limited access to professionals. The findings underscore the need for improved public health strategies, focusing on education, affordability, and accessibility in Kumbotso L.G.A. Based on the research findings, the researcher made some recommendations, among which are: The government should expand educational initiatives beyond school settings to include community programs, social media campaigns, and collaborations with healthcare providers to improve general awareness about periodontitis and its prevention. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study Periodontitis, also known as gum disease, is a severe infection impacting the tissues and bones supporting teeth. It is a major global public health concern, posing a significant threat to oral health, particularly among young adults (Al-Zahrani et al., 2016). Studies have shown that Periodontitis is a leading cause of tooth loss and has been linked to various systemic health problems, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and even adverse pregnancy outcomes (Tsao & Yen, 2012; Beck & Offenbacher, 2008; Offenbacher et al., 1996). Despite its prevalence and potential health risks, awareness and knowledge about Periodontitis often remain limited, especially among young adults (Al-Zahrani et al., 2016). This limited awareness can have detrimental consequences, leading to delayed diagnosis, inadequate preventive measures, and ultimately, increased risk of tooth loss and associated health complications. In the context of this research project, focusing on Kumbotso, L.G.A., Nigeria, it is crucial to acknowledge specific factors that might influence young adults' awareness and knowledge of Periodontitis. Access to dental care services is often limited in many regions of Nigeria, including Kumbotso, due to a shortage of dental professionals or financial constraints faced by individuals (Owolabi et al., 2012). This limited access can significantly hinder young adults from receiving proper oral health education, preventive care, and timely diagnosis and treatment of oral health problems like Periodontitis. Cultural beliefs and practices related to oral hygiene can significantly influence how individuals perceive and address oral health issues (Al-Zahrani et al., 2016). In Kumbotso, traditional practices or a lack of emphasis on oral health within families might contribute to limited awareness and understanding of Periodontitis among young adults. The school curriculum and educational resources available in Kumbotso might not adequately address oral health topics like Periodontitis. This lack of emphasis in educational settings could leave young adults with insufficient knowledge about the disease, its causes, preventive measures, and potential health consequences. Understanding these factors and their potential influence on the awareness and knowledge of Periodontitis among young adults in Kumbotso is crucial for designing an effective research project. By investigating these factors and their interplay, this research aims to contribute valuable insights to improve oral health awareness, knowledge, and preventive practices within the community. 1.2 Statement of the Problem Periodontitis, a severe gum infection, poses a significant threat to oral health, particularly among young adults. Despite its prevalence and potential health consequences, studies suggest limited awareness and knowledge about Periodontitis, especially among this age group (Al-Zahrani et al., 2016). This lack of awareness can lead to delayed diagnosis, inadequate preventive measures, and ultimately, increased risks of tooth loss and associated health complications. In Kumbotso, L.G.A., Nigeria, this problem is likely compounded by factors like limited access to dental care, potential influence of sociocultural beliefs on oral hygiene practices, and the potential lack of emphasis on oral health education in schools (Owolabi et al., 2012; Al-Zahrani et al., 2016). These factors highlight the need to investigate the specific situation in Kumbotso to understand the level of awareness and knowledge about Periodontitis among young adults. While existing research suggests limited awareness of Periodontitis among young adults globally, there is a dearth of specific data regarding the situation in Kumbotso, L.G.A., Nigeria. Existing studies on Periodontitis awareness might not have specifically focused on Kumbotso or the young adult population in that region. While studies highlight the influence of factors like access to dental care and sociocultural beliefs, there is limited local research exploring their specific impact on Periodontitis awareness in Kumbotso. Understanding the specific knowledge gaps and challenges faced by young adults in Kumbotso regarding Periodontitis is crucial for developing targeted educational and awareness programs. Therefore, this research project aims to address the identified gap by investigating the level of awareness, knowledge, and challenges related to Periodontitis among young adults in Kumbotso, L.G.A. By addressing this gap, the research can contribute valuable insights to improve oral health awareness and preventive practices in the community. 1.3 Research Objectives: 1. To determine the prevalence of awareness of Periodontitis among young adults in Kumbotso, L.G.A., through a survey-based approach. 2. To identify the most common sources of information about Periodontitis utilized by young adults in the target population. 3. To assess the level of knowledge concerning the causes and prevention of Periodontitis among young adults in Kumbotso, L.G.A., using a standardized questionnaire. 4. To explore the perceived barriers and challenges faced by young adults in Kumbotso, L.G.A., regarding access to dental care and preventive measures related to Periodontitis. 1.4 Research Questions: 1. What is the level of awareness of Periodontitis among young adults (aged 18-35) residing in Kumbotso, L.G.A., Nigeria? 2. What are the primary sources of information about Periodontitis among young adults in Kumbotso, L.G.A.? 3. To what extent do young adults in Kumbotso, L.G.A., possess knowledge about the causes and preventive measures of Periodontitis? 4. What challenges do young adults in Kumbotso, L.G.A., face in accessing dental care or preventive measures related to Periodontitis? 1.5 Significant of the Study This research project investigating awareness, knowledge, and challenges related to Periodontitis among young adults in Kumbotso, L.G.A., Nigeria, holds significant potential benefits impacting various stakeholders such as public health, young adults in kumbotso and researchers and academics This study will improved understanding of the oral health landscape by providing valuable data on the current state of awareness and knowledge about Periodontitis among young adults in Kumbotso, this research can empower public health officials to design and implement targeted oral health education and awareness programs specifically tailored for the community's needs. This targeted approach can be highly effective in raising awareness and promoting preventive behaviors. This research has the potential to significantly increase awareness about Periodontitis among young adults in Kumbotso. By equipping them with better knowledge about the disease, its causes, and preventive measures, the research empowers young adults to make informed decisions about their oral health and take necessary steps to maintain good oral hygiene. This research contributes to the existing knowledge base regarding Periodontitis awareness and challenges faced by young adults in under-researched regions like Kumbotso. These findings can inform future research endeavors exploring similar issues in other under-represented communities and contribute to the development of more comprehensive knowledge and strategies for addressing oral health concerns in diverse populations. The findings can pave the way for further research exploring the specific sociocultural factors influencing oral health behaviors in Kumbotso. Understanding these factors is crucial for developing culturally sensitive and context-specific education and prevention programs that effectively address Periodontitis within the community. 1.6 Scope and Limitations of the Study This research project focuses on investigating the awareness, knowledge, and challenges related to Periodontitis among young adults residing in Kumbotso, L.G.A., Nigeria. The study will specifically target individuals aged 18-35 years old within this specific geographical area in Kumbotso Local Government. 1.7 Definition of the terms Periodontitis: A chronic inflammatory disease affecting the tissues and bones that support the teeth. It is caused by bacterial infection and can lead to gum bleeding, receding gums, loose teeth, and eventually tooth loss. Awareness: The state of being conscious of something, particularly something one should be aware of. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction This chapter delves into existing research on Periodontitis in young adults, summarizing its prevalence and potential health consequences. It then explores factors hindering young adults' awareness and knowledge of the disease, such as limited access to dental care, sociocultural influences, and inadequate educational resources. Additionally, challenges faced in accessing dental care and preventive measures are examined. Finally, the chapter identifies gaps in current knowledge regarding the specific situation in Kumbotso, Nigeria, highlighting the need for this present study to investigate awareness, knowledge, and challenges related to Periodontitis among young adults in this community, ultimately contributing to improved oral health outcomes. 2.1 Conceptual Review A conceptual review involves examining the key concepts, ideas, and frameworks relevant to a particular study. In the context of this research on the awareness and prevention of periodontitis among young adults in Kumbotso L.G.A., the conceptual review would focus on understanding the central concepts related to periodontitis, oral health awareness, preventive behaviors, and the factors influencing these behaviors. 2.1.1 Prevalence and Impact of Periodontitis in Young Adults Periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the tissues and bones supporting teeth, poses a significant threat to public health worldwide. Traditionally considered an adult disease, recent research has highlighted its concerning prevalence among young adults as well (Eke et al., 2015). Studies have shown that the prevalence of periodontitis in this age group can vary considerably across different populations, ranging from 10% to a staggering 50% (Eke et al., 2015; Tonetti et al., 2018). Beyond its direct impact on oral health, leading to issues like gum bleeding, receding gums, and tooth loss, periodontitis is increasingly recognized for its potential to contribute to various systemic health problems (Kinane et al., 2017; Sanz et al., 2020). Studies have established links between periodontitis and: Diabetes: Individuals with diabetes are more susceptible to developing and experiencing more severe periodontitis, and conversely, uncontrolled periodontitis can worsen blood sugar control in diabetic patients (Preshaw et al., 2012). Cardiovascular diseases: Research suggests a potential association between chronic gum inflammation characteristic of periodontitis and an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, such as heart attack and stroke (Sanz et al., 2020). Adverse pregnancy outcomes: Studies have shown that pregnant women with periodontitis might be at a higher risk of experiencing premature birth or low birth weight babies (Ide & Papapanou, 2013). Therefore, addressing periodontitis among young adults through increased awareness and promoting preventive and control measures becomes crucial not only for their oral health but also for their overall well-being and the potential to prevent the development of associated systemic health complications in the future. 2.2 Obstacles to Awareness and Knowledge of Periodontitis in Young Adults Several factors hinder young adults' awareness and knowledge of periodontitis, despite its prevalence in this age group. One crucial factor is limited access to dental care. Studies like the one by Eke et al. (2016) highlight how financial constraints and geographical limitations can prevent young adults from seeking regular dental checkups and preventive services. This lack of access restricts them from receiving crucial information and education on oral health issues like periodontitis, hindering their understanding of the disease and its prevention strategies. Furthermore, sociocultural factors significantly influence how young adults perceive and address oral health practices (Tonetti et al., 2018). Traditional beliefs and practices ingrained within families and communities can shape their understanding of oral hygiene. In some cases, these cultural norms might not emphasize the importance of oral health, leading to a lack of awareness and knowledge about periodontitis and its potential consequences. For instance, some cultural practices might focus on specific oral hygiene methods that may not be effective in preventing periodontitis, contributing to a false sense of security regarding oral health. Finally, educational factors also contribute to the limited knowledge base surrounding periodontitis among young adults (Eke et al., 2016). The existing school curriculum and educational resources might not adequately address oral health topics like periodontitis. This lack of dedicated focus on the disease within the educational system leaves young adults with insufficient knowledge about its causes, symptoms, and effective preventive measures. Addressing these knowledge gaps through comprehensive and accessible educational resources is crucial for empowering young adults to take charge of their oral health and prevent the development of periodontitis. 2.3 Hurdles to Accessing Dental Care and Prevention for Periodontitis Even if young adults are aware of periodontitis, translating that awareness into action can be difficult due to several challenges they face in accessing dental care and preventive measures. Financial constraints are a prominent barrier (Tonetti et al., 2018). Dental care, including preventive treatments and screenings for periodontitis, can be expensive. Young adults, particularly those just starting their careers or still in education, may not have adequate financial resources or dental insurance to cover the costs associated with these services. This financial burden can deter them from seeking necessary dental care, potentially leading to delayed diagnosis and treatment of periodontitis and its associated complications. Furthermore, geographical limitations can also pose a challenge (Eke et al., 2016). In certain regions, there might be a shortage of dental professionals, leading to limited access to dental services and longer wait times for appointments. This lack of readily available dental care services can discourage young adults from seeking preventive care and regular checkups, potentially delaying the detection and intervention for periodontitis. Limited awareness plays a significant role in hindering access to dental care and preventive measures (Eke et al., 2016). Young adults with insufficient knowledge about the importance of oral health and the potential consequences of periodontitis, like tooth loss or systemic health complications, might not prioritize regular dental checkups and preventive treatments. This lack of awareness can lead them to neglect their oral health, potentially increasing their risk of developing and experiencing the adverse effects of periodontitis. Addressing these challenges through initiatives aimed at improving affordability, accessibility, and awareness is crucial for ensuring that young adults have the opportunity to access necessary dental care and preventive measures for periodontitis. 2.4 Causes, Prevention, and Control of Periodontitis in Young Adults Periodontitis, an inflammatory disease that gradually destroys the tissues and bones supporting our teeth, is no longer just a concern for older adults. Recent research reveals a worrying trend: periodontitis is becoming increasingly prevalent among young adults as well (Tonetti et al., 2018). This age group, often neglecting the importance of oral health, faces a double threat: immediate oral health problems and a potential increased risk of various systemic health issues down the line. The primary culprit behind periodontitis is the buildup of plaque, a sticky film teeming with bacteria that forms on teeth if not removed regularly through brushing and flossing. When plaque accumulates at the gum line, it triggers an inflammatory response from the body's immune system. This chronic inflammation is what gradually breaks down the gum tissue and bone, leading to the characteristic symptoms of periodontitis, such as bleeding gums, receding gum lines, and eventually, tooth loss (CDC, 2021). While the immediate consequences of periodontitis are visible in the mouth, the true danger lies in its potential to affect our overall health. Emerging research suggests a strong connection between periodontitis and various systemic health problems: Diabetes and Periodontitis: Diabetes and periodontitis share a complex and concerning relationship, often described as a two-way street. Individuals with diabetes face a heightened risk of developing and experiencing more severe forms of periodontitis (Preshaw et al., 2012). Conversely, uncontrolled periodontitis can worsen blood sugar control in diabetic patients, creating a vicious cycle that can negatively impact overall health. Top of Form Bottom of Form Increased Susceptibility to Periodontitis: Diabetes weakens the body's immune system, making it harder to fight off the bacteria in plaque that contribute to gum disease. This increased susceptibility can lead to a faster progression of periodontitis in diabetic individuals. Severity of Periodontitis: Studies suggest that individuals with diabetes are more likely to experience a more severe form of periodontitis. This can involve deeper gum pockets, greater bone loss, and a faster rate of tooth loss compared to those without diabetes. Blood Sugar Control: The chronic inflammation associated with periodontitis can have a negative impact on blood sugar control in diabetic patients. The inflammatory markers released by the body in response to gum disease can interfere with insulin sensitivity, making it harder for the body to regulate blood sugar levels. This can lead to higher blood sugar levels and potentially worsen diabetic complications. This two-way street highlights the importance of managing both diabetes and periodontitis for optimal health. Maintaining good oral hygiene practices, regular dental checkups, and proper diabetic management are crucial for breaking this cycle. By controlling blood sugar levels and preventing gum disease, individuals with diabetes can significantly improve their overall well-being and reduce the risk of complications associated with both conditions. Periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory gum disease, poses a significant threat beyond just your smile. Recent research suggests a concerning connection between this condition and an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) like heart attack and stroke (Beck & Offenbacher, 2008). While the exact mechanisms by which periodontitis might influence heart health are still being actively investigated, the potential link underscores the crucial role of maintaining good oral hygiene for overall cardiovascular health. Here's a closer look at why this potential connection is so concerning: Chronic Inflammation: Periodontitis is characterized by chronic, low-grade inflammation in the gums. This inflammation triggers the body's immune system to release various inflammatory markers and white blood cells to fight the infection. However, some of these inflammatory markers can potentially enter the bloodstream and contribute to a systemic inflammatory response throughout the body. This widespread inflammation may damage blood vessels and contribute to the development of atherosclerosis, a condition where plaque builds up on artery walls, narrowing them and increasing the risk of blood clots that can lead to heart attack or stroke. Bacteria and the Body: The bacteria associated with periodontitis might also play a role in the potential link to CVD. Some research suggests that these oral bacteria may enter the bloodstream through inflamed gum tissue and travel to various parts of the body, potentially contributing to the development of atherosclerosis in blood vessels. Although the exact cause-and-effect relationship between periodontitis and CVD remains under investigation, the growing body of evidence highlights the importance of a proactive approach. Maintaining good oral hygiene by brushing twice daily, flossing once a day, and scheduling regular dental checkups can help prevent the development and progression of periodontitis. This, in turn, can contribute to reducing the potential risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease. For pregnant women, maintaining good oral health goes beyond just a beautiful smile. Research suggests a concerning link between periodontitis, also known as gum disease, and adverse pregnancy outcomes, potentially jeopardizing the health of both mother and child. Studies by Offenbacher et al. (1996) have shown that pregnant women with periodontitis might be at a higher risk of experiencing premature birth or having low birth weight babies. This underlines the crucial role of prenatal dental care in safeguarding a healthy pregnancy. The Inflammatory Bridge: The exact mechanisms linking periodontitis to pregnancy complications are still being explored. However, one theory suggests that the chronic inflammation characteristic of periodontitis might be a contributing factor. When plaque, a sticky film teeming with bacteria, accumulates at the gum line, it triggers an inflammatory response from the body's immune system. This inflammation can potentially affect the placenta, the vital organ that nourishes the developing baby. The inflammatory molecules released by the body in response to gum disease might disrupt the functioning of the placenta, leading to complications like premature birth or affecting fetal growth, resulting in low birth weight babies. The Importance of Prenatal Dental Care Prenatal dental care becomes crucial in mitigating these potential risks. Regular dental checkups during pregnancy allow dentists to identify and treat any signs of gum disease early on. This not only helps maintain good oral health for the mother but also potentially reduces the risk of pregnancy complications associated with inflammation. Early intervention and treatment of periodontitis can help ensure a healthier pregnancy journey for both mother and baby. 2.5 Potential Complications of Periodontitis Disease Periodontitis, an inflammatory disease characterized by the breakdown of gum tissue and bone supporting teeth, carries significant consequences beyond just your smile. While the immediate signs involve bleeding gums, receding gum lines, and potential tooth loss, recent research suggests a strong link between periodontitis and various systemic health issues. Here's a closer look at some potential complications associated with periodontitis: Diabetes: A two-way street exists between diabetes and periodontitis. Individuals with diabetes are more susceptible to developing and experiencing more severe periodontitis (Tsao & Yen, 2012). Conversely, uncontrolled periodontitis can worsen blood sugar control in diabetic patients, creating a vicious cycle that can negatively impact overall health. Cardiovascular Diseases: The chronic inflammation characteristic of periodontitis might be linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) like heart attack and stroke (Beck & Offenbacher, 2008). The exact mechanisms are still being investigated, but research suggests that the inflammatory markers and bacteria associated with periodontitis might contribute to the development of atherosclerosis, a condition that hardens and narrows arteries, increasing the risk of CVD. Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Studies have shown a concerning link between periodontitis in pregnant women and an elevated risk of experiencing premature birth or having low birth weight babies (Offenbacher et al., 1996). The inflammatory response triggered by periodontitis is believed to be a potential factor, possibly affecting the placenta and fetal development. Respiratory Diseases: While the link is still being explored, some studies suggest a potential association between periodontitis and an increased risk of respiratory diseases like pneumonia (Hajishengallis et al., 2017). The theory is that bacteria from the mouth can enter the lungs through aspiration, potentially triggering inflammatory responses in the respiratory system. Rheumatoid Arthritis: Research suggests a possible link between periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune inflammatory disease. Some studies have found that individuals with periodontitis might be at a slightly higher risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis (Morita et al., 2011). More research is needed to confirm this association and understand the underlying mechanisms. Kidney Disease: Similar to the link with cardiovascular disease, the chronic inflammation associated with periodontitis might be a contributing factor to chronic kidney disease (Hajishengallis et al., 2017). However, more research is required to definitively establish this connection. 2.6 Prevention and Control Fortunately, periodontitis is largely preventable and controllable with good oral hygiene practices. Here are some key strategies for young adults to take charge of their oral health: Periodontitis, a serious gum disease, poses a significant threat to your oral health and overall well-being. However, the good news is that it's largely preventable and controllable with a commitment to good oral hygiene practices and healthy lifestyle choices. Here are some key strategies you can implement to build a strong defense against periodontitis: Brushing Twice Daily and Flossing Once Daily: This may seem like a simple routine, but it's the cornerstone of good oral hygiene. Brushing twice a day, ideally in the morning and before bed, removes plaque, the sticky film teeming with bacteria that forms on teeth if not removed regularly. Plaque, if left unchecked, can harden into calculus (tartar), which can only be removed by a dental professional. Flossing once a day helps clean between teeth, reaching areas that a toothbrush cannot. This removes plaque and food particles that can contribute to gum inflammation ([Centers for Disease Control and Prevention], 2020). Regular Dental Checkups and Cleanings: Don't wait until you experience symptoms to visit the dentist. Scheduling regular dental checkups and cleanings, typically every six months, allows your dentist to detect early signs of periodontitis and provide appropriate treatment before the disease progresses. During a cleaning, a dental hygienist will remove plaque and calculus buildup, preventing further inflammation and gum damage. Early detection and intervention are crucial for preventing the progression of periodontitis and its potential complications. Maintaining a Healthy Diet: What you eat can significantly impact your oral health. Limiting sugary foods and drinks helps reduce the growth of bacteria in the mouth. Bacteria feed on sugars, producing acids that can erode tooth enamel and contribute to gum inflammation. Opting for a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains provides your body with the nutrients it needs to maintain healthy teeth and gums. Not Smoking: Smoking is a major risk factor for periodontitis. Smoking weakens the immune system's ability to fight off gum disease, making it harder for your body to heal and repair damaged gum tissue. Smoking can also mask the early warning signs of gum disease, such as bleeding gums, making it more difficult to detect the problem early on. Quitting smoking is one of the most important things you can do for your overall health, including your oral health. Periodontitis, while largely preventable, can have a significant impact on your oral and overall health if left unchecked. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial to prevent the progression of the disease and minimize the risk of associated systemic complications. Fortunately, young adults have the power to take charge of their oral health and safeguard their well-being for years to come. The foundation of preventing periodontitis lies in prioritizing good oral hygiene practices. Brushing your teeth twice a day with a fluoride toothpaste and flossing once a day are essential steps in removing plaque, the bacterial film that triggers gum inflammation. Regular dental checkups and cleanings are equally important. Dental professionals can detect early signs of periodontitis and provide appropriate treatment, such as scaling and root planing, to remove plaque and calculus (tartar) buildup below the gum line. Early intervention can help prevent the disease from progressing and causing irreversible damage to the gums and bone supporting your teeth. However, oral hygiene practices are just one piece of the puzzle. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle also plays a crucial role in preventing periodontitis. Here are some key aspects to consider: Diet: Limiting sugary foods and drinks helps reduce the growth of bacteria in the mouth that contribute to plaque formation. Opting for a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains provides your body with the nutrients it needs to fight off infection and maintain healthy tissues, including your gums. Smoking: Smoking weakens the immune system's ability to fight off gum disease. Quitting smoking or avoiding tobacco products altogether significantly reduces your risk of developing periodontitis and other oral health problems. Stress Management: Chronic stress can have a negative impact on your overall health, including your oral health. Finding healthy ways to manage stress, such as exercise, relaxation techniques, or spending time in nature, can contribute to a stronger immune system and better overall well-being. 2.7 Government and Organizational Efforts to Control Periodontitis While periodontitis is a widespread public health concern, there isn't a single, unified approach to control it globally. However, various government initiatives and programs by dental organizations work towards improving oral health and potentially reducing the prevalence of periodontitis. Here's a breakdown of some key areas of focus: 2.7.1 Government Initiatives: Public awareness campaigns: Some governments launch public awareness campaigns to educate citizens about the importance of oral hygiene and the dangers of periodontitis. These campaigns can utilize various media outlets like television, radio, and social media to spread awareness and encourage good oral health practices (National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, n.d.). Fluoridation of public water supplies: Fluoride is a well-established method for preventing tooth decay, which can indirectly contribute to periodontitis if left untreated. Many governments have implemented fluoridation programs to improve overall oral health within their communities ([Centers for Disease Control and Prevention], 2020). Subsidized dental care programs: Financial barriers can prevent individuals from accessing necessary dental care. Some governments offer subsidized dental care programs to low-income populations, ensuring they can receive preventive and treatment services for periodontitis (The Commonwealth Fund, 2023). 2.7.2 Dental Organization Programs: Dental education and training: Dental organizations play a crucial role in educating dental professionals about the latest advancements in periodontitis prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. This ensures that dentists are equipped to provide optimal care for their patients. Community outreach programs: Dental associations and societies often organize community outreach programs to provide free or low-cost dental screenings and education sessions in underserved communities. These programs can raise awareness about periodontitis and encourage individuals to prioritize oral health (American Dental Association, n.d.). Advocacy for oral health policies: Dental organizations advocate for government policies that promote oral health, such as increased funding for dental programs and insurance coverage for preventive dental care. 2.8 Theoretical Review The Health Belief Model (HBM) is a widely recognized psychological framework developed to understand and predict health-related behaviors. It was introduced in the 1950s by social psychologists Irwin M. Rosenstock, Godfrey Hochbaum, and Stephen Kegels while they were working with the U.S. Public Health Service. The model was initially created to explain the low uptake of free tuberculosis screenings, and it has since been applied to a variety of health behaviors. The HBM suggests that a person's engagement in health-promoting behaviors is largely influenced by their personal beliefs and attitudes about health conditions and the perceived barriers to and benefits of taking specific actions. The HBM consists of several key components: perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy. Perceived susceptibility refers to an individual’s belief about the risk of contracting a disease or health condition. Perceived severity relates to their belief about the seriousness of the disease and its potential consequences. Perceived benefits are the individual’s belief in the effectiveness of taking a recommended action to reduce the risk or severity of the condition, while perceived barriers involve the potential obstacles or negative aspects of taking that action, whether they are financial, physical, or psychological. Cues to action are external triggers that prompt individuals to engage in health-promoting behaviors, such as a public health campaign or advice from a healthcare provider. Finally, self-efficacy refers to the confidence individuals have in their ability to successfully carry out the recommended health behavior. In the context of the study on periodontitis awareness among young adults in Kumbotso L.G.A., the HBM provides a valuable framework for understanding why individuals may or may not engage in behaviors that prevent periodontitis. For example, if young adults perceive themselves as susceptible to periodontitis and believe that the disease could lead to serious consequences, they may be more likely to adopt preventive measures such as regular brushing, flossing, and dental check-ups. However, if they perceive significant barriers, such as the high cost of dental care or a lack of access to dentists, they may be less inclined to engage in these behaviors despite understanding their benefits. The relevance of the HBM to this study is profound, as it helps identify the key factors influencing the awareness and behaviors of young adults regarding oral health. By applying the HBM, the study can better understand the motivations and deterrents for individuals in Kumbotso L.G.A. when it comes to preventing periodontitis. This understanding can then inform targeted interventions and educational programs that address specific beliefs and barriers, ultimately leading to improved oral health outcomes in the community. 2.9 Summary of the Review This conceptual review highlights the importance of a comprehensive understanding of periodontitis, oral health awareness, preventive behaviors, and the various factors that influence these behaviors. By examining these concepts, the study can better identify the gaps in awareness and the barriers that prevent young adults in Kumbotso L.G.A. from engaging in effective periodontitis prevention. This understanding will be instrumental in designing targeted interventions that address these challenges and promote better oral health outcomes in the community. CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction This chapter is concern with research design, area of the study, Population of the study, sample and sampling technique, instrument of data collection, validity and method of data collection and method of data analysis. 3.1 Research Design This study will employ a cross-sectional survey design. This design allows for the collection of data on a single occasion, capturing a snapshot of participants' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors at a specific point in time. It is suitable for investigating the prevalence of specific characteristics or opinions within a population at a specific time, which aligns with the goals of this research. 3.2 Study Area Kumbotso local government area is in Kano state, North-west Nigeria and has its headquarters in the town of Kumbotso. Towns and villages that make up Kumbotso include Challawa, Farawa, Mariri, Yankusa, Tamburawa, Samegu, Kusaba, and Gwazaya. The estimated population of Kumbotso LGA is put at 195,413 inhabitants with the area mostly populated by members of the Hausa and the Fulani ethnic groups. The Hausa and the Fufulde languages are commonly spoken in the area while the religion of Islam is widely practiced in the LGA. 3.3 Population of the Study Young adults (aged 18-25 years old) residing in Kumbotso, L.G.A., Nigeria. The population is 484,200 (NPC population projection 2022). 3.4 Sample Size Determination The minimum sample size for the study is calculated using the cochran's formula: n = The 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error. We'll also use 0.5 for the estimated proportion: Confidence Level (decimal): 0.95 (lookup z-score for this value, which is approximately 1.96) Margin of Error (decimal): 0.05 Estimated Proportion: 0.5 Plugging these values into the formula: n0 = (1.96 ^ 2 * 0.5 * (1 - 0.5)) / (0.05 ^ 2) n0 ≈ 384 Therefore, based on Cochran's formula, a sample size of around 384 would be appropriate for your scenario with a population of 484,200. 3.5 Sampling Technique Stratified random sampling will be employed to ensure the sample reflects the demographic distribution of young adults in Kumbotso, L.G.A. This technique involves dividing the population into subgroups (strata) based on relevant demographic characteristics (e.g., gender, age group) and then randomly selecting participants from each subgroup proportionally. 3.6 Data Collection Instrument A self-administered questionnaire will be developed specifically for this study. The questionnaire will be designed to gather information on the following aspects: 3.7 Validity and Reliability of the Instrument The questionnaire will be developed in English and translated into the dominant local language spoken in Kumbotso, L.G.A., to ensure comprehension by all participants. The questionnaire will be pilot-tested on a small group of young adults with similar characteristics to the target population to assess its clarity, validity, and reliability before finalization. 3.8 Data Collection Procedure Ethical approval will be obtained from the relevant ethical committee before commencing the study. Informed consent will be obtained from all participants before data collection. Participants will be recruited through various methods, such as contacting schools, community centers, and religious organizations. Researchers will be present to answer any questions and assist participants with completing the questionnaire, if needed. Questionnaires will be collected anonymously to minimize potential response bias. 3.9 Data Analysis The collected data will be analyzed using appropriate statistical software. Descriptive statistics will be used to summarize demographic characteristics and responses to different sections of the questionnaire. Chi-square tests or other non-parametric tests will be employed to analyze associations between variables, such as exploring potential connections between awareness levels and access to dental care. CHAPTER FOUR RESULT AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Introduction This chapter present the results and discussion of the study. A total of 384 questionnaires were distributed and returned for data analysis. The data obtained from this study will be carefully analyzed and presented in a structured manner within this chapter. 4.2 Demographics Table 4.1 Age group of the respondents: Frequency Percentage 15 – 20 years - – 25 years - – 30 years - & above 63 16.4 Total 384 100 Table 4.1 shows age distribution of respondents in the study reveals that the majority are young adults, with the largest proportion falling within the 21-25 years age group, accounting for 31.5% (121 respondents) of the total sample. The 26-30 years age group follows closely, representing 26.6% (102 respondents). The 15-20 years age group comprises 25.5% (98 respondents), indicating a significant presence of younger individuals in the study. In contrast, the 31 and above age group is the smallest, making up 16.4% (63 respondents) of the total sample. This distribution highlights a focus on younger demographics, particularly those aged 21-30, which is crucial for understanding their awareness and knowledge of periodontitis. Table 4.2 Gender: Frequency Percentage Male 143 37.2 Female 241 62.8 Total 384 100 Table 4.2 shows gender distribution of the respondents indicates that females constitute the majority, with 62.8% (241 respondents) of the total sample. In contrast, males make up 37.2% (143 respondents). This shows a higher participation or representation of females in the study, which may influence the findings related to awareness and knowledge of periodontitis among the respondents. The total number of respondents is 384, representing the entire sample population. 4.3 Research Questions Table 4.3 Level of Awareness STATEMENT SA A U D SD Mean score Decision I have heard of the term "Periodontitis" before. - Rejected I am familiar with the symptoms of Periodontitis. - Rejected I believe Periodontitis is a serious dental condition. - Rejected Periodontitis can lead to tooth loss if left untreated. - Accepted I am concerned about the possibility of developing Periodontitis. - Accepted | The table 4.3 assesses the respondents' level of awareness regarding periodontitis based on several statements, with their responses analyzed using mean scores to determine whether the statements are accepted or rejected. The results reveal a generally low level of awareness about periodontitis among the respondents. The statement "I have heard of the term 'Periodontitis' before" was rejected, with a low mean score of 1.9, indicating that most respondents are unfamiliar with the term. Similarly, the statement "I am familiar with the symptoms of Periodontitis" was also rejected with a mean score of 1.7, reflecting limited awareness of the condition's symptoms. The perception of periodontitis as a serious dental condition was rejected as well, with a mean score of 2.2, further emphasizing the respondents' lack of understanding of the severity of the disease. However, there was strong agreement that periodontitis can lead to tooth loss if untreated, with a high mean score of 4.4, resulting in the statement being accepted. Additionally, the concern about developing periodontitis was moderately accepted, with a mean score of 3.0, indicating some level of awareness and concern among the respondents regarding the potential risk of the disease. These findings highlight significant gaps in awareness that could impact preventive behaviors and overall oral health within the study population. Table 4.4 Sources of Information STATEMENT SA A U D SD Mean score Decision I have received information about Periodontitis from a dentist or dental hygienist. - Rejected I have learned about Periodontitis from friends or family. - Rejected I have seen information about Periodontitis on social media. - Rejected I have gotten information about Periodontitis from school health programs. - Accepted I feel I have access to reliable information about Periodontitis. - Rejected The table evaluates the respondents' sources of information about periodontitis by analyzing their agreement with various statements, using mean scores to determine whether the statements are accepted or rejected. The results indicate that the primary source of information about periodontitis among respondents is school health programs, with a high mean score of 4.4, leading to the acceptance of this statement. This suggests that formal education initiatives within schools are the most effective in raising awareness about periodontitis in the study population. In contrast, other potential sources of information, such as dentists or dental hygienists, friends or family, social media, and general access to reliable information, were all rejected based on their lower mean scores (ranging from 1.6 to 2.5). The rejection of these statements indicates that respondents have not significantly relied on or received adequate information about periodontitis from these sources. This highlights a gap in communication and information dissemination about oral health from personal networks, professional healthcare providers, and digital platforms, underscoring the need for enhanced public health education and outreach efforts beyond the school environment. Table 4.5 Knowledge about Periodontitis STATEMENT SA A U D SD Mean score Decision Brushing my teeth twice a day helps prevent Periodontitis. - Accepted Flossing regularly is an important way to prevent Periodontitis. - Accepted Smoking cigarettes increases the risk of developing Periodontitis. - Accepted Poorly controlled diabetes can contribute to Periodontitis. - Accepted Regular dental checkups are important for early detection of Periodontitis. - Accepted The table assesses the respondents' knowledge about periodontitis by evaluating their agreement with various preventive and risk-related statements. All statements were accepted based on their high mean scores, indicating a good level of knowledge among respondents. The results show that respondents generally have a strong understanding of the key factors related to the prevention and risk of periodontitis. The statement "Brushing my teeth twice a day helps prevent Periodontitis" was accepted with a mean score of 3.9, reflecting awareness of the importance of regular oral hygiene. The statement "Flossing regularly is an important way to prevent Periodontitis" had a slightly higher mean score of 4.0, indicating strong agreement on the role of flossing in prevention. Additionally, the respondents showed a high level of awareness regarding the risk factors for periodontitis, with "Smoking cigarettes increases the risk of developing Periodontitis" and "Poorly controlled diabetes can contribute to Periodontitis" both accepted, each with a mean score of 4.2. Finally, the statement "Regular dental checkups are important for early detection of Periodontitis" received the highest mean score of 4.6, indicating a widespread understanding of the importance of routine dental visits for maintaining oral health. These findings suggest that while awareness of periodontitis might be limited, as shown in previous tables, those who are aware have a strong understanding of its prevention and risk factors. Table 4.6 Challenges in Accessing Dental Care STATEMENT SA A U D SD Mean score Decision The cost of dental care in Kumbotso makes it difficult for me to see a dentist regularly. - Accepted There are not enough dentists available in Kumbotso to meet the needs of the community. - Accepted Transportation difficulties prevent me from getting to dental appointments. - Rejected Lack of dental insurance is a barrier to accessing dental care for me. - Accepted I feel comfortable talking to a dentist about my oral health concerns. - Accepted The table examines the challenges respondents face in accessing dental care, with statements evaluated based on their agreement levels and mean scores. The results indicate several significant barriers to accessing dental care in Kumbotso. Respondents strongly agree that the cost of dental care is a major difficulty, with a mean score of 4.0, suggesting that affordability is a significant concern. Similarly, the availability of dentists is a prominent issue, as shown by a high mean score of 4.6, indicating a shortage of dental professionals in the area. Lack of dental insurance is also identified as a major barrier, with a mean score of 4.1, reflecting that financial coverage impacts access to care. On the other hand, transportation difficulties received a mean score of 2.9, leading to its rejection, indicating that while transportation can be a concern for some, it is not as universally impactful as other factors. Finally, respondents feel comfortable discussing their oral health with dentists, as evidenced by a high mean score of 4.6, suggesting that interpersonal factors are less of a barrier compared to logistical and financial issues. These findings highlight the need for improved affordability, increased dental care providers, and better insurance coverage to enhance access to dental care in Kumbotso. 4.4 Discussion The findings from the study reveal critical insights into the awareness and challenges surrounding periodontitis among young adults in Kumbotso L.G.A. The age distribution shows a significant concentration of respondents in the 21-30 years age group, which is consistent with other studies that emphasize this age group as pivotal for understanding health behaviors and awareness (Kumar et al., 2020). This demographic is crucial as it represents individuals transitioning into more autonomous health decisions, which can impact their oral health. The gender distribution, with a higher representation of females (62.8%), suggests potential gender-related differences in health awareness or participation rates, which align with findings by Chukwudi et al. (2022), who observed higher female engagement in health-related surveys. This disparity might influence the overall findings related to periodontitis awareness and preventive practices. The low level of awareness about periodontitis, as shown in Table 4.3, is a significant concern. Respondents demonstrated limited familiarity with the term and its symptoms, and a weak understanding of its seriousness, despite a high agreement that untreated periodontitis can lead to tooth loss. These results mirror similar patterns found in other studies, where lack of awareness about periodontal diseases was prevalent among young adults (Kumar et al., 2020). This gap underscores the need for more effective educational interventions. Regarding sources of information, the reliance on school health programs as the primary source of knowledge is notable. This finding is supported by previous research indicating that formal education settings are pivotal for disseminating health information (Smith & Wesson, 2021). However, the low utilization of information from dental professionals, social media, and personal networks highlights a significant communication gap. This gap indicates a missed opportunity for broader outreach through diverse channels, such as social media and community programs, which are increasingly influential in health education (Brown & Clark, 2019). The respondents' strong knowledge of preventive measures and risk factors related to periodontitis, despite general awareness gaps, reflects a good understanding of specific aspects of oral health. This is consistent with findings from Lee et al. (2021), who noted that while general awareness might be low, knowledge of preventive practices can be high among certain groups. Finally, the challenges in accessing dental care, particularly financial barriers, shortage of dental professionals, and lack of insurance, are significant. These findings are consistent with other studies highlighting affordability and accessibility issues as major barriers to dental care (Jones et al., 2020). Overall, these findings emphasize the need for comprehensive public health strategies that address both educational gaps and access barriers to improve oral health outcomes in Kumbotso L.G.A. Enhancing awareness through diverse and effective communication channels and addressing systemic issues such as affordability and provider availability are crucial steps towards better oral health. CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY OF MAJOR FINDINGS, LIMIJTATION OF THE STUDY, CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY 5.1 Summary of Major Findings The study reveals a focused examination of periodontitis awareness and access to dental care among young adults in Kumbotso L.G.A. The majority of respondents are young adults aged 21-30 years, with females constituting a significant portion of the sample. The level of awareness about periodontitis is generally low, with many respondents unfamiliar with the term, its symptoms, and its seriousness, though there is recognition that untreated periodontitis can lead to tooth loss. School health programs emerge as the primary source of information about periodontitis, while other sources, such as dentists, social media, and personal networks, are less utilized. Despite gaps in general awareness, respondents display strong knowledge regarding preventive measures and risk factors associated with periodontitis. Key challenges in accessing dental care include high costs, a shortage of dental professionals, and lack of insurance, with less emphasis on transportation issues. 5.2 Limitation of the Study The study has several limitations that may affect the generalizability and accuracy of its findings. The sample is predominantly composed of young adults, particularly those aged 21-25, which may not fully capture the awareness and challenges faced by other age groups. Additionally, the majority of respondents are female, potentially skewing the results related to awareness and access to dental care. The study is geographically limited to Kumbotso LGA, making it difficult to apply the findings to other regions with different socio-economic conditions. The reliance on self-reported data introduces the possibility of bias or inaccuracies in the respondents' recall or understanding. Furthermore, the study primarily focuses on school health programs as a source of information, potentially overlooking the impact of other informal or non-traditional sources of awareness. 5.3 Conclusion The study highlights significant gaps in the awareness of periodontitis among young adults in Kumbotso L.G.A. Although there is some understanding of preventive practices and risk factors, the overall familiarity with periodontitis is limited. The reliance on school health programs for information underscores the need for broader and more diverse educational efforts. The primary barriers to accessing dental care include financial constraints and a shortage of dental professionals, which align with broader findings in the literature. Addressing these challenges is crucial for improving oral health outcomes and ensuring better access to care for the population. 5.4 Recommendations Expand educational initiatives beyond school settings to include community programs, social media campaigns, and collaborations with healthcare providers to improve general awareness about periodontitis and its prevention. Address financial barriers by exploring options for subsidized dental care and improving insurance coverage to make dental services more affordable. Increase the number of dental professionals in Kumbotso through incentives for dental practitioners to work in underserved areas and support for local training programs. Develop targeted outreach strategies that utilize various communication channels, including social media, community health programs, and partnerships with local organizations, to ensure broader dissemination of periodontitis-related information. Regularly assess the effectiveness of implemented educational and access improvement strategies to ensure they meet the needs of the community and adapt as necessary based on feedback and evolving needs. 5.5 Suggestions for Further Study Conduct studies that include a more diverse age range and balanced gender representation to better understand the awareness and challenges related to periodontitis across different demographics. 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Periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus. Journal of Diabetes Investigation, 3(2), 115-121.  APPENDIX I RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE ON AWARENESS AND PREVENTION OF PERIODONTITIS AMONG YOUNG ADULTS IN KUMBOTSO, L.G.A., NIGERIA Introduction: Thank you for participating in this survey! This research aims to understand young adults' awareness and knowledge about Periodontitis in Kumbotso, L.G.A. Your honest responses will be crucial in this study. Instructions: Please read each statement carefully and select the answer that best reflects your opinion using the Likert scale below: Strongly Agree (SA) Agree (A) Undecided (U) Disagree (D) Strongly Disagree (SD) Demographics (Optional): Age: a. 15 – 20 years [ ] b. 21 – 25 years c. 26 – 30 years [ ] d. 31 & above [ ] Gender: a. Male [ ] b. Female [ ] Research Question 1: Level of Awareness STATEMENT SA A U D SD I have heard of the term "Periodontitis" before. I am familiar with the symptoms of Periodontitis. I believe Periodontitis is a serious dental condition. Periodontitis can lead to tooth loss if left untreated. I am concerned about the possibility of developing Periodontitis. Research Question 2: Sources of Information STATEMENT SA A U D SD I have received information about Periodontitis from a dentist or dental hygienist. I have learned about Periodontitis from friends or family. I have seen information about Periodontitis on social media. I have gotten information about Periodontitis from school health programs. Overall, I feel I have access to reliable information about Periodontitis. Research Question 3: Knowledge about Periodontitis STATEMENT SA A U D SD Brushing my teeth twice a day helps prevent Periodontitis. Flossing regularly is an important way to prevent Periodontitis. Smoking cigarettes increases the risk of developing Periodontitis. Poorly controlled diabetes can contribute to Periodontitis. Regular dental checkups are important for early detection of Periodontitis. Research Question 4: Challenges in Accessing Dental Care STATEMENT SA A U D SD The cost of dental care in Kumbotso makes it difficult for me to see a dentist regularly. There are not enough dentists available in Kumbotso to meet the needs of the community. Transportation difficulties prevent me from getting to dental appointments. Lack of dental insurance is a barrier to accessing dental care for me. I feel comfortable talking to a dentist about my oral health concerns. Thank you for your participation!