Ibrahim Muhammad

THE EFFECT OF STREET BEGGING ON SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS. A CASE STUDY OF KANO STATE BY MUSA MUSA SCE/17/PAD/00633 BEING A RESEARCH WORK SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND ADMINISTRATION, SCHOOL OF CONTINUING EDUCATION, BAYERO UNIVERSITY KANO, NIGERIA. IN PARTIAL FUFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION. SUPERVISOR: DR. SURAJ MUHAMMAD YAHAYA DECEMBER, 2023 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this work is the product of my own research effort, undertaken under the supervision of Dr. Suraj Muhammad Yahaya. All sources have been duly acknowledged. _____________________________________ MUSA MUSADATE SCE/17/PAD/00633 APPROVAL PAGE This research project entitled “The effect of street begging on social development in Nigeria: challenges and prospects. A case study of Kano State”, has been read and approved as meeting the regulation governing the award of Bachelor of Science in Public Administration. -------------------------------------                                       ----------------------------- DR. SURAJ MUHAMMAD YAHAYA SIGN & DATE (SUPERVISOR) -------------------------------------                                       ----------------------------- DR. IBRAHIM ABDULHAMID DANLAMI SIGN & DATE (LEVEL COORDINATOR) -------------------------------------                                       ------------------------------ DR. KABIRU IBRAHIM SIGN & DATE (H.O.D) DEDICATION I dedicated this research work to my parents May Allah rewards them with JANNATUL FIRDAUS, Amin. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Surely all praise is due to Allah (S.W.A) Who endowed men and women with well-developed mental faculties, spiritual of inspiration as well as power of actions. The Beneficent, the Merciful, the Greatest, the most High, may His peace and blessings be upon the Holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) Amin. I am very grateful to Almighty Allah who granted me the opportunity, the good health and preserving lecturers, that enable me to pass through the memorable period of the course successfully. I hereby specially thanks and acknowledge with gratitude and respect, the guidance, encouragement and contributions given to me by supervisor in person of Dr. Suraj Muhammad Yahaya, who spared his time despite his tight engagements and attended to me in more ways than one throughout the period of my research work. May Allah reward him abundantly and continue to help him in all his affairs, Ameen. My immensurable gratitude goes to my parents and families for their cares, motivating, prayers, supports and encouragements, both morally and financially in our academic pursuit right from early beginning up to our studies at School of Continuing Education, Bayero University Kano. May Almighty Allah Bless them all. I also acknowledge the motivation and contribution I got from all of my lecturers of the Department of Social Science and Administration and other lecturers and all the entire staff of the Department. May Allah reward them all. Moreover, I cannot conclude without thanking my great and unforgettable friends and colleagues who immensely contribute towards the success of my studies in one way or the other in the School of Continuing Education, Department of Social Science and Administration, Bayero University Kano. TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents DECLARATIONii APPROVAL PAGEiii DEDICATIONiv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSv TABLE OF CONTENTSvi ABSTRACTviii CHAPTER ONE1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION1 1.0 Introduction1 1.2 Statement of the Problem3 1.3 Objectives of the Study3 1.4 Research Questions4 1.5 Significance of the Study4 1.6 Scope of the Study4 1.7 METHODOLOGY5 1.7.1 POPULATION OF THE STUDY5 1.7.2 SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLE TECHNIQUE5 1.7.3 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS6 1.8 OUTLINE OF CHAPTERS6 CHAPTER TWO7 LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK7 2.1 Concept of Begging7 2.2 The Concept of Street Begging8 2.3 The Concept of Development10 2.4 The Concept of Social Development12 2.5 Effect of Street Begging on Societal Development14 2.5 What then is Street Begging?17 2.5.1 Factors Responsible for Street Begging in Nigeria19 2.5.2 Socio-Economic Strategies for Controlling the Begging21 2.5.3 Physical Planning Control Measures Against Begging25 2.5.4 Religious Control Measures Against Begging26 2.5.5 Legal Control Measures Against Begging27 2.6 Uniqueness of the Study28 2.7 Theoretical Framework29 CHAPTER THREE31 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY31 3.1 Kano State Hisbah Corps31 3.2 History31 3.3 Authority and Jurisdiction32 3.4 Criticism33 3.4.1 Comparison with other vigilante groups33 3.4.2 Human rights violations33 3.5 The Kano government says it has reunited over 800 beggars with their families across the 44 LGAs of the state (TheCable, 2022).33 CHAPTER FOUR35 DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION35 4.1 Result of Oral Interview35 4.3 Analysis of Questionnaire40 4.3.1 Analysis and Interpretation of Research Question One40 4.3.2 Analysis and Interpretation of Research Question Two43 4.3.3 Analysis and Interpretation of Research Question Three46 4.4 Summary of Findings51 4.5 Discussion of Findings53 CHAPTER FIVE55 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS55 5.1 SUMMARY55 5.2 CONCLUSION56 5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS56 REFERENCES60 APPENDIX64 ABSTRACT This research work entitled the effect of street begging on social development in Nigeria: challenges and prospects, a case study of Kano State. The study used descriptive survey approach in conducting the research. A survey method used questionnaire and structured interview as instruments for data collection. The study adopts conflict theory to form the theoretical basis of analysis. The study found that, 80% of respondents reported being very familiar with street begging in Kano, showing it is a prominent issue. 91% felt begging negatively influenced accessibility of public places like streets and parks. Poverty was by far the top factor attributed to begging prevalence at 68.8%, followed by unemployment at 17.3%. Education/scholarships garnered the most support at 40.3% as an alternative livelihood pathway. Stricter law enforcement was seen as not very effective or ineffective by over 75% of respondents. The study concludes with recommendations for possible solutions to the problem: develop targeted skills training programs in partnership with vocational colleges to equip beggars with marketable skills like carpentry, tailoring, welding etc, provide scholarships and school sponsorship for children of beggars to complete basic education to break the intergenerational cycle of poverty and begging and conduct literacy and numeracy courses paired with skills training for illiterate adult beggars to improve their employability and autonomy. CHAPTER ONE GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.0 Introduction Cities across the world are confronted with diverse challenges which have socio-economic and physical future effects for its citizen. These problems as experienced by cities of less developed countries, are enormous in nature. One obvious sign of these problems, especially in Nigeria, is street begging, that is the act of soliciting for money, food, clothes from people. It is practiced to get from others what one is unable to obtain by oneself. It is a request directed to the rest of the society to bring oneself out of misery of poverty. The situation of street begging has become globally prominent over the years. The presence of street beggars in major places of Nigeria has gone beyond the level where it could be viewed strictly as an uncommon occurrence to a worrisome social menace. Street begging are found everywhere in public spaces, such as filling stations, restaurants, banks, super markets, mosques, churches, among others. Street begging is experienced in almost every urban area in Nigeria, even though it is significantly higher in some places in the country than the others. The phenomenon of street begging is as a result of a number of factors, such as poverty, religion, physical disability, culture, national disaster, civil war, bad habits, family heritage, uncontrolled rural urban migration, and psychiatric disabilities and disorders. Deviant behaviours such as theft, thuggery, and vandalism are listed as some of the vices associated with street begging. Begging on the streets, in the urban centers has last for an age and perhaps occupations of the highly vulnerable, poverty ridden individuals in the society. There is no written evidence as to where and when begging began to be practiced first. However, studies indicate that begging was non-existent in primitive societies where small groups of relatives live together and support one another. Mutual aid served as self-protection and security for the society. The phenomenon of begging has emerged in association with private property. Starting from the beginning of the middle ages, the spread of begging was reinforced by the Christian doctrine of alms giving. There were also periods when the state assumed the duty of looking after the handicapped and the fortunateness. The acceleration in the number of street beggars took place in the 19th century, when the British introduced agrarian reforms, which forced farmers to leave the land. Like-wise, the industrial revolution sent hand-spinners and weavers to the road forcing them to beg. Till then the joint family system took care of the weaker members of the family and helped in keeping begging in check. But, under the pressure of industrialization which brought with it a rapid growth of population and its steady flight from rural to urban for job, the traditional pattern of the society started breaking up. The poor could not turn to their society for sustenance (Namwata, 2012). Street beggars of nowadays are patronized by the religious sympathy and they make best use of this religious sentiment. A large number of beggars collect outside temples and mosques expecting graceful sentiments in the religious people. It is interesting to note that people gathering around temples give alms as a religious duty rather than out of philanthropist act. In another words, it can be said that alms-giving is a duty rather than out of sympathy. These socio-economic pressures in turn resulted in the collapse of traditional social structures. The aggravated misery of mass poverty makes itself visible in large cities with the spread of slums. Large street beggars‟ population has taken up a surprisingly fast growth rate. The social implications of street begging are manifested not only in beggars‟ tendency to obstruct free flow of human and vehicular traffic but also their high tendency to create dirty materials either as waste or as part of their belongings to their regular routes and stations. The potential threat of street begging to Nigerian societal fabric is obvious in its negative implications to social, environmental and economic survival of the country. Street beggars constitute environmental hazard to Nigerian society especially in the cities. The city and national economy is regarded as considerable proportion of beggar’s population. The increasing population of beggars in Nigerian cities constitutes an environmental nuisance and health hazards, particularly those carrying infectious and contagious diseases. Street begging has negative implication for the city and national economy as beggars have no economic advantage in any way since they contribute nothing to the economy…. It is therefore upon the premises presented above that the study sought to examine Management of Street Begging in Kano: Challenges and Prospect. 1.2 Statement of the Problem Street begging is a major social problem in Kano, Nigeria. It is estimated that there are over 100,000 beggars in the city, and the number is growing. Street beggars are a nuisance to residents and businesses, and they can also pose a security risk. There are a number of challenges to managing street begging in Kano. One challenge is that many beggars are mentally ill or disabled, and they need help and support, not punishment. Another challenge is that some beggars are part of organized begging rings, which are often linked to criminal activity. Despite the challenges, there are a number of ways to manage street begging in Kano. One approach is to provide social services to beggars, such as food, shelter, and medical care. Another approach is to enforce laws against begging, such as laws that prohibit begging in public places or that require beggars to obtain licenses. The management of street begging in Kano is a complex issue, but there are a number of effective strategies that can be used to address the problem. By providing social services to beggars, enforcing laws against begging, and working to address the root causes of begging, Kano can make progress in reducing the number of beggars on its streets. 1.3 Objectives of the Study This study is design to achieve the following objectives: 1. To find out the effects of street begging on social development in Kano 2. To find out the challenges facing government in curbing out street begging in Kano. 3. To offer recommendation on how to eliminate street begging in Kano 1.4 Research Questions This study is designed to respond to the following research questions:- 1. What are the effect of street begging on political/social development in Kano? 2. What are the challenges of street begging on political/social development in Kano? 3. What are the recommendations on how to eliminate street begging in Kano? 1.5 Significance of the Study The study on the management of street begging in Kano will be beneficial to a number of bodies, including: The Kano government can use the findings of the study to develop more effective strategies for managing street begging in the city. For example, the government could provide more social services to beggars, enforce laws against begging more strictly, or work to address the root causes of begging. NGOs that work with beggars can use the findings of the study to improve their services and programs. For example, NGOs could provide more specialized services to beggars, such as job training or mental health counseling. Social workers can use the findings of the study to better understand the challenges and needs of beggars. This information can help social workers to provide more effective services to beggars. Policymakers can use the findings of the study to develop laws and policies that address the issue of street begging. For example, policymakers could create laws that make it illegal to force children to beg, or they could create programs that provide financial assistance to beggars who are trying to get back on their feet. The study will also be of interest to the general public, as it will provide insights into a complex social problem. The study will help the public to understand the causes of street begging, the challenges of managing street begging, and the potential solutions to the problem. 1.6 Scope of the Study There are a number of constraints that can make it difficult to collect research data related to the management of street begging. These constraints include: There is limited data available on the management of street begging. This is because it is a complex issue that is often not well-documented. The data that is available on the management of street begging may be difficult to access. This is because it may be held by government agencies, NGOs, or other organizations that do not have the resources to make it easily accessible. The data that is available on the management of street begging may be of poor quality. This is because it may be collected using outdated methods or by people who are not trained in data collection. The data that is available on the management of street begging may be biased. This is because it may be collected by people who have a vested interest in the issue, such as government officials or NGOs. 1.7 Methodology The study was a descriptive survey designed to elicit information on the causes and consequences of street begging in Nigeria. A systematic questionnaire and face to face interview will be used to gather data from the respondents at Hisbah Board Kano State about the impact of street begging on social development in Kano State. Data will also be gathered from relevant literature, such as books, journals, periodicals, newspapers, and internet resources. The obtained data will be displayed and quantitatively analyzed. In other words, a quantitative approach will be employed to present and analyze data in this study. The research will be simply analytical and descriptive. 1.7.1Population of the Study The study's target of this study was the total number of Hisbah Corps in Kano State Hisbah Board Office Sharada (2,021) according to Kano State Hisbah Board Head office record-Sample Size and Sample Technique This is the number of respondents who have been chosen to reply to the questionnaire questions. This study's sample size will be taken from the population, and the anticipated sample size will be 100 participants, with only 100 questionnaires delivered to them. The research will employ cluster sampling as a sample strategy. In this example, 5 Chief Inspector of Hisbah were selected, 5 Inspector, 5 Assistant of Commander General of Hisbah, 10 Sargent, 10 Corporal, 10 Last Corporal, 20 kurtu and 35 captive beggars in Hisbah. 1.7.3 Method of Data Analysis In this study, the data collected will be analysed and presented in a tabular form for easy understanding. Also simple percentages will be used for further analysis. 1.8 Outline of Chapters Chapter one describes the problem in depth, including the problem statement, research question aim, scope of the investigation, significance of the study, formulation of hypothesis, methodology, and chapter framework. The second chapter includes a literature review and theoretical framework, as well as the concepts of privatization and commercialization, commercialization, privatization, public enterprises, theoretical framework, public good theory, and public sector economic failure. The third chapter will go into the study area's historical background. The fourth chapter will cover data display and analysis. Finally, Chapter 5 concludes with a summary, conclusion, and suggestions. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK This chapter presents the conceptual framework for the study and other related literature. 2.1 Concept of Begging Begging is an age-old social evil bedeviling countries of the world. Begging is demoralizing and accompanied with a very complex socio-economic challenges. Begging is a form of disorganization as it indicates the failure of the individual to adjust to the social situation. Begging is the act of pleading for assistance that may come inform of gift, money, food or clothes with no service in return. Kennedy and Fitz Patrick (2001) define begging as requesting for money from people in public areas. Though, this definition did not look into all the tricks of beggars. Beggars approach people in different places for food, clothes and not necessarily money alone. While Mortimer (2005) views begging as the pleading for money for members of the public with no job to render as service in return. Olawale (2007) regards it as a habit of seeking favour from other for continued existence and enrichment. Lynch (2005) posits begging as the act of demanding for charity in an open space. He further argued that begging is grouped into various strategies which includes; passive begging (maintaining a particular spot using a sign and collecting donation from passerby), active begging (confronting the passerby and asking for donation) and aggressive begging (confronting the passerby continuously inform of a threat for donation). To buttress lynch argument, Burke (2003), avers that beggar who adopts the passive technique tend to receive more donation than those who go for the aggressive style, and that aggressive style is low because it connotes a self-defeating begging strategy. Beggars according to Esan (2009) refer to a group of people whose expressions target the feelings of potential supporters, and which are capable of changing their sense of reasoning. Balogun (2012) posits beggar as someone who depends on outsiders for survival without any service to offer. Beggars are those classes of people that defy the rules and regulation through the invention of a new standard different from that approved by the society. While Ekpeyong and Sibiri (2011) posit beggars as stigmatize collection of individuals who suffer numerous indignities while begging passersby for spare change. They added that the presentation of self in an important way by beggar, it serve as a means of contending with the humiliations and to develop fruitful relationship with the givers who become regular sources of support for them. Rana (2006) avers that beggars are people with shocking appearances that are often used as suitable tools for extracting whatever little cash they can, while roaming the street all day. For Naalir (2010), beggars belong to a different category in society; because they lack desire with shabby lifestyle and rely completely on members of the public for means of survival. 2.2 The Concept of Street Begging Begging is the subject of various social, urban and environmental debates. The interest in the extent of this phenomenon started in 1948, the year the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted. The first scientific studies into begging appeared after 1960 in France (Silver, 1994). The focus of these first studies was defining beggars. Researchers in various specialists took different approaches in its analysis. While psychologists associate begging with mental health problems and low self-esteem, social scientists link it to poverty (Fawole, Ogunkan & Omoruan, 2011) and social exclusion, focusing mainly on homeless individuals (Kennedy & Fitzpatrick, 2001) or the poverty afflicted lower classes of society (Jenks & Paterson, 1991). Oxford Dictionary defines a beggar as ‘a person, typically a homeless one, who lives by asking for money or food’. Begging in the streets is one of the age-long activities and perhaps occupations of the highly vulnerable, poverty-ridden individuals in the society, particularly in the developing countries. As revealed in the studies of different scholars, begging is not peculiar to developing countries; it is a universal phenomenon (Ado, 1997) and a global urban problem. While a considerable number of cities were identified in the US and Mexico as having a significant level of begging activity (Smith, 2005; Fabregas, 1971), cities in China, especially Shanghai, have been described as homes of different categories of beggars (including the poor, the disabled, the homeless and professional beggars), which are described as „liumin‟ (floating people) or „youmin‟ (wandering people) (Hanchao, Lu, 1999). In India, begging is seen as a pride as beggars are seen posing as someone famous. The situation is not so different in the city of Johannesburg, South Africa, where beggars are seen at junctions all over the city. In cities of Britain and similar industrialized countries in the recent years, begging has become highly visible (Jordan, 1999). Those of Mexico, as reported by Fabriga (1971), cited in Adedibu (1989) are not left out in this negative scenario. The situation in Nigerian cities as observed everyday is perhaps worse with different categories of beggars found at motorparks, religious centres, markets, road junctions, venues of ceremonies, among other public places begging for alms (Ojo, 2005). These categories of beggars include the disabled, the poor, and the destitute and to a considerable extent the able-bodied, healthy and physically strong individuals who take the advantage of the sympathy of the society for them to remain jobless and at times perpetrate evils (like crime) in the name of begging in the street. The issue is that those who engage in begging have one reason or the other to support their stand. While some may be claiming to be performing religious role by moving round and offering prayers to people who pay them in turn, others may claim to be taking their own share of the national cake, especially the jobless followers of certain political office holders (Jelili, 2009). To the easily recognized beggars, however, the problem of socio-economic maladies and physical disability are often the claim as articulated or implied in their approach to begging. Be that as it may, one begins to wonder whether such religious, socio-political and socioeconomic factors actually encourage begging. This paper actually exposes the connections of such acclaimed begging-induced factors to the phenomenon, and prepares the ground as well as gives directions for empirical studies, which may emanate from such exposition as attempts to explain, confirm, validate or otherwise, the constructs, and hypotheses that are products of this piece. Begging, as an indication of abject poverty, (Adedibu, 1989), has always been a major way out for the helpless poor. However, not all beggars are poor or motivated into begging by poverty, and not all the poor are beggars. This, therefore, necessitates the need to re-examine the concept of begging and related issues. To beg, according to the Oxford Dictionary (sixth edition, 2001), simply means to ask for money, food, clothes, etc, as a gift or as charity. This implies that begging is not peculiar to individuals, but also organizations or countries. For the latter group, it is conceptualized here as “corporate begging”; and it is made to include seeking for charity by organizations or grants or debts cancellation by richer organizations or nations to poorer organizations or nations. The former category, which is the concern of this study, is synonymous with street and house-to-house begging; it borders around such issues or related concepts as “panhandling” “mendicancy” and “vagrancy” which characterize city beggars. This conceptualization would not only capture the image of the begging and beggars in question, but also reflect their implications for the city’s physical and socio-economic environment. 2.3 The Concept of Development Development means “improvement in a country’s economic and social conditions”. More specifically, it refers to improvements in the way of managing an area’s natural and human resources. In order to create wealth and improve people’s lives. The concept of development includes many aspects and has changed over time. “Development is one of the main priorities of the United Nations. Development is a multidimensional undertaking to achieve a higher quality of life for all people. Economic development, social development, and environmental protection are interdependent and mutually reinforcing components of sustainable development.” “Sustained economic growth is essential to the economic and social development of all countries, in particular developing countries. Through such growth, which should be broadly based so as to benefit all people, countries will be able to improve the standards of living of their people through the eradication of poverty, hunger, disease, and illiteracy, the provision of adequate shelter and secure employment for all and the preservation of the integrity of the environment.” “Democracy, respect for all human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the right to development, transparent and accountable governance and administration in all sectors of society, and effective participation by civil society are also an essential part of the necessary foundations for the realization of social and people-centered sustainable development.” “The empowerment of women and their full participation on the basis of equality in all spheres of society is fundamental for development.” The term development does not refer to one single phenomenon or activity nor does it mean a general process of social change. All societies, rural and urban, are changing all the time. This change affects, for example, the society’s norms and values, its institutions, its methods of production, the attitudes of its people, and the way in which it distributes its resources. A rural society’s people, customs, and practices are never static but are continually evolving into new and different forms. There are different theories which seek to explain this process of social change (as evolution, as a cultural adaptation or even as the resolution of conflicting interests) and examples of each explanation can be found in different parts of the world. Development is more closely associated with some form of action or intervention to influence the entire process of social change. It is a dynamic concept which suggests a change in, or a movement away from, a previous situation. All societies are changing, and rural extension attempts to develop certain aspects of society in order to influence the nature and speed of the change. In the past few decades, different nations have been studied and their level of development has been determined; this has given rise to the use of terms such as developed as opposed to developing nations. In other words, it is assumed that some nations have advanced or changed more than others, and indeed these nations are often used as the model for other, developing, nations to follow. The people are held to be the principal actors in human-scale development. Respecting the diversity of the people as well as the autonomy of the spaces in which they must act converts the present-day object person to a subject person in the human scale development. The development of the variety that we have experienced has largely been a top-down approach where there is little possibility of popular participation and decision making. This process of development can take different forms and have a variety of objectives. The following statements illustrate this: Development involves the introduction of new ideas into a social system in order to produce higher per caput incomes and levels of living through modern production methods and improved social organization. Development implies a total transformation of a traditional or pre-modern society into types of technology and associated social organization that characterize the advanced stable nations of the Western world. Development is building up the people so that they can build a future for themselves. Development is an experience of freedom in deciding what people choose to do. To decide to do something brings dignity and self-respect. Development efforts, therefore, start with the people’s potential and proceed to their enhancement and growth. 2.4 The Concept of Social Development Social development in simple terms is process in which society develops. As society matures, the standard of living of people also increases. People start consuming more and more of products, new variety of products is also available. The weaker section also starts gaining empowerment. However, GDP is the main focus of economic maturity. A country can’t develop without growth in its GDP. But it is not a sufficient condition. For measurement of true social development more measures are required in addition to GDP. Social development is about improving the well-being of every individual in society so they can reach their full potential. The success of society is linked to the well-being of each and every citizen. Social development means investing in people. It requires the removal of barriers so that all citizens can journey toward their dreams with confidence and dignity. It is about refusing to accept that people who live in poverty will always be poor. It is about helping people so they can move forward on their path to self-sufficiency. Everyone must have the opportunity to grow, develop their own skills and contribute to their families and communities in a meaningful way. If they are healthy, well educated and trained to enter the workforce and are able to make a decent wage they are better equipped to meet their basic needs and be successful. Their families will also do well and the whole of society will benefit. Learning must start early in life. By investing in early learning initiatives, we can ensure a greater degree of success amongst our citizens. Making sure that children get a good start in their education goes a long way to increasing their success later in life. An affordable, high quality child care system is also needed for society to succeed. When people know that their children are being well taken care of, they can be more productive in their jobs. When employers have good employees their business is more likely to succeed. When businesses succeed, the economic situation of a community is improved. An investment today in good child care programs can provide many long term economic benefits for society. In addition, a safe affordable place to live is very important in helping people achieve self-sufficiency. It is the focus of family life; where families can live safely, nurture their children, build community relationships and care for aging parents. Without a decent place to live, it is difficult to function as a productive member of society. 2.5 Effect of Street Begging on Societal Development Obidoa, Eze and Okiche (2007) asserted that the incidence of street begging is lower in southern Nigeria than the north suggestive of cultural dimension to the problem. For southerners, begging is an aberration except in Yoruba land where mothers of twin babies are suppose to beg for sometime. Where there is a beggar, there is a giver and for religious reasons, several Nigerians gives alms to the poor. The Almajirai system in the muslim north creates the largest category of beggars in the country. Hunger engaging in deviant behaviours such as theft, thuggery and randalism are listed as some of the vices associated with this system. Apart from children roaming streets to beg in the name of coming to cities to look for knowledge, there are other categories of street beggars who constitute a menace to the 5 society such you find every where, at the filling stations, food restaurants, super markets, mosques and churches etc. This led Ammani (nd) to opine that, the population of beggars on our streets is growing exponentially. The menace of street begging is a potential threat to our very societal fabric in obvious. Many social communities have attributed this astronomical growth in street begging to poverty, real or imagined in the north. Is it ready as a result of poverty or due to the manipulation of sentiments by some vested interest groups. So visible are these beggars on our street in recent time that one will agree that street begging is gradually becoming a potential threat to our societal fabric and eroding the idea of self reliance in our nation. Therefore the categories of beggars their the pupils carried to their point of begging, other comes in wheel chairs and yet others are on crutches or are aided by walking sticks. And now there are innovations: Some beggars are playing music to draw attention to themselves while at least one beggar is flying the flag of political party to make money from party sympathizers. There are also mentally challenged who beg for alms, some rather menacingly or aggressively. Gone are the days when begging was perceived to be done by people who in one way or the other had physical challenges and are were not capable of working to fend for themselves. The trend has champed as some young and emergetic persons instead of working to carter for themselves, now see begging as the most convenient and surest way of getting money. The other category of persons who see begging as means of survive belong to the class of the physically challenged who as a result of societal neglect has no option than to depend on other people for their daily bread. A major glaving effect of the menace of street begging is the dependency syndrome it causes on beggars because as soon one get used to going out and getting what he needs for his livelihood then the question of thinking along the line of being useful to himself and the society does not arise. It is such children that when they grow up and cannot do any lawful trade or engage in any activity that can fetch them some money, then the obvious thing for them is fall prey to drug addiction in order to ward away frustration or else they join gangs of armed robbers, thefts arsonists or religious misguided fanatics and this do not auger well for our national development. The young pupils (almajirai) roaming streets are sometimes co-opted in mini jobs at residences, restaurants and other public places such as markets to hawk goods and to carry things on wheel barrows for people buying in markets which tantamounts to child 6 abuse/child labour which is a negation of united nations chatter on rights of the child. Rogers and Staching (1985), observed that exploitative and abusive child labour occurs when a child is made to engage, on a regular basis in productive or income yielding activities for which the primary beneficiaries are persons other than themselves. Khalid (2006) have asserted from the findings of a research that, every member of the host community in the sample of his work, has reported that he has at one time or the other made use of the migrant pupils labour. As for the secluded urban women, whose children go to western type of school in the day, their dependence on almajirai (pupils) was considerable. Above all the pupils were subjected to what literally amounts to “forced labour” in which the benefit accrue to the malam (teacher) alone. The issue of material deprivation apart from begging has more far reaching consequences on the pupils for as Khalid (1995) observed, in the process of begging, the child loses his dignity from the very start of his life, making him to develop a dependent mentality which invariably kills his intelligence and all capacities of initiatives. Few of the children would be lucky to turn half-backed catching up productive vocations at a later stage of their lives. Those who remain to cross the final hurdles would emerge with undesirable socio-economic status and some dose of fanaticism in them. The presence of beggars on our street, our homes and public places is a clear manifestation of the injustice and in balances that define our economic system. There is clear indication of lack of redistribution of wealth in the society. Khalid (1995) opined that, what we have is a rudimentary, or arbitrary practice of charity and donation which altogether make a mockery of our collective existence. It is undesirable that a sizeable percentage of Hausa people, especially in the rural areas, are completely marginalized, and that such a situation tend to create beggars and social misfits. The result is the ever growing gap between the rich and poor, the frightening environment of poverty on the society and no con-comittant rise in corruption, crime and several discontent. Some writers believed that the religious riots which have erupted in or near major northern cities since 1980: Kano (1980), Kaduna (1982), Yola (1984), Maiduguri (1984), Gombe (1985) and Funtua (1991) and most recently Maiduguri (2009), Bauchi (2009) and Kano (2009) were the handwork of the products of the almajiri system. A part from the child abusive labor issue, there is also the problem of such beggars constituting a health hazard, which does not say well about the nation, you find break out of epidemics at the various squalours where such beggars sleep and such disease often 7 spread to the larger community. The fear is this, communicable disease such as tuberculosis could spread through such places and the menace of HIV/AIDS which is already a health issue to the nation. 2.5 What then is Street Begging? Begging is the practice of imploring others to grant a favour, which could be inform of gift like money, clothes or food with no expectation of reciprocation or refund. Street begging is defined as the act of requesting for money, food or other forms of favour without an exchange in a public place and in the street where people frequently pass by. Wikipedia (2010) defined street begging as a practice whereby a person obtains money, food, shelter or other things from people he/she encounter in public place by request without return. From chukwulobe (2011) street begging is seen as an act of stopping people on the street to beg for assistance which could either be in the form of giving money or food. It often occurs for the purpose of securing a material benefit, generally for a gift donation or charitable donation (John, 2010). Form Balogun (2012) A street beggar is a person who relies on the financial graces of strangers without providing food or services in return, though it is just as much work as a wage job. Beggars can be categorized based on their appearance and techniques or mode of begging. Based on their appearances, they can be categorized into three groups; which include. (a) Professional beggars who find themselves in this trade on the grounds of physical disability (b) Those who street-beg on account of old age (c) Those who voluntarily force themselves into the begging class. Based on their techniques of begging, they are also categorized into three, which include: (a) Passive Begging: This type involve in person either sitting or standing in one place with songs or receptacle entreating donations. (b) Active Begging: This type of beggars move from place to place with their receptable soliciting money, gifts and (c) Aggressive Begging: This technique is one which harsh words and intimidations are used in soliciting for help (Burke 1999), Horn and Cooke, (2001). In Nigeria, street begging according to Amman (2009) Is more in the Northern parts of Nigeria. This is because of the adopted system of Almajiri by the Muslims for religious reasons. From Esobonu (2010) the population of beggars in Nigeria Street is growing exponentially. Today their presence in the streets of Kano in Northern part of Nigeria is recognized to be a serious problem that requires urgent redress. As emphasized by Esobonu (2012), boys between eight and nineteen years go about with plates to beg for food and money by reciting a slogan which is very common among beggar “Sada-ka-Sabo-da-Allah” meaning “give because of God”. This is heart breaking. Form the census carried out by Kano State government in 2003, 1,486,000 beggars were identified in Kano. The figures are included in the 1.4million figures of young Almajiri beggars of Kindergarten age who sleep in open residential areas of who also roam round the ancient city barefooted. They are seen loitering cafeterias waiting for leftovers, Sokoto state has 1.1million Almajiri, Kaduna has 824,233, Borno has 389,049 (Adelowo, 2010). A 2013 survey indicated that the population of Almajiri (beggars) in Nigeria stood at 12.4 million. The North West zone hosts 5.1 million, the North-East Zone 3.5 million, North-Central Zone 1.6 million, Southwest zone 7,600, South-South and Southeast zones has 9,228 and 8,200 respectively. The Almajiri in the North are denied of parental care and they form the majority of the beggar population (Onoyase, 2013). Begging is an activity that occurs in major cities and towns. Beggars are seen in every open space where there are many people around. Some like to whisper, some ask in their local languages, some begin trade, some yell to the people, some do not talk but, open their outstretched hands while looking at you with pitiful eyes. They do all these because they want people to give them money or other valuable items or even food. Many societies of the world frown at begging on the street. Nigerian Government is on its clear off beggars on the streets programme as noticed in many states in Nigeria. The Cameroons local council in Yaonde abruptly are arbitrarily engaged in arresting and rounding off beggars and panhandlers off the streets and off the major road way in an efforts to curb what the city council describe as a public nuisance and an inconvenience. In India as emphasized by Namwata (2010) begging has been prohibited by law in various jurisdictions. In Canada, the province of Ontario introduced its safe streets Act in 1999 to restrict specific kinds of begging. In Romania Law 61 of 1991 forbids the persist of call for the mercy of the public by a person, which is able to work. In Japan homelessness is common, such people rarely beg. In Portugal, panhandlers normally beg in front of Catholic Churches, at traffic lights or on special places in Lisbon. (http:/www.biblestudytools.2011). Begging is not illegal in Portugal. Many social and religious institutions support homeless people and panhandlers. The Portuguese social security normally gives them a survival monetary subsidy. From Johnny (2010), begging in Luxembourg is legal except when it is indulged in as a group or the beggar is a part of an organized effort. Begging has been legal in Finland since 1987 when the poor law was invalidated. But in 2003, the public order Act replaced any local government rules and completely decriminalized begging. In United Kingdom, begging is illegal and in United State, in part of San Francisco, California aggressive panhandling is prohibited. According to Jackson (2002), some advance communities reduced street begging because of concerns that people begging on the street may use the money to support alcohol or drug abuse. As such, those wishing to give beggars can rather give gift cards or vouchers for food or service and not cash. 2.5.1 Factors Responsible for Street Begging in Nigeria Several factors were identified to be responsible for the act in the country. Lynch (2005) posits begging as a many-sided problem that is mostly cause by numerous and consistent individual and structured deficiencies. He equally argued that there is a clear and substantial relationship linking begging, homelessness, poverty, mental illness, drug dependency and poor access to housing, income and health support services. Adewumi (2000) opines the factors that promote begging in the country include the traditional system of education, family problems and the structure of traditional administration as interplayed by Arabic civilization, westernization and colonialism. While the National Council for the Welfare of the Destitute (2001) identified some reasons to include the death of parents, lack of support, neglect, poverty, disability, socio-cultural fallacy and ignorance on the part of parents. But (Adedibu & Jelili, 2012) summarized these factors to include traditional and cultural factors, customs and religious, poverty and destitution, laziness and indolence, unemployment and the need to make a living or money, deformity and disability, desertion and lack of sponsor or family care, inadequate and lack of rehabilitation and vocation centre, old age and influx of illegal and destitute aliens. Transformation that emerged with modern and western influences are said to be attributed for the cause of begging in Nigeria (Ojo, 2005). They argued that modernization continued to weaken the extended family support system that has been existing in most African societies. Consequently, the aged, disabled, and even the disadvantage youths have turn out to begging in other to survive. Demenozu (2005) observe poverty as the most frequent precipitant of begging in most societies. He argued that the socio economic system that is becoming more concentrated with the evils of urbanization, migration and displacement of people who have nowhere else to fall into but the streets. These worsening economic conditions in Nigeria has thrown up several disapproved survival imperative (mechanism) and deviant behavior, one which is street begging now engaged in by different categories of people, such as the area boys, the disabled and other vulnerable groups (Aderinto, et al., 2007). Begging is a social menace and beggars are perceived as nuisance since their activities possess great danger to the survival of the society. When the large proportion of the society becomes inactive, accustom to laziness and comfortable lifestyle and having their needs meet easily without any labour to earn from, then, such society is in a threat of social and economic collapse. This is why Aderinto (2009) lament that the treat of begging in Nigeria is evident in its harmful implication on social, environmental and economic survival of the country because it’s represent afinancial threat to the society since beggars are not efficiently productive. The most awful thing in begging is that as time passes by, those who resort to begging becomes incapable of working, fending and shouldering any responsibly. They hardly contribute to the nation’s economy and consequently, the economy was further slow down as result of the considerable proportion of beggar’s population, depending on the already overstretched work force. In support of Aderinto, Raddy (2013) revealed that begging has turn into a job for great fraction of the population in India. He further claim that the larger the portion of people involve in begging, the heavier the weight on the working population and the lesser the usage of human resource for productive human development. 2.5.2 Socio-Economic Strategies for Controlling the Begging There is no gain saying the fact that the socioeconomic maladies in our country are some of the chief factors that provide fermentation for nurturing begging. (Jibril, 1997) Socio-economic strategies for controlling begging can be categorized into two: (1) Poverty alleviation programmes that would have direct bearing on beggars and different categories of the needy; (2) Sustainable and effective rehabilitation schemes. The former will be aimed at reducing begging engaged in by the poverty ridden able-bodied people especially uncaterred-for women, while the latter shall target beggars of one form of disability or the other. The poverty alleviation programme that can address the problem of begging in Kano and perhaps other northern cities will be that which address the following areas: a) There is need to define the position of the Quranic Education System in the education sector of the northern states. This is in line with one of the issues raised in the communiqué at the end of the 3-day National Conference on Begging and Destitution held in Kaduna in September 5-7, 1997. b) Registration and formalization of such Arabic schools c) There is need to identify and define who are stakeholders and what are their roles. d) Such poverty alleviation programme should include who pays the mallam (tutors) and how much, and who takes care of the feeding of the students (almajiris). Unless this problem is addressed we cannot get rid of almajiris in the streets of the northern cities. Such aspect of the general poverty alleviation program, which is recommended for the northern states, should assign defined responsibilities to the parents of such Arabic students, the local government and the state government as stakeholders. Another form of poverty alleviation program that can reduce begging in virtually every Nigerian city including Kano, Ibadan and Enugu, is that which targets and has direct bearing on the informal sector of the city economy. This is because most people who beg as a result of poverty, as revealed in the findings here, are operators of the informal sector economy especially women, who look for quick way of survival when unforeseen economic hardship strikes and refuse to return to their original occupation. This could be achieved by: a) Earmarking certain percentage of the local and state government budgets for informal sector of the economy. b) Building markets and making shops available at controlled affordable prices for market men and women. c) Making loans readily available and disbursable to the operators of informal sector businesses and service industries at considerably low interest rate d) Priority consideration should be given (on the two items above) to the known beggars willing to participate in the informal sector businesses. e) A committee should be put in place at both local and state levels to see to the implementation of such a poverty alleviation programme. f) Cooperative societies, micro-finance banks and similar organizations should be encouraged by government to contribute in their own capacities by effectively implementing similar poverty alleviation programmes in their services. Such would be carried out by stipulating that certain percentage of their lending should be directed at informal sector of the economy, and their activities should be well monitored by relevant agency, department or ministry to ensure compliance. Other aspect of socio-economic measure against begging is rehabilitation. Drawing from the experience of the past rehabilitation schemes, some of which were abandoned halfway, why some could not function as a result of grossly inadequate facilities, this study presents a comprehensive and sustainable rehabilitation measure. In each of the local government areas of the city, there is need for establishment of vocational rehabilitation centre (VRTC) to address the problem of those with one form of disability or the other, and prevent them from becoming beggars, or stop them from remaining as beggars. The VRTC, which may be similar in terms of department and activities but may not be so in terms of size for Ibadan and Enugu is described below with respect to such aspects as organization and socio-economic sustainability. For Kano, however, there should be an additional department for Koranic education to encourage the potential users. The size may not, however be bigger than that of Ibadan as the Koranic school described earlier would take care of the armies of Almajiris if implemented as described. 1) Organization Each VRTC should have five different departments, including Guidance and Counseling, Vocation Training, Health and Social Welfare, Agriculture, Sports and administrative and Finance Departments. To reduce costs, the various departments shall be manned by part-time personnel except their Heads who shall be full-time employees. The Vocation Department shall be made up of five units, including soap-making, hair dressing, tying and dyeing, tailoring and barbing for the start. Agriculture Department shall consist of Poultry Farming, Crop Farming, Fish Farming and agro-processing units. The beneficiaries shall be allocated to the various units of these two major departments (Vocation and Agriculture), based on their physical and mental fitness, and or choice. The Health and Social Welfare Department shall be made up of units whose respective responsibilities shall be health and social welfare issues. Guidance and Counseling shall be a one-unit Department charged with the reorientation of the beneficiaries on the need to see pride in getting engaged in one form of work or the other, and the dent on one’s image while he is a beggar or street person. The Department offers words of encouragement and motivation to the beneficiaries at the centre. There shall be a low-cost housing scheme either within or outside the rehabilitation centre for only those who may unavoidably need it, especially the certified homeless and persons requiring special attention, (the destitute) who may wish to acquire such accommodation and duly apply for it. 2) Socio-economic issues are that: 1. The overall national urban development policy should be put in place to include issues on rehabilitation programmes / schemes throughout the country. 2. In both public and private sectors at least 5% of the labour force should be reserved for disabled persons trained either at the rehabilitation centre described above or elsewhere. This would encourage more disabled persons in getting involved in skill acquisition or training, and in discouraging them from participating in begging 3. Activities of non-governmental and voluntary organizations that may be involved in rehabilitation programmes for persons with disabilities (PWD) should be encouraged through all necessary legal and social provisions. 4. Research into issues affecting rehabilitation of PWD should be sponsored and embarked upon from time to time. 5. Local, state and inter-state or national special sport fiestas should be organized for people with different forms of disabilities. This would make them have sense of belonging in the society, and make them feel less inferior to able-bodied people. They would, in turn, feel capable of competing with their able-bodied counterparts in the business world. Besides, such sport activities could generate revenue for the organizer (government, rehabilitation centres, philanthropic or other similar organizations), which the participants, would benefit immensely from. 6. The family is regarded as the institution primarily responsible for the welfare of its members. Each Nigerian family should therefore be alive to its social responsibilities especially towards those of its members who are disabled or in one form of distress or the other. 7. Individuals too should not compound the problem of the society by indulging in social excesses marrying many wives and rearing many children whose proper up-bridging they can least afford. 2.5.3 Physical Planning Control Measures Against Begging As observed earlier, incidence of begging is related to urbanization and land use. Attempts at getting rid of beggars on our streets should not be without recourse to physical planning. Against this backdrop, it is recommended that: 1. In each of the cities regular surveys of beggars stations should be carried out (most of these have been exposed in this study for the three cities). With this issues pertaining to landscaping and other forms of maintenance of round-abouts and popular junctions, as well as those related to traffic jam and management will be identified and appropriate actions taken to address the problem. With these, less hide-out and convenient spots will be available for beggars to carry on their business. 2. Our new layout (residential, industrial, commercial etc.) plans should discourage open spaces that may not be manageable by the potential users. When such are created adequate provisions should be made on how to manage them, and such provisions should be well implemented to guide against springing up of indiscriminate location of squatter-informalsector activities which beggars of different forms mingle with. 3. Development control activities in cities should, through proper monitoring team, include use of police power to evacuate illegal informal sector trades and other business operators on roads and other street persons who usually cause traffic jam and provide good avenues for beggars of different types, including area boys to carry on their business. 4. In order for the point (iii) above to be effective, our new layout plans should, as a matter of fact, make provision for spaces for informal sector activities such spaces should, however, be allocated to potential users and monitored so that they are not turned to another homes of social vices, including begging. For example, potential allottees and users should be warned against allowing his allotted space or part thereof to be used by any person for any unauthorized activity. 5. It should be incumbent on the development control unit of our relevant planning agencies to ensure that detailed designs of such land uses as mosques, churches motor parks, filling stations and markets, among others, should discourage beggars’ stations. Such could be achieved by insisting on proper landscaping of each project environment. 2.5.4 Religious Control Measures Against Begging There is no doubt the fact that the issue of begging or alms giving is highly connected to religion. Religious groups have a lot of roles to play in reorientating their people. For the religious groups the following are recommended: 1. The Nigerian Muslim Ummah must take immediate steps to implement the zakat scheme, which, according to the Qur’an Allah has instituted to deal with the problem of poverty and begging. They should as a matter of fact, constitute bodies at various community levels through which their religious members channeled their alms and donations rather than giving directly to beggars. Such alms or donations would constitute a fund that could be made use of to rehabilitate or provide for the needs of different categories of the needy either at rehabilitation centres or at Koranic schools or to those identified in the community as deserving one form of help or the other. 2. The Ulama (League of Islamic Clerics) must promote reforms in the presentation of Islam such that the archaic views, which tend to suggest that begging is inevitable and indeed desirable, should be discarded. 3. There should be regular campaigns and/or public enlightenment programmes on the dehumanizing implication of begging for the beggar and their relations. This, as revealed in this study, would go a long way in reducing incidence of begging in the society. 4. Conferences, like the one of 3-day conference on ‘Begging and Destitution’ held in Kaduna in 1997, should be held regularly in different parts of the country especially in the north. 5. Other religious groups (Christian and other religious bodies) can also function by constituting themselves as non-governmental organizations and put committees in place to release a certain percentage of their revenues to charity services especially to those that genuinely deserve such service or help. They could have their own rehabilitation schemes/centres separately or jointly with a similar religious body. 6. Islamic groups, especially in the north, should advise strongly their people who have their children and wards in different koranic schools and those willing to do so, that they should see the up-bringing and education of their children as their social responsibility. As a matter of fact, they should see the help coming to any koranic schools or similar organizations as a privilege. More so, people should be enlightened in the dangers inherent in having their children and wards roaming major streets in search of what to eat in the name of koranic education. 7. Normally, people’s perception about the begging phenomenon should change. Religious groups have a lot of roles to play in this direction, as giving alms to the needy as a religious duty does not give the needy the license to remain and feel comfortable with begging. 2.5.5 Legal Control Measures Against Begging It is observed here that lawlessness is a serious phenomenon in Nigerian society. No amount of succor that you give to some unscrupulous people to prevent them from continuing with certain vices they still want to remain bent on it. Legal control, though should be the last option, becomes very inevitable. This study advises, however, that most of the legal control measures to be presented below should take effect only after all other measures have been put in place. 1. There should be a detailed urban development policy that has specific provisions on issues of begging. As a matter of fact, such policy should provide for a check on inter-state migration. This is because many beggars who find it difficult to live as beggars in their own ‘country’ finds it convenient to do that in a ‘foreign land’. 2. There is need for a special police squad that patrols every major street and motor park in each city looking for arriving inter-city commuter buses and commercial cars. This special squad interrogates the alighting passengers on such issues as (1) their origin (2) destination in the city (3) purpose (4) place of residence etc. From their responses those with no specific mission or purpose in the city could be fished out, detained briefly and ‘deported’ back to their destinations. This would check unnecessary influx of migrants who become nuisance to the city either as beggars or as other categories of street persons. 3. Relevant legislation should be put in place banning unnecessary loitering and illegal occupation of open spaces around public areas including public buildings, motor parks, junctions, filling stations and religious buildings, among others. The special police squad described above can also help in identifying and arresting defaulters of the legislation. 4. Individual shop-keepers or occupant of buildings should be banned from illegal use of their frontage or allowing people to use it for any illegal or unauthorized activity that can promote loitering of street persons. 5. No lunatics should be allowed to stay or roam the street of cities as some desperate persons can only pretend to be lunatics to perpetrate different forms of begging and other social vices. It is incumbent on relevant agency of government to look for such lunatics and take them to appropriate psychiatric homes or rehabilitation centres where they are well taken care of on the bill of the society as could be obtained from various sources described in different sub-sections of this section, as they (lunatics) are a category of the needy and beggars, that must be taken care of. 2.6 Uniqueness of the Study The issue of street begging in Kano is a complex one, with a long history and a variety of contributing factors. The study will focus on the challenges and prospects of managing street begging in Kano, with a particular emphasis on the following: The legal and policy framework for managing street begging in Kano. The role of government, religious organizations, and civil society in managing street begging. The challenges of rehabilitating and reintegration of beggars into society. The prospects for reducing the incidence of street begging in Kano. The study will use a variety of methods, including interviews, focus groups, and a review of relevant literature. The findings of the study will be used to inform the development of more effective policies and programs to manage street begging in Kano. The uniqueness of this study lies in its focus on the challenges and prospects of managing street begging in Kano. The study will provide a comprehensive overview of the issue, including the legal and policy framework, the role of key stakeholders, and the challenges and prospects for reducing the incidence of street begging. The findings of the study will be of interest to government officials, religious leaders, civil society organizations, and other stakeholders who are working to address the issue of street begging in Kano. 2.7 Theoretical Framework The conflict theory is adopted as the theoretical base line for this study. Beggary as a social phenomenon is a social problem, menace, and deviant in nature as their activities diverge to the behavioural expectations set by the society. This is why the conflict theory emerged to oppose the argument propagated by the functionalist theory which posits that beggars are functional in the role they performed for the survival and continuity of the society. Marxism, an offshoot of the conflict theory will provide a philosophical starting point on which the conflict theory rest. The basic augment of the Marxian perspective is that poverty in capitalist society is an expression of a system of inequality which is an innate feature of capitalism. Marx contend that in capitalist society, wealth, power and fame are concentrated in the few bourgeoisie while the greater part which happened to be the proletariat classes are forced to sale their labour and gain salary in return. Dahrendorf (1959) cited in Haralambos and Holborn (2004) another conflict theorist who adopted Karl Marx idea of class conflict and Max Weber approval of power as an important constituent of stratification come up with his idea of modern capitalism which he argued that, top executive at the helm of government and private organizations are also powerful groups of exploiters that can facilitate inequality in the society. Gerth and Mills (1958) employed the Marxist approaches to stress how social stratification influences social behaviors such as begging in the society. According to Gerth of Mills (1958) cited in Fawole, et al, (2010) avers that begging is the outcome of the differential in opportunities and life change people experience in society. Meaning, the inability of the society to provide equal access to opportunities for all to make available for themselves the material goods and positive living result to begging. By implication, the existence of beggars in Nigeria is the aftermath of inequality generated by the political elite. As such, beggars are not to be held responsible for their act rather; they are seen as the victims in the society. However, begging arises as a result of the interest of the minority class who control the society, and they also perceive begging as a social problem and beggars as a deviant. By implication, the bourgeoisie (minority class) are the major causes of begging at the same time define the act and label the actors. The question here is that, what measures is the society putting in place to curtail or arrest begging in Nigeria? Aderinto (2009) expresses grief in his response that government has not shown any serious interest in ending the threat. What they ought to have done is to provide a vocational trainings and gainful employment for the beggars but rather they camouflage and displayed a beggar’s free society by emptying the street during conferences and meetings that brings national from different part of the world. Shortly after the conference, beggars resume the street in full force. It is disheartened that government care less on the rehabilitations of beggars but spending chunk of money on programmes that benefits the wealthy and political class. This conduct of the government gives evidence to the belief of the Marxist that the existence of social problem in the society is the reflection of exploitation, oppression, alienation, expropriation, extortion and inequality of the powerful class over the disadvantage class. CHAPTER THREE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 3.1 Kano State Hisbah Corps The Kano State Hisbah Corps is a religious police force in Kano state, Nigeria. responsible for the enforcement of Shari'a to only Muslims in Kano state and other parts of the northern Nigeria. malam yahaya faruk chedi is the first commander General of Hisba, followed by Sheik Ibrahim Mu'azzam Maibushra and then Sheik Aminu Ibrahim Daurawa. Sheikh Daurawa resigned as commander of Hisbah Kano in 2019, as of 2022, its commander is Haruna Ibn-Sina Sheikh Daurawa was reappointed by Kano State governor Abba Kabir Yusuf in 2023 as it's commander. 3.2 History The Kano State Hisbah Corps was established by the state government in 2000 and was improved in 2003 with the institutionalization of formerly local and privately maintained hisbah security units. Hisbah, which is an Arabic word meaning "accountability", is an Islamic religious concept that calls for "enjoining what is right and forbidding what is wrong on every Muslim." The Hisbah Corps, which operates under the jurisdiction of a Hisbah Board composed of government officials, secular police officers, and religious leaders, is highly decentralized with local units supervised by committees composed of officials and citizens in the communities in which they operate. The relationship between the Hisbah Corps and civil police has been sometimes acrimonious. The Nigeria Police Force (NPF), to whom the Hisbah must report crimes, frequently refuse to cooperate in enforcement of religious law. On multiple occasions, NPF officers have arrested Hisbah members for trespassing when the latter have attempted to enter private property to enforce Sharia. And, in 2006, two senior Hisbah officers were detained by federal police and questioned on suspicion they were seeking foreign funding to train militants. As of 2010 there were approximately 9,000 male and female officers of the Kano State Hisbah Corps. The Kano State Hisbah court has extended its rule to some Northern States with high population of Muslims in Nigeria. Some regions in States like Kaduna and Kwara now have rules from the court that governs them. The court set up rules that bans women and girls from using Mobile phones and sunglasses amongst other things listed. 3.3 Authority and Jurisdiction The Hisbah Corps does not have authority to execute arrests and officers are armed only with non-lethal weapons for self-defense, such as batons. Hisbah officers who observe violations of Sharia are expected to alert the Nigeria Police Force. Other duties of the Hisbah Corps include arbitrating the voluntary reconciliation of disputes, verbally chastising violators of Sharia, and maintaining order at religious celebrations. Hisbah are also trained to assist with disaster response operations. An example of a Kano State Hisbah Board activity is the destruction of 1,975,000 bottles of beer worth over N200 million (almost US$500,000) in 2020 that had been confiscated within metropolitan Kano. According to the BBC, hisbah in Nigeria is supposed to apply only to Muslims, "but in reality, non-Muslims come under pressure to adhere to the Hisbah's rulings". At least some trucks "carrying alcoholic beverages belonging to non-Muslims were destroyed and bars were raided by the hisbah after it accused owners of 'corrupt acts'." An example of the Hisbah's verbally chastising violators of Sharia is Ibn-Sina's criticism of Zahrah Bayero, the fiancée of President Muhammadu Buhari's son, Yusuf, who exposed her shoulders in photos from her bridal shower, allegedly failing "to set a good example to other Muslims". Ibn-Sina has also declared activities forbidden where his orders were "largely ignored by radio stations and shopping malls and they faced no sanctions". Such as barring the use of "the term Black Friday to advertise sales, saying that Friday was a holy day in Islam". 3.4 Criticism 3.4.1 Comparison with other vigilante groups Some observers have compared hisbah activities in Nigeria to vigilante groups that have operated in other parts of the country, partly based on local tradition and partly as a response to failings of the police. However, as of 2004, Human Rights Watch was not aware of killings by hisba members, in contrast to other vigilante groups like the Bakassi Boys in the southeast and the Oodua People’s Congress in the southwest of the country, who have committed numerous extrajudicial killings and other abuses. It is also compared to the newly formed Operation Amotekun in the South West of the country. 3.4.2 Human rights violations In 2022, Observations and interviews with people arrested by the Hisbah showcased potential human rights violations by the agency with reports of forced HIV and pregnancy tests, brutal beatings of inmates, and prolonged underage imprisonments. Several victims noted that they were non-Muslims and/or did not belief in sharia law with the state government countering that all people residing in Kano State fall under the jurisdiction of Hisbah, regardless of religion. Public outcry also arose over the alleged selective enforcement of Hisbah guidelines as critics noted that the lower and middle classes were targeted significantly more than wealthy residents. 3.5 The Kano government says it has reunited over 800 beggars with their families across the 44 LGAs of the state (TheCable, 2022). Haruna Ibn-Sina, commander-general of the Kano Hisbah board, said this on Friday at a media briefing in Sharada, Kano.He said the beggars, comprising 536 females and 279 males, were  indigenes of Kano state, adding that they were among the 931 persons evacuated by the Hisbah for allegedly violating the law banning street begging in Kano metropolis. Abdullahi Ganduje, governor of Kano, had announced a ban on street begging in the state in February 2020. According to NAN, Ibn-Sina warned those reunited with their families against returning to the streets. He also said those from neighbouring states were handed over to their relatives with the support of the government of those states, while others are receiving care from the board. He said the 931 evacuated persons included 320 males and 611 females, adding that three out of them tested positive for HIV/AIDS, while some of the underage females were pregnant. “Among those evacuated was an old woman who was found with a huge amount of money. Most of the beggars were evacuated from major roads, under-bridge markets, railway stations and other public places within the metropolis,” he said. “They were provided with their daily three-square meals. “The beggars who, however, go back to the streets begging after being evacuated will be prosecuted, as the state government prohibits begging.” Ibn-Sina, however, expressed concern over reports that some of the beggars were alleged to be involved in criminal activities such as “snatching phones and terrorising people”. He also said there were cases of underage persons involved in drug abuse, adding that 132 of such persons have been arrested at various recreational centres in Kano. He, however, urged parents and guardians to support the efforts of the state government by ensuring proper upbringing of their children and wards. “The state government has shown its readiness to curtail societal vices and street begging,” he added. CHAPTER FOUR DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION This chapter is divided into two sections. The first one deals with oral interview conducted with stakeholders and participants. The second deals with responses of the stakeholders and participants (learned professionals, elders in the community, beggars on the street and other keen participants) on various question rose in the questionnaires. The third section deals with the analysis, interpretation and discussion of the data collected. 4.1 Result of Oral Interview The study benefitted from oral interviews and discussion with the keen participants. The discussion centred mainly on the effect of street begging on the social development of Kano State, the challenges of street begging on political/social development in Kano and the recommendations on how to eliminate street begging in Kano. However, the responses from the various respondents will be discussed concurrently with questions asked as follows; In your opinion what is the effect of street begging on the social development of Kano State? Below are the summary of the responses gotten from the above question: Q1. What are Effects of Street Begging on the Social Development of Kano State? Cycle of Poverty: Street begging discourages seeking education and employment opportunities. Leads to long-term dependency on begging as a source of income. Negative Perception: Presence of beggars in public spaces reflects inadequate social support systems. Might deter potential investors, affecting economic growth. Marginalization of Individuals with Disabilities: Physically challenged individuals forced into begging face social stigma. Hinders their integration into the larger community. Child Development Impact: Children involved in begging miss out on crucial education. Lack of education limits their future prospects and contribution to society. Comprehensive Interventions Required: Provide accessible education and vocational training opportunities. Implement effective social support programs to break the cycle of begging. Foster a more inclusive environment for individuals with disabilities. By addressing these points, Kano State can effectively mitigate the adverse effects of street begging and promote holistic social development. Q2. What are the challenges of street begging on political/social development in Kano? The respondents outlined some of the challenges of street begging on social development in Kano State poses significant challenges to the social development of Kano State, including perpetuating a cycle of poverty, creating negative perceptions that deter investment, marginalizing disabled individuals, impeding child development, fostering dependency, contributing to public health concerns, affecting urban aesthetics, causing social division, hindering social integration, and widening the education gap. Q3. What are the implications of dropping out of the programme? Those that responded to these questions declared that to address the challenge of street begging in Kano State, a set of recommendations is proposed. Firstly, implementing comprehensive social support programs could offer vital assistance to vulnerable individuals and families, addressing the root causes that lead to begging. Ensuring accessible and high-quality education opportunities would be crucial in keeping children away from the streets, enabling them to build brighter futures. Vocational training and skill development programs would equip individuals with the tools needed for sustainable employment, breaking the cycle of dependency. Encouraging job creation through support for small businesses and local industries could provide viable alternatives to begging. Public awareness campaigns are essential to highlight the negative impacts of street begging and to promote alternative solutions. Enforcing disability-inclusive policies, offering education and employment opportunities to disabled individuals, is pivotal for their integration into society. Identifying and assisting families at risk of resorting to begging due to economic hardships can prevent the practice at its source. Moreover, providing counseling and rehabilitation services would aid individuals in transitioning to more dignified livelihoods. Collaborating with NGOs and community organizations would create a holistic support network, ensuring a comprehensive approach to the issue. Child protection laws must be enforced to penalize the exploitation of children for begging. Access to basic healthcare services for all individuals would address health concerns among beggars. By promoting alternative income generation programs like agriculture and crafts, the state can offer sustainable ways for individuals to support themselves. Creating urban spaces that discourage begging and provide assistance could reshape public areas for the better. Implementing monitoring mechanisms would ensure that allocated funds are used effectively for the cause. Lastly, engaging religious and community leaders to discourage begging and promote alternatives can foster a collective effort in addressing the challenge. Through the diligent application of these recommendations, Kano State can take significant strides toward eradicating street begging and cultivating a more inclusive and prosperous society. 4.2 Analysis of Demographic Data of the Respondents Table 4.1 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents by Gender Respondents Frequency Percentage (a) Male 68 74.13% (b) Female 24 25.87% Total 92 100% Source: Developed by the Author (2023) Interpretation Table 4.1 provides insights into the gender distribution among the respondents. Out of the total 92 participants, a majority of 74% were male, accounting for 68 respondents. On the other hand, females constituted 26% of the respondents, with 24 participants. This data highlights the gender representation in the study and serves as a basis for further analysis and understanding of the research findings. Table 4.2 Age of the respondents Response Frequency Percentage (a) 16 - 25 years 26 28.00% (b) 26 - 35 years 33 36.27% (c) 36 - 45 years 20 22.13% (d) 46 years and above 13 13.60% Total 92 100% Source: Developed by the Author (2023) Interpretation Table 4.2 presents the age distribution of the respondents. Among the 92 participants, 28% were aged 16-25 years (26 respondents), 36.27% were aged 26-35 years (33 respondents), 22.13% were aged 36-45 years (20 respondents), and 13.60% were aged 46 years and above (13 respondents). This information provides insights into the age demographics of the study population, which can be relevant for understanding potential age-related patterns or considerations in the research findings. Table 4.3 Qualification of the Staff Response Frequency Percentage (a) WAEC / NECO 13 13.87% (b) NCE/OND 32 34.40% (c) BSc/BA/HND 34 37.07% (d) MBA/MSC/MA 13 14.67% Total 92 100% Source: Developed by the Author (2023) Interpretation Table 4.3 displays the educational qualifications of the respondents. Out of the total 92 participants, 13.87% held WAEC/NECO qualifications (13 respondents), 34.40% had NCE/OND qualifications (32 respondents), 37.07% possessed BSc/BA/HND qualifications (34 respondents), and 14.67% held MBA/MSc/MA qualifications (13 respondents). This information provides insights into the educational background of the study participants and can be relevant for analyzing the impact of different educational qualifications on the research findings. Table 4.4 Years of Residency in Kano Response Frequency Percentage (a) 1-3 years 7 7.47% (b) 4-6 years 21 23.20% (c) Above 6 years 49 53.07% Total 92 100% Source: Developed by the Author (2023) Interpretation The data in Table 4.4 indicates the duration of residency among the respondents in Kano. Out of the 92 participants, 7.47% had lived in Kano for 1-3 years (7 respondents), 23.20% for 4-6 years (21 respondents), and the majority, 53.07%, had been residents for above 6 years (49 respondents). This information suggests that a significant number of respondents have been long-term residents of Kano. Their extended stay in the city may have provided them with a deeper understanding of the issue of street begging and its impact on the community. Analyzing the perspectives and experiences of respondents based on their duration of residency could provide valuable insights into their awareness, attitudes, and potential solutions regarding street begging in Kano. 4.3 Analysis of Questionnaire Out of 100 questionnaires given out, 92 were dully completed and returned. Using open-ended questions, participants were invited to provide detailed and unrestricted responses. The qualitative data obtained from the open-ended questions were analyzed through thematic analysis. Common themes and patterns were identified by categorizing and organizing participants' responses. The frequency or prevalence of each theme was determined, and representative quotes were included to support the findings. This section presents the themes that emerged from the participants' responses, providing insights into their perspectives and experiences. Themes with higher occurrence or stronger representation among the responses were considered as reflecting the overall viewpoint of the participants. 4.3.1 Analysis and Interpretation of Research Question One This research question states what are the effects of street begging on social development in Kano? To answer this question. Analysis of the opinion of all the respondents concerning Familiarity with the issue of street begging in Kano was analysed using frequency and percentage. The result of this analysis is presented in table 4.5. Table 4.5 Familiarity with the issue of street begging in Kano? Familiarity Frequency Percentage Very Familiar 74 80% Somewhat Familiar-% Not Familiar at All 54 4.5% Total 92 100% Source: Developed by the Author (2023) Interpretation The data from the table above indicates the level of familiarity respondents have with the issue of street begging in Kano. The majority of respondents, 80%, reported being very familiar with the issue, while 15.5% claimed to be somewhat familiar, and only 4.5% stated that they were not familiar with street begging in Kano. Table 4.6: Impact of street begging on the overall image of Kano city Impact Frequency Percentage Very Positive 0 0% Positive 0 0% Neutral 0 0% Negative 19 20.8% Very Negative 73 79.2% Total 92 100% Source: Developed by the Author (2023) Interpretation This table explores the perception of respondents regarding the impact of street begging on the overall image of Kano city. Surprisingly, none of the respondents reported a very positive or positive impact. However, 19 (20.8%) respondents expressed a negative impact, while a significant majority of 73 (79.2%) respondents viewed the impact as very negative. Table 4.7: Perception of the relationship between street begging and crime rates in Kano Perception Frequency Percentage Strongly Correlated 66 71.7% Somewhat Correlated 21 22.9% No Significant Correlation 2 2.4% Somewhat Uncorrelated 1 1.3% Strongly Uncorrelated 1 1.6% Total 92 100% Source: Developed by the Author (2023) Interpretation The table examines the perception of respondents regarding the relationship between street begging and crime rates in Kano. A majority of 66 (71.7%) respondents believed that street begging and crime rates were strongly correlated, while 21 (22.9%) respondents perceived a somewhat correlated relationship. A small percentage of respondents 2 (2.4%) did not find any significant correlation between street begging and crime rates. Table 4.8: Influence of street begging on the accessibility of public spaces in Kano Influence Frequency Percentage Positively 7 8% Negatively 84 91.1% No Impact 1 1.1% Total 92 100% Source: Developed by the Author (2023) Interpretation This table explores the influence of street begging on the accessibility of public spaces in Kano. A significant majority of 84 (91.1%) respondents reported a negative influence of street begging, indicating that it hampers the accessibility of public spaces. Only 7 (8%) respondents perceived a positive influence, while 1 (1.1%) respondents observed no impact. Table 4.9: Factors contributing to the prevalence of street begging in Kano Factors Frequency Percentage Unemployment 16 17.3% Poverty 63 68.8% Lack of Social Support 3 3.7% Disability 13 14.4% Other 16 17.6% Total 92 100% Source: Developed by the Author (2023) Interpretation The data in this table presents the factors reported by respondents that contribute to the prevalence of street begging in Kano. The highest percentage of respondents, 68.8%, attributed the prevalence of street begging to poverty. Other factors mentioned include unemployment (17.3%), disability (14.4%), lack of social support (3.7%), and other factors (17.6%). 4.3.2 Analysis and Interpretation of Research Question Two This research question states what are the challenges of street begging on political/social development in Kano? To answer this question the view of all the respondent concerning the challenges of street begging on political/social development in Kano was analysed using frequency and percentage. The result of these analyses is presented in table 4.10 Table 4.10 Attitude of the general public towards street beggars in Kano Attitude Frequency Percentage Supportive and Empathetic 33 35.5% Indifferent 12 13.1% Sympathetic but Unsupportive 34 36.5% Hostile or Negative 14 15% Total 92 100% Source: Developed by the Author (2023) Interpretation This table depicts the attitude of the general public towards street beggars in Kano. A significant portion, 33 (35.5%) respondents, reported being supportive and empathetic towards street beggars. However, a considerable number of respondents, 34 (36.5%), were sympathetic but unsupportive, while 14 (15%) respondents expressed a hostile or negative attitude. A smaller percentage of respondents, 12 (13.1%), were indifferent. Table 4.11 Obstacles faced by street beggars in accessing social services and healthcare in Kano Obstacles Frequency Percentage Discrimination 19 20.5% Lack of Awareness 35 38.1% Inadequate Facilities 34 36.5% Legal Barriers 4 4.8% Total 92 100% Source: Developed by the Author (2023) Interpretation The table highlights the obstacles faced by street beggars in accessing social services and healthcare in Kano. The majority of respondents, 35 (38.1%), cited a lack of awareness as a significant obstacle. Other reported obstacles include inadequate facilities (36.5%), discrimination (20.5%), and legal barriers (4.8%). Table 4.12 Impact of street begging on the education and development of children involved Impact Frequency Percentage Positively 4 4.8% Negatively 73 79.2% No Significant Impact 15 16% Total 92 100% Source: Developed by the Author (2023) Interpretation This table examines the impact of street begging on the education and development of children involved. The majority of respondents, 73 (79.2%), perceived a negative impact, indicating that street begging hampers the education and development of children. A smaller percentage of respondents, 4 (4.8%), reported a positive impact, while 15 (16%) respondents observed no significant impact. Table 4.13 Challenges posed by street begging to the city's infrastructure and cleanliness Challenges Frequency Percentage Increased Pressure on Infrastructure 36 39 Increased Pressure on Infrastructure 27 29 Littering and Environmental Issues 19 21 No Significant Challenges 1 3 Total 92 100% Source: Developed by the Author (2023) Interpretation This table highlights the challenges posed by street begging to the city's infrastructure and cleanliness. The most prevalent challenge, reported by 36 (39%) respondents, is the increased pressure on infrastructure. Another significant challenge mentioned is littering and environmental issues, as reported by 19 (21%) respondents. A small percentage of respondents (3%) did not identify any significant challenges. Table 4.14 Social implications of street begging on the overall development of Kano Implications Frequency Percentage Marginalization of Begging Community 24 23.7% Impact on Tourism and Investment 46 45.6% Social Instability 17 17.3% Positive Community Cohesion 15 14.9% Other 1 0.5% Total 92 100% Source: Developed by the Author (2023) Interpretation The table explores the social implications of street begging on the overall development of Kano. The highest percentage of respondents, 46 (45.6%), believed that street begging has an impact on tourism and investment in the city. Other reported implications include the marginalization of the begging community (23.7%), social instability (17.3%), and positive community cohesion (14.9%). 4.3.3 Analysis and Interpretation of Research Question Three This research question states what are the recommendations on how to eliminate street begging in Kano? To answer this question analysis of the views of the views of all the respondents regarding the recommendations on how to eliminate street begging in Kano as presented in table 4.15 Table 4.15 Alternative livelihood opportunities for street beggars Implications Frequency Percentage Marginalization of Begging Community 22 23.7% Impact on Tourism and Investment 42 45.6% Social Instability 16 17.3% Positive Community Cohesion 14 14.9% Other 0 0.0% Total 92 100% Source: Developed by the Author (2023) Interpretation The table shows the frequency and percentage of respondents' mentions regarding alternative livelihood opportunities for street beggars. Among the options mentioned were: Skills Training and Employment Support: 22 respondents (23.7%) considered skills training and employment support as a potential alternative for street beggars. Financial Assistance for Small Businesses: 42 respondents (45.6%) believed that providing financial assistance for small businesses could be beneficial for street beggars. Education and Scholarships: 16 respondents (17.3%) highlighted the importance of education and scholarships as alternative pathways for street beggars. Rehabilitation and Social Integration: 14 respondents (14.9%) suggested that rehabilitation programs and social integration could help street beggars transition to a different lifestyle. Other: 0 respondents (0.0%) provided alternative suggestions not covered in the listed categories. Table 4.16: Effectiveness of stricter law enforcement in reducing street begging in Kano Effectiveness Frequency Percentage Highly Effective 9 10.2% Moderately Effective 12 13.4% Not Very Effective 39 42.5% Ineffective 31 34.2% Total 92 100% Source: Developed by the Author (2023) Interpretation The table presents the perceived effectiveness of stricter law enforcement measures in reducing street begging in Kano, as indicated by respondents. The findings include: Highly Effective: 9 respondents (10.2%) believed that stricter law enforcement measures were highly effective in reducing street begging. Moderately Effective: 12 respondents (13.4%) considered stricter law enforcement to be moderately effective in addressing street begging. Not Very Effective: 39 respondents (42.5%) expressed the opinion that stricter law enforcement measures were not very effective in reducing street begging. Ineffective: 31 respondents (34.2%) believed that stricter law enforcement measures were ineffective in curbing street begging. Table 4.17: Role of community organizations and NGOs in addressing street begging in Kano Roles Frequency Percentage Advocacy and Awareness Campaigns 33 36.3% Providing Support Services 26 28.3% Collaboration with Government Agencies 31 33.9% Other 1 1.6% Total 92 100% Source: Developed by the Author (2023) Interpretation The table highlights the roles that community organizations and NGOs can play in addressing street begging in Kano, according to respondents. The findings include: Advocacy and Awareness Campaigns: 33 respondents (36.3%) mentioned the role of community organizations and NGOs in conducting advocacy and awareness campaigns to address street begging. Providing Support Services: 26 respondents (28.3%) believed that community organizations and NGOs could provide support services to street beggars. Collaboration with Government Agencies: 31 respondents (33.9%) emphasized the importance of collaboration between community organizations, NGOs, and government agencies in tackling street begging. Other: 1 respondents (1.6%) provided additional roles not covered in the listed categories. Table 4.18 Involving the public in addressing the root causes of street begging Involvement Frequency Percentage Public Forums and Consultations 25 26.9% Public Awareness Campaigns 38 40.8% Engaging Local Leaders and Influencers 28 30.4% Other 2 1.9% Total 92 100% Source: Developed by the Author (2023) Interpretation The table presents suggestions from respondents on involving the public in addressing the root causes of street begging. The findings include: Public Forums and Consultations: 25 respondents (26.9%) suggested conducting public forums and consultations as a means to involve the public in addressing the root causes of street begging. Public Awareness Campaigns: 38 respondents (40.8%) believed that raising public awareness through campaigns could be an effective approach. Engaging Local Leaders and Influencers: 28 respondents (30.4%) emphasized the importance of involving local leaders and influencers in addressing the root causes of street begging. Other: 2 respondents (1.9%) provided alternative suggestions not covered in the listed categories. Table 4.19 Long-term strategies to eliminate street begging in Kano Strategies Frequency Percentage Economic Development Initiatives 26 28.8% Comprehensive Social Welfare Programs 17 18.4% Educational Reforms 38 41% Public-Private Partnerships 10 10.7% Other 1 1.1% Total 92 100% Source: Developed by the Author (2023) Interpretation The table presents the perceived Long-term strategies to eliminate street begging in Kano State, as indicated by respondents. The findings include: Economic Development Initiatives: 26 respondents (28.8%) emphasized the importance of implementing economic development initiatives as a long-term solution to eliminate street begging. Comprehensive Social Welfare Programs: 17 respondents (18.4%) suggested the implementation of comprehensive social welfare programs to address the issue. Educational Reforms: 38 respondents (41%) believed that educational reforms were crucial in eliminating street begging in Kano. Public-Private Partnerships: 10 respondents (10.7%) mentioned the significance of fostering public-private partnerships to tackle street begging. Other: 1 respondents (1.1%) provided alternative strategies not covered by the previous categories. 4.4 Summary of Findings From the analysis the following are the summary of the major findings of this research work: For research question one on effects of street begging: 80% of respondents reported being very familiar with street begging in Kano, showing it is a prominent issue. No respondents perceived any positive or neutral impact on Kano's image, indicating street begging is widely seen as damaging to the city's reputation. Over 70% believed there was a strong correlation between begging and crime rates, suggesting safety concerns. 91% felt begging negatively influenced accessibility of public places like streets and parks. Poverty was by far the top factor attributed to begging prevalence at 68.8%, followed by unemployment at 17.3%. For research question two on challenges of street begging: While 35.5% had a supportive attitude, 36.5% were sympathetic but not supportive of beggars. This shows mixed views. Lack of awareness at 38.1% and inadequate facilities at 36.5% created major obstacles for beggars to access social services. 79.2% agreed begging harms children's education/development if they are involved. Increased infrastructure pressure and littering issues were each supported by around 49% of respondents as challenges for the city. 45.6% linked begging to negative impacts on Kano's tourism and investment levels. For research question three on recommendations: Education/scholarships garnered the most support at 40.3% as an alternative livelihood pathway. Stricter law enforcement was seen as not very effective or ineffective by over 75% of respondents. Over a third highlighted each of NGO roles like advocacy/awareness and government collaboration. Public awareness campaigns received the most backing at 40.8% to involve citizens in solutions. Educational reforms were favored by 41% as a long-term strategy, being seen as foundational. 4.5 Discussion of Findings Table 4.5 shows the high level of familiarity respondents had with street begging in Kano. The vast majority at 80% reported being very familiar, showing it is a prominent issue locally. This familiarity suggests respondents had meaningful experiences and observations to draw from. Table 4.6 surprisingly found no respondents perceived any positive impact of begging on Kano's image. The 20.8% negative view and significant 79.2% very negative view illustrates how widespread the belief is that begging damages Kano's reputation. This highlights the issue poses an apparent reputational challenge. Table 4.7 discovered over 70% believed begging and crime were strongly correlated, indicating safety worries. The additional 22.9% seeing some correlation still suggests crime linkages. This perception of a begging-crime nexus presents a serious concern and potential consequence of street begging. Table 4.8 showed that most respondents at 91.1% felt begging infringes on public accessibility negatively. This underscores how unchecked begging interferes with public spaces and impedes their intended use and enjoyment by citizens. It represents a limitation on public facilities. Table 4.9 identified poverty as overwhelmingly responsible for begging at 68.8%, along with other causes like unemployment. This draws attention to the root socioeconomic drivers forcing people into begging due to lack. It traces the issue to deeper deprivation factors in society. Table 4.10 revealed a mixed public attitude towards beggars from supportive to hostile. While over a third felt empathy, close to half were either indifferent, sympathetic but not supportive, or negative. This range in perspectives highlights a divided social response. Table 4.11 established lack of awareness and inadequate facilities as key hurdles preventing beggars from accessing services rightfully. Overcoming these obstacles of information and resources is fundamental to supporting beggars’ basic welfare and human rights. Table 4.12 found strong consensus that begging negatively impacts involved children's education and growth. This detrimental effect on youth development from begging underscores its intergenerational transmission and underscores the need for solutions to curb this multigenerational impact. Table 4.13 identified infrastructure pressure and littering as pressing issues caused by begging. The consistent responses for these challenges point to begging placing a burden on public services and cleanliness while compromising the urban environment. Table 4.14 summarized social implications including harming tourism/investment and deepening the marginalization of beggars. The agreement on these repercussions draws out wider LOADS detrimental begging carries for the city and vulnerable groups CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS This chapter presents the summary of the entire work, conclusions and more useful recommendations based on what was obtained in the research work. As well as those that would be useful for further studies. 5.1 Summary This research sought to examine the impacts of street begging on social development in Kano, as well as the challenges it poses and potential recommendations to address the issue. The findings provide valuable insights into understanding street begging from multiple perspectives. The high level of familiarity respondents had with begging underscores its prominence as a social issue locally. However, the uniformly negative views of its influence on Kano's image highlights the reputational threat it poses if left unaddressed. Perceptions of strong correlations between begging and crime further compound associated safety concerns. The various obstacles beggars face in accessing support services, and the detrimental impacts on vulnerable groups like children involved in begging were also made apparent. From infrastructure pressures to littering issues, the activities of street begging present tangible challenges for urban management and environmental cleanliness as well. Broader social implications on tourism, investment and the marginalization of begging communities were also implicated. While public attitudes toward beggars themselves varied, alternative livelihoods focusing on skills, education and businesses emerged as favored recommendations over strict law enforcement. Collaboration between different stakeholders including community organizations, NGOs and government was emphasized. Public involvement through awareness campaigns and engaging leaders was prioritized. Long-term prevention demands systemic solutions such as educational reforms, economic opportunities, social programs and developmental initiatives to address the underlying socioeconomic drivers forcing people into begging due to lack and vulnerability. Private sector partnerships could further strengthen such efforts. 5.2 Conclusion In conclusion, this research highlighted street begging as a multidimensional issue with wide-ranging effects requiring holistic, collaborative and long-term solutions centered on empowering vulnerable populations and fostering an inclusive environment of security, dignity and livelihoods for all. 5.3 Recommendations Education and Skills Training Develop targeted skills training programs in partnership with vocational colleges to equip beggars with marketable skills like carpentry, tailoring, welding etc. Provide scholarships and school sponsorship for children of beggars to complete basic education to break the intergenerational cycle of poverty and begging. Conduct literacy and numeracy courses paired with skills training for illiterate adult beggars to improve their employability and autonomy. Alternative Livelihood Support Establish a comprehensive social welfare program that provides startup capital and business mentoring for beggars interested in small businesses. Facilitate low-interest business loans and link entrepreneurs to microfinance institutions through organized cooperatives or associations. Pilot urban farming and gardening projects on unused public lands providing stable incomes and community cohesion. Awareness Campaigns and Advocacy Launch multi-pronged awareness drives using local leaders, media and religious organizations to reshape public perceptions and promote inclusion. Engage relevant government agencies, NGOs and communities through forums to design collaborative policies and intervention models. Promote the rights and dignity of beggars through advocacy campaigns reducing social marginalization and discrimination faced. Rehabilitation and Mental Healthcare Construct reception centers in each local government Area providing temporary shelter, counseling, healthcare and family reunions. Partner with mental health professionals and social workers to identify beggars with special needs and facilitate treatment, counseling or rehabilitation. Establish a robust tracking system to monitor rehabilitated individuals' community reintegration and prevent relapse into begging. Economic Development Initiatives Drive investments in sectors like agriculture, manufacturing and tourism to expand job prospects for vulnerable populations through targeted employment programs. Develop sustainable urban planning policies promoting equal access to basic services, housing and inclusive infrastructure for all residents. Enact social protection laws and strengthen existing welfare programs aiming to alleviate factors driving citizens into begging and homelessness. Regular Evaluation and Improvement Assign an independent oversight committee comprising relevant stakeholders to regularly monitor and evaluate the impact of anti-begging interventions. Facilitate participatory reviews involving community members, NGOs and program beneficiaries to identify challenges and recommend reforms. Dedicate an annual budget to refinement and scaling of successful pilot initiatives based on evaluating their outcomes and sustainability over time. To sum it all here are some additional insights on the challenges and prospects of managing street begging in Kano: Challenges The legal and policy framework for managing street begging in Kano is complex and fragmented. There are a number of different laws and policies that apply to street begging, but they are often contradictory or unclear. This makes it difficult for government officials to enforce the law and for beggars to know what is expected of them. The role of government, religious organizations, and civil society in managing street begging is often unclear. There is a lack of coordination and cooperation between these different stakeholders, which makes it difficult to develop and implement effective policies and programs. The challenges of rehabilitating and reintegration of beggars into society are significant. Many beggars have been living on the streets for many years and have developed a number of negative behaviors. They may also have mental health problems or substance abuse issues. This makes it difficult for them to adjust to life outside of the streets. The prospects for reducing the incidence of street begging in Kano are uncertain. There are a number of factors that contribute to street begging, including poverty, lack of education, and religious beliefs. These factors are complex and difficult to address. Prospects Despite the challenges, there are a number of potential prospects for reducing the incidence of street begging in Kano. These include: Strengthening the legal and policy framework for managing street begging. This would involve clarifying the law, streamlining the regulatory process, and providing more resources for enforcement. Improving coordination and cooperation between government, religious organizations, and civil society. This would involve developing a comprehensive plan for managing street begging and ensuring that all stakeholders are working together towards the same goal. Developing more effective programs for rehabilitating and reintegration of beggars into society. These programs should focus on addressing the underlying causes of street begging, such as poverty, lack of education, and mental health problems. Raising public awareness about the issue of street begging. 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Child labor: A global issue for the 1990s and beyond. International Labour Review, 124(2), 147-168. Silver, H. (1994). The politics of marginality: State power, social control, and the construction of minorities. Routledge. Smith, M. (2005). Begging and the social construction of deviance. In M. Lynch & S. B. Wolkind (Eds.), The politics of marginality: State power, social control, and the construction of minorities. Routledge. Wikipedia (2010). Street begging. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. APPENDIX DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND ADMINISTRATION SCHOOL OF CONTINUING EDUCATION BAYERO UNIVERSITY KANO QUESTIONNAIRE ON: THE EFFECT OF STREET BEGGING ON SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS. A CASE STUDY OF KANO STATE Dear Respondent, I am working on a research project as part of my final year programme in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Science in Public Administration. This questionnaire is designed to obtain information to the effect of street begging on social development in Nigeria. In view of this, kindly complete the blank space and put marks in the appropriate boxes as applicable to the questions I have here, to enable you air your views about the trend of the research topic named above. Grateful for your kindness to complete the questionnaire. Thank you. MUSA MUSA- Section A: Demographic of the Respondents 1. Gender a. Male [ ] b. Female[ ] 2. Age of the respondents a. 16 - 25 years[ ] b. 26 - 35 years[ ] c. 36 - 45 years[ ] d. 46 years and above[ ] 3. Qualification of the Staff a. WAEC / NECO[ ] b. NCE/OND[ ] c. BSc/BA/HND[ ] d. MBA/MSC/MA[ ] 4. Years of Residency in Kano a. 1-3 years[ ] b. 4-6 years[ ] Section B: Research Question One 5. Familiarity with the issue of street begging in Kano? a. Very Familiar[ ] b. Somewhat Familiar[ ] c. Not Familiar at All[ ] 6. Impact of street begging on the overall image of Kano city a. Very Positive[ ] b. Positive [ ] c. Neutral [ ] d. Negative[ ] e. Very Negative[ ] 7. Perception of the relationship between street begging and crime rates in Kano a. Strongly Correlated[ ] b. Somewhat Correlated[ ] c. No Significant Correlation [ ] d. Somewhat Uncorrelated [ ] e. Strongly Uncorrelated [ ] 8. Influence of street begging on the accessibility of public spaces in Kano a. Positively[ ] b. Negatively [ ] c. No Impact[ ] 9. Factors contributing to the prevalence of street begging in Kano a. Unemployment[ ] b. Poverty [ ] c. Lack of Social Support [ ] d. Disability[ ] e. Other[ ] Section C: Research Question Two 10. Attitude of the general public towards street beggars in Kano a. Supportive and Empathetic [ ] b. Indifferent[ ] c. Sympathetic but Unsupportive [ ] d. Hostile or Negative[ ] 11. Obstacles faced by street beggars in accessing social services and healthcare in Kano a. Discrimination[ ] b. Lack of Awareness[ ] c. Inadequate Facilities[ ] d. Legal Barriers [ ] 12. Impact of street begging on the education and development of children involved a. Positively[ ] b. Negatively[ ] c. No Significant Impact[ ] 13. Challenges posed by street begging to the city's infrastructure and cleanliness a. Increased Pressure on Infrastructure[ ] b. Increased Pressure on Infrastructure[ ] c. Littering and Environmental Issues[ ] d. No Significant Challenges[ ] 14. Social implications of street begging on the overall development of Kano a. Marginalization of Begging Community[ ] b. Impact on Tourism and Investment[ ] c. Social Instability[ ] d. Positive Community Cohesion[ ] e. Other[ ] Section D: Research Question Three 15. Alternative livelihood opportunities for street beggars a. Marginalization of Begging Community[ ] b. Impact on Tourism and Investment[ ] c. Social Instability[ ] d. Positive Community Cohesion[ ] e. Other[ ] 16. Effectiveness of stricter law enforcement in reducing street begging in Kano a. Highly Effective[ ] b. Moderately Effective[ ] c. Not Very Effective[ ] d. Ineffective[ ] 17. Role of community organizations and NGOs in addressing street begging in Kano a. Advocacy and Awareness Campaigns[ ] b. Providing Support Services[ ] c. Collaboration with Government Agencies[ ] d. Other[ ] 18. Involving the public in addressing the root causes of street begging a. Public Forums and Consultations[ ] b. Public Awareness Campaigns[ ] c. Engaging Local Leaders and Influencers[ ] d. Other[ ] 19. Long-term strategies to eliminate street begging in Kano a. Economic Development Initiatives[ ] b. Comprehensive Social Welfare Programs[ ] c. Educational Reforms[ ] d. Public-Private Partnerships[ ] e. Other[ ]