Ibrahim Muhammad

SUSTAINABLE URBAN RENEWAL IN KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA BY AMIR ISAH LADAN SPS/21/MEM/00003 A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, FACULTY OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES, BAYERO UNIVERSITY KANO, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL (MEMC) SEPTEMBER, 2024 DECLARATION “I hereby declare that this work is the product of my research efforts undertaken under the supervision of Dr. Halima Abdulkadir Idris and has not been presented anywhere for the award of a degree or certificate. All sources have been duly acknowledged” ___________________ AMIR ISAH LADAN SPS/21/MEM/00003 CERTIFICATION “This is to certify that the research work for this dissertation and the subsequent write-up (Amir Isah Ladan SPS/21/MEM/00003) were carried out under my supervision” _______________________________________ Halima Abdulkadir IdrisDate (Project Supervisor) APPROVAL PAGE This dissertation by AMIR ISAH LADAN (SPS/21/MEM/00003) has been examined and approved for the award of the master Degree in (Environmental Management). _______________________________________ Halima Abdulkadir IdrisDate (Project Supervisor) _______________________________________ Dr. Yusuf Idris GarbaDate (PG Coordinator) _______________________________________ Dr. Ahmed Fate AliDate (Head of Department) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Surely all praise is due to Allah (S.W.A) Who endowed men and women with well-developed mental faculties, spiritual inspiration as well as power of actions. The Beneficent, the Merciful, the Greatest, the most High, may His peace and blessings be upon the Holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) Amin. I am very grateful to Almighty Allah who granted me the opportunity, the good health and preserving lecturers that enable me to pass through the memorable period of the course successfully. I hereby specially thank and acknowledge with gratitude and respect, the guidance, encouragement and contributions given to me by supervisor in person of Halima Abdulkadir Idris, who spared her time despite her tight engagements and attended to me in more ways than one throughout the period of my research work. May Allah reward her abundantly and continue to help her in all her affairs, Ameen. My immensurable gratitude goes to my parents and families for their cares, motivating, prayers, supports and encouragements, both morally and financially in my academic pursuit right from early beginning up to the final stage of my studies. Moreover, I cannot conclude without thanking my great and unforgettable friends and colleagues who immensely contributed towards the success of my studies in one way or the other. May Allah reward them all. TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATIONii CERTIFICATIONiii APPROVAL PAGEiv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTv TABLE OF CONTENTSvi ABSTRACTix CHAPTER ONE1 INTRODUCTION1 1.1 Background of the Study1 1.2 Statement of the Research Problem4 1.3 Research Questions5 1.4 Research Objectives5 1.5 Significance of the study5 1.6 Scope and Limitation of the Study6 CHAPTER TWO7 LITERATURE REVIEW7 2.1 Introduction7 2.2 Urban Renewal7 2.2Urban Renewal Strategies8 2.2.1 Redevelopment8 2.2.2 Rehabilitation9 2.2.3 Revitalization9 2.2.4 The Power of Participation: Building Ownership and Support9 2.2.5 Identifying Needs and Priorities10 2.2.6 Building Ownership and Support10 2.2.7 Ensuring Social Equity10 2.3 Impact of Urban Renewal on Socio-Economic Development11 2.3.1 Attracting Investments and Creating Jobs11 2.3.2 Enhancing Social Well-Being11 2.3.2.1 Gentrification and Displacement12 2.4 Urban Renewal and Environmental Quality12 2.4.1 Sustainable Practices for a Greener Future13 2.4.2 Mitigating Degradation and Building Resilience13 2.4.3 Construction Concerns and Environmental Impact14 2.5 Urban Renewal in Developing Countries15 2.6 Urban Renewal Samples From The World16 2.6.1 Urban Renewal Samples from Europe16 2.6.1.1 Urban Renewal Sample from Sweden (Holma, Malmö )17 2.6.1.2 Urban Renewal Sample from England (Jewellery Quarter, Birmingham)18 2.6.1.1 Urban Renewal Sample from Holland (Zeedijik, Chinatown, Amsterdam)19 2.6.2 Urban Renewal Samples from U.S.A.19 2.6.2.1 Central Area,Seattle Washington19 2.6.3 Urban Renewal Samples from Canada20 2.6.3.1 Ontorio, Toronto21 2.6.4 Urban Renewal in Asia24 2.6.4.1 Taiking Road, Shanghai24 2.7 Description of Urban Renewal, Gentrification and Commercial Gentrification24 2.8 Sustainability n Urban Renewal26 2.8.1 Economic Sustainability in Urban Renewal27 2.8.2 Social Sustainability in Urban Renewal28 2.8.3 Environmental Sustainability in Urban Renewal29 2.8.4 Socio-Cultural Sustainability in Urban Renewal30 CHAPTER THREE32 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY32 3.1 Study Area32 3.2 Research Design33 3.3 Research Population34 3.4 Sample and Sampling Technique34 3.5 Data Source34 3.6 Data Survey Technique35 3.7 Data Analysis35 CHAPTER FOUR36 RESULT AND DISCUSSION36 4.1 Introduction36 4.1 Demographic Information of Respondents36 4.2 Urban Growth and Socio-Economic and Environmental Disparities39 4.3 Urban Renewal Strategies in Kaduna Metropolis40 4.4 Adoption of Best Practices from Developing Cities41 4.5 Community Participation and Stakeholder Engagement42 4.6 Discussion42 CHAPTER FIVE45 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION45 5.1 Summary45 5.2 Conclusion45 5.3 Recommendations46 REFERENCES47 APPENDIX I53 ABSTRACT Kaduna state has in recent years undergone a number of modification to its environment especially in the urban area. Therefore, this study examined the sustainable urban renewal of Kaduna with a view to renewal on the physical environment and socioeconomic activities. Questionnaire was survey used for data collection which was validated by experts in the department of geography, Bayero University Kano. The research population was divided into two category, the affected victims of urban renewal around the resettlement location and the professionals in the built environment in Kaduna. A random sampling technique was employed to select locations that have undergone urban renewal within Kaduna Metropolis. A sample size of 385 respondents was, consistent with a 5% margin of error and a 95% confidence level. It was found that, the respondents believe urban growth in Kaduna has worsened socio-economic disparities and environmental degradation, though improvements in living standards which are limited. Urban renewal strategies are seen as somewhat effective in addressing environmental challenges but insufficient for tackling socio-economic issues. There is strong support for adapting best practices from other cities, emphasizing evidence-based approaches to improve local renewal efforts. Community participation is highly valued, but current stakeholder engagement is inadequate. Based on these findings, the research recommends that, Urban renewal projects should incorporate targeted interventions to address socio-economic inequalities. Policies and programs that focus on equitable distribution of economic opportunities and support for marginalized communities should be prioritized. Strategies should be revisited and adjusted to better address socio-economic and environmental challenges. Comprehensive planning and implementation frameworks that integrate both socio-economic and environmental considerations are also recommended. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Reusing resources and reconstructing urban settings is the process of urban renewal (Peng et al., 2015; Zheng et al., 2016). In doing so, urban issues are resolved and long-term improvements to the region's social, physical, economic, and environmental conditions are achieved (Roberts and Sykes, 1999). As urban renewal has evolved both theoretically and practically, its objective has come to include social welfare gains as well as corporate redevelopment and other objectives. Studies on urban renewal have drawn a lot of attention globally due to the growing issues that cities face, such as social disintegration, economic recession, environmental pollution, and deterioration of urban function (e.g., Randolph and Freestone, 2012; Zheng et al., 2014; Tin and Lee, 2017; Almeida et al., 2018). Revitalizing the urban economy (Musterd and Ostendorf, 2008), improving physical infrastructures and buildings (Peng et al., 2015), raising land values (Adamsa and Hastings, 2001; Ho et al., 2012), and reducing environmental degradation (Adamsa and Hastings, 2001; Chan and Yung, 2004) are just a few of the energizing goals of urban renewal initiatives that have been proposed. These programs, however, can occasionally have unfavorable effects including social marginalization and loss of sense of communal identity. According to McGregor and McConnachie (1995) and Yau and Chan (2008), underprivileged populations are typically disproportionately affected by this. Sustainable development should be incorporated into urban regeneration projects, according to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 11 and the New Urban Agenda. Unsustainable elements may prevent a city from realizing its whole sustainability (Sharizfi and Murayama, 2013). This suggests that local governments should support sustainable development (Mazza and Rydin, 1997; Shi et al., 2016). As essential components of a city, neighborhoods serve as the first line of defense for sustainable development (Rohe, 2009; Choguill, 2008). In addition, most development projects are started at the neighborhood level (Sharifi and Murayama, 2013). When executed well, neighborhood-level urban revitalization projects can support sustainable development. In many nations around the world, population growth usually results in environmental congestion and the misuse of social services, which can lead to urban problems that may require urban regeneration. Urban revitalization, according to Agunbiade (2007), is the process of revitalizing a failing neighborhood in a planned community with the goal of enhancing safety and the local economy. Urban renewal is flexible enough to be used on both new and old projects. Urban regeneration, or regeneration as it is usually known in the UK, is a program of land redevelopment in areas of moderate to high density urban land use (Agbola, 2007). This is the result of consciously trying to improve an underserved metropolitan area by restoring its physical social and economic characteristics. Redevelopment projects usually involve housing, industrial locations, and dockside developments in several countries (Jonlang, 2001). According to Kabiru (2011), urban regeneration typically entails not just the physical enhancement of a place but also social and economic activities. This resulted from the fast urbanization and population expansion that most developing nations—including Bangladesh, India, the Philippines, South Africa, Brazil, Hong Kong, and Nigeria—saw. Furthermore, it should be mentioned that the majority of Nigeria's urban centers were developed prior to the creation of regional town planning and urban development (Oyesiku, 2011). In fact, almost 60% of Nigeria's population would live in urban areas, according to the United Nations (UN, 2007). The percentage of the people living in cities increased from 42.5 percent in 2009 to 51.16 percent in 2019. (Statista, 2021). The urbanization dilemma in emerging countries is marked by a high rate of overpopulation, traffic, pollution, insufficient housing/shelter, filth underdevelopment, and rising poverty and crime rates, among other things (Jiboye and Omoniyi, 2010). One of the essential facts of the concerns is the variability of Nigerian cities with respect to their size, structure, geographical shape, economy, wealth, and availability of local resources (Owoputi, 2016; Olokesusi, 2016). 87 percent of Africa's population increase is expected to occur in urban areas during the next 20 years, despite the continent having one of the lowest Human Development Indexes (HDI) in the world (Daramola and Ibem, 2010). Nigeria, which has a population of about 200 million, is currently overburdened by the country's rapid urbanization, inadequate infrastructure, and growing number of urban slums. In the years to come, this number is predicted to rise dramatically. The population in urban areas is more vulnerable to environmental threats as a result of deteriorating urban infrastructure (Gbadegesin and Aluko, 2010). There are insufficient physical development plans and inadequate execution in numerous cities and municipalities. Nigerian cities are home to unauthorized commercial, industrial, and residential developments, which are detrimental to the cities (Gbadegesin and Aluko, 2010). Nigeria's Kaduna State is a microcosm of the problems that many emerging countries that are rapidly urbanizing are facing. Urban populations in cities like Kaduna have surged due to economic opportunities and population expansion. But the quick influx has put a pressure on resources and infrastructure, creating a host of problems. A 2019 study by Ogu and Inegbe highlights the poor road conditions, inadequate drainage systems, and unreliable electricity supply plaguing Kaduna. These deficiencies significantly hamper economic activity and residents' quality of life. Additionally, the influx of people has outpaced the development of proper housing, leading to the proliferation of slums and inadequate housing conditions. Adeboyejo et al. (2020) posit that informal settlements are often overcrowded and unsanitary, posing significant health risks. Decades of uncontrolled urban expansion have resulted in the deterioration of vital infrastructure. Kaduna's environmental state is equally worrisome. According to a 2020 research by the World Bank, inadequate waste management systems and a lack of green areas are two factors that lead to pollution in the air and water. In addition to posing health dangers, this environmental degradation detracts from the city's allure. The interrelated socio-economic and environmental issues in Kaduna impede the region's capacity to develop and flourish. It is now evident that a thoughtful solution is desperately needed to enhance the lives of city dwellers and reinvigorate the city's core. Herein lies the application of the notion of urban rejuvenation. 1.2 Statement of the Research Problem The rapid urbanization of Kaduna State, Nigeria, presents a complex challenge. The city grapples with the consequences of unchecked growth, including dilapidated infrastructure, inadequate housing, and environmental degradation. These issues threaten the city's economic potential and the well-being of its residents. While the concept of urban renewal offers a promising solution for revitalization, a critical research gap exists when considering its specific application in Kaduna. This research delves into the feasibility and potential impact of implementing urban renewal programs in Kaduna. The core question lies in determining whether various urban renewal strategies can effectively address the city's unique set of challenges. Existing research on urban renewal provides a valuable foundation. However, a significant gap exists when considering its application within the specific social, economic, and political context of Kaduna State. This project aims to bridge this gap by analyzing the city's unique challenges and exploring how tailored urban renewal strategies can be implemented effectively. 1.3 Research Questions 1. To what extent has urban growth contributed to socio-economic and environmental disparities within Kaduna's urban areas? 2. Are there urban renewal strategies to address socio-economic and environmental challenges in Kaduna Metropolis? 3. To what extent can best practices from developing cities be adapted and implemented to promote urban renewal in Kaduna? 4. How can community participation and stakeholder engagement be enhanced in the urban renewal process? 1.4 Research Objectives 1. To analyze the extent to which urban growth has affected socio-economic and environmental disparities in urban Kaduna. 2. To identify urban renewal strategies that address socio-economic and environmental challenges in Kaduna Metropolis. 3. To evaluate the economic structure, social fabric, and environmental context of Kaduna to determine the transferability of identified best practices. 4. To identify and develop effective strategies and frameworks for increasing community participation and stakeholder engagement in the urban renewal process. 1.5 Significance of the study This research project delves into the critical issue of urban renewal in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Its significance lies in its potential to address pressing challenges and pave the way for a more prosperous and sustainable future for the city. The study sheds light on the specific socio-economic and environmental issues plaguing Kaduna due to rapid urbanization, analyzing data on infrastructure deficiencies, housing inequalities, and environmental degradation, the research provides valuable data for policymakers. This data can be used to design targeted solutions and interventions specifically tailored to Kaduna's unique needs. The research transcends the realm of just economic development. It investigates how effective urban renewal strategies can foster sustainable development in Kaduna. This encompasses promoting economic growth, enhancing social well-being, and ensuring environmental sustainability. The research explores how to improve infrastructure, create job opportunities, improve living conditions, and promote environmentally responsible practices, achieving these goals, Kaduna can transform into a more livable and sustainable city for its residents. Therefore, this research project on urban renewal in Kaduna State is not merely an academic exercise. It has the potential to be a catalyst for positive change. 1.6 Scope and Limitation of the Study This research project focuses on exploring the potential of urban renewal as a solution to the challenges faced by Kaduna State, Nigeria, due to rapid urban growth. The study will analyze the socio-economic and environmental challenges plaguing Kaduna's urban areas. This includes examining data on infrastructure deficiencies, inadequate housing, environmental degradation, and socio-economic disparities. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction This chapter delves into the existing body of knowledge on urban renewal, its impact on socio-economic development and environmental quality, and its application in developing countries. 2.2 Urban Renewal In the face of urban decline and deterioration, cities around the world have increasingly turned to the concept of urban renewal. It is not simply a facelift; it is a strategic intervention aimed at reversing a downward spiral and fostering positive change. This section of the literature review delves into the core objectives of urban renewal, the diverse strategies employed, and the critical role of community participation in ensuring successful outcomes (UN Habitat, 2019). The overarching goals of urban renewal encompass three main pillars: economic development, social well-being, and environmental sustainability. Economically, urban renewal initiatives strive to stimulate activity within a targeted area. This can involve attracting new businesses and investments, creating jobs, and revitalizing commercial districts (Fernandes & Varady, 2020). Upgrading infrastructure like roads, bridges, and public transportation can make the area more attractive and accessible, fostering economic growth. Think of a once-abandoned waterfront district transformed into a vibrant hub for businesses and tourism. Beyond economic benefits, urban renewal aims to enhance the quality of life for residents. This includes improving housing conditions by addressing issues like overcrowding, lack of basic amenities, or outdated infrastructure. Creating safe and secure neighborhoods with access to essential services like healthcare and education is paramount (UN Habitat, 2019). Successful projects may also address social challenges like poverty and crime by providing job training opportunities or fostering a sense of community belonging. The growing emphasis on environmental sustainability has broadened the scope of urban renewal. Modern projects aim to incorporate green infrastructure like parks, green spaces, and bioswales to manage stormwater runoff. Promoting energy-efficient building designs, improving waste management systems, and reducing reliance on private vehicles all contribute to a more livable and environmentally friendly urban environment (Davoudi et al., 2018). 2.2Urban Renewal Strategies Urban renewal encompasses a range of strategies tailored to address the unique needs and contexts of different areas. Understanding these strategies helps urban planners and policymakers choose the most effective approach for revitalizing neighborhoods. Here’s a closer look at three common strategies: redevelopment, rehabilitation, and revitalization, as well as the importance of community participation. 2.2.1 Redevelopment Redevelopment is a strategy used for areas with severely dilapidated buildings or where a significant change in land use is desired. This approach typically involves the demolition of existing structures and their replacement with new constructions. For example, slum clearance projects often replace outdated and unsafe structures with modern high-rise apartments. Although redevelopment can dramatically transform an area, it is often disruptive and expensive. Careful planning is essential to minimize the social and environmental impacts, ensuring that the benefits of redevelopment outweigh the costs (Fernandes & Varady, 2020). 2.2.2 Rehabilitation Rehabilitation focuses on improving and restoring existing buildings and infrastructure rather than demolishing them. This strategy can involve repairs, upgrades, and modernization efforts to ensure structures meet current standards and remain functional. Rehabilitation is often more cost-effective than redevelopment and has the added benefit of preserving the historical character of neighborhoods. For instance, revitalizing a historic district might involve restoring facades, upgrading electrical systems, and making buildings accessible. This approach maintains the cultural and architectural heritage of an area while improving living conditions (Fernandes & Varady, 2020). 2.2.3 Revitalization Revitalization aims to inject new life into an area by promoting economic activity, cultural events, and community engagement. This strategy often includes attracting new businesses and residents, promoting arts and culture, and enhancing the aesthetics of the area through street improvements or public art installations. Revitalization frequently relies on public-private partnerships to create a vibrant and attractive urban space. A prime example is transforming a declining downtown district into a cultural hub with art galleries, cafes, and pedestrian-friendly streets. Such efforts not only improve the physical environment but also boost the local economy and foster community spirit (Fernandes & Varady, 2020). 2.2.4 The Power of Participation: Building Ownership and Support For urban renewal projects to achieve their goals and be sustainable in the long run, community participation is crucial. Residents possess valuable insights into the challenges facing their neighborhood and their aspirations for the future (Bai et al., 2018). Involving residents in the planning process ensures that urban renewal efforts are grounded in the community’s actual needs and priorities. 2.2.5 Identifying Needs and Priorities Through surveys, focus groups, and community meetings, residents can help identify the most pressing issues in their neighborhood and prioritize the interventions that will have the greatest impact on their lives. This ensures that the project addresses their lived experiences and is not driven solely by external agendas. By focusing on the community’s real needs, urban renewal initiatives become more effective and relevant. 2.2.6 Building Ownership and Support When residents feel involved in the planning process and their voices are heard, they are more likely to support the project and take ownership of the revitalization efforts. This fosters a sense of shared responsibility and empowers residents to be active participants in shaping their community’s future. Such involvement enhances the sustainability of urban renewal projects, as residents who are invested in the process are more likely to maintain and support the improvements made. 2.2.7 Ensuring Social Equity Community participation helps ensure that urban renewal projects benefit all residents and do not lead to displacement or gentrification, where rising property values force out long-time residents. Residents can contribute ideas and strategies to ensure the project promotes social equity and inclusivity, ensuring all residents benefit from the revitalization efforts. By addressing potential negative impacts and prioritizing inclusivity, urban renewal can create equitable and thriving communities. 2.3 Impact of Urban Renewal on Socio-Economic Development Urban renewal can be a tool for driving positive socio-economic change in urban areas of, especially developing nations. However, its impact is multifaceted, offering potential benefits, challenge, stimulate economic activity and improve social well-being. 2.3.1 Attracting Investments and Creating Jobs Successful urban renewal projects can act as a magnet for businesses and investments. Upgrading infrastructure, improving public transportation systems, and creating a more attractive environment can make a neighborhood a desirable location for companies to set up shop (Fernandes & Varady, 2020). This influx of businesses leads to job creation, boosting the local economy and providing employment opportunities for residents. Additionally, revitalized commercial districts can attract new restaurants, shops, and entertainment venues, further stimulating economic activity and creating a more vibrant and dynamic space (Entwistle, 2007). For or instance, a once-dilapidated waterfront district transformed into a modern business hub with high-quality office space and amenities may attract major corporations, leading to job creation and economic growth in the surrounding neighborhoods (Entwistle, 2007). 2.3.2 Enhancing Social Well-Being One of the core objectives of urban renewal is to improve the quality of life for residents. This goes beyond just economic benefits. By addressing issues like substandard housing, lack of access to essential services, and inadequate infrastructure, urban renewal can significantly improve living standards (Bai et al., 2018). Upgrading housing stock, creating safe and secure neighborhoods, and providing access to parks, schools, and healthcare facilities contribute to a better quality of life for residents. This can improve the overall health and well-being of residents, foster social cohesion, and create a more positive and supportive living environment. 2.3.2.1 Gentrification and Displacement While urban renewal offers significant potential benefits, it is crucial to acknowledge potential drawbacks. One major concern is gentrification. As an area undergoes revitalization, property values can rise, leading to the displacement of low-income residents who can no longer afford to live there (Atkinson, 2017). This can disrupt established communities and exacerbate social inequalities. Additionally, influx of new businesses may cater to higher-income residents, neglecting the needs of existing residents. To mitigate these risks, it is vital to implement policies that promote inclusive development. This may involve measures like rent control, affordable housing programs, and relocation assistance for displaced residents. Community participation becomes vital in this context, ensuring residents have a say in the development process and preventing them from being pushed out of their own neighborhoods by rising costs (Reinders et al., 2019). A transformative driver for socioeconomic growth might be urban regeneration. The effect is not always clear-cut, though. It has the potential to raise living standards, draw in businesses, and create jobs, but it also carries the risk of gentrification and displacement. Urban renewal can be an effective weapon for building more lively, just, and sustainable cities if it takes into account both the possible advantages and disadvantages and adopts laws that encourage inclusive development and community involvement (Della Spina,, 2019). 2.4 Urban Renewal and Environmental Quality Urban revitalization presents a unique opportunity to improve a city's environmental quality while also revitalizing its social and economic dimensions. By integrating green infrastructure, such as parks, green roofs, and sustainable drainage systems, urban renewal projects can reduce pollution, manage stormwater, and enhance biodiversity. These environmentally conscious practices not only create healthier and more aesthetically pleasing urban spaces but also promote social well-being by providing residents with access to green areas and recreational facilities. Furthermore, the adoption of sustainable building practices and energy-efficient technologies can lower operational costs and attract new businesses, boosting the local economy. This holistic approach ensures that urban revitalization contributes to a more livable, resilient, and vibrant urban environment. 2.4.1 Sustainable Practices for a Greener Future Sustainable approaches are becoming more and more prevalent in contemporary urban renewal initiatives. Integrating green infrastructure is one important component (Davoudi et al., 2018). This includes a broad variety of features such as urban woods, parks, bioswales, and green roofs. In addition to being aesthetically pleasing, green spaces have other positive environmental effects. By absorbing pollutants, parks and urban forests serve as natural filters that enhance the quality of the air. Stormwater runoff can be controlled via bioswales, lowering the risk of floods and recharging groundwater supplies. Green roofs provide insulation, which lowers a building's energy use (Davoudi et al., 2018). Urban renewal can also give priority to environmentally friendly waste management practices. This could entail funding infrastructure for effective waste processing, recycling campaigns, and the promotion of composting programs. Urban regeneration can lessen environmental pollution and support a more circular economy by encouraging resource recovery and lowering dependency on landfills (Al-Akkam, 2012). 2.4.2 Mitigating Degradation and Building Resilience Urban renewal can play a crucial role in mitigating environmental degradation and promoting climate resilience in cities (World Bank, 2020). As cities are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, such as rising sea levels and extreme weather events, incorporating adaptation strategies into urban renewal is essential. This may involve building seawalls and flood defenses, investing in renewable energy sources, and designing buildings that are energy-efficient and can withstand extreme weather conditions (Kumar, 2021). Urban redevelopment initiatives have the potential to mitigate climate change by promoting sustainable practices such as energy-efficient development and green infrastructure, which can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Urban regeneration can also lessen environmental pollution and enhance public health by addressing problems like poor waste management and inadequate sanitation (Sturiale and Scuderi, 2019). 2.4.3 Construction Concerns and Environmental Impact While the long-term environmental benefits of urban renewal are undeniable, it,is important to acknowledge the potential for environmental impacts during the construction phase (Bai et al., 2018). Demolition activities can generate dust and debris, contributing to air pollution. Construction processes also consume energy and resources, and may generate waste. Additionally, increased development can lead to higher energy consumption by residents, potentially negating some of the environmental gains (Dorevitch et al., 2006). It is imperative to use sustainable construction methods to reduce these negative effects. This could entail avoiding waste production during construction, utilizing energy-efficient machinery, and utilizing recycled materials. Urban regeneration initiatives can further lessen their environmental impact by encouraging the adoption of sustainable lifestyles and supporting green construction standards (Ding, 2008). An excellent chance to include environmental concerns into city planning is provided by urban revitalization. Urban regeneration may help create a more livable urban environment and a healthier world by implementing climate resilience methods, green infrastructure, and sustainable behaviors. However, guaranteeing the long-term sustainability of urban redevelopment projects requires recognizing the possible environmental risks during construction and putting mitigation mechanisms into place (Roberts, 2000). 2.5 Urban Renewal in Developing Countries The rapid urban growth taking place in Kaduna, Nigeria, exemplifies the challenges faced by numerous developing countries. As the population in these cities continues to swell, the existing infrastructure often proves inadequate to meet the burgeoning demands. This rapid urbanization puts immense pressure on housing, leading to widespread shortages and the proliferation of informal settlements. In Kaduna, as in many other rapidly growing cities, the demand for affordable and adequate housing far outstrips supply, resulting in overcrowded and substandard living conditions (Fernandes & Varady, 2020). The surge in population also exacerbates social problems, including unemployment, poverty, and increased crime rates. Many residents of rapidly growing cities like Kaduna struggle to find stable employment, leading to high levels of poverty and economic inequality. The lack of adequate public services and infrastructure further compounds these issues, as overburdened systems fail to provide essential services such as clean water, sanitation, and healthcare. The combination of these factors creates a cycle of poverty and marginalization that is difficult to break. Inadequate infrastructure is another significant challenge faced by developing countries experiencing rapid urban growth. The existing transportation networks, utilities, and public services are often stretched to their limits, resulting in frequent breakdowns and inefficiencies. For example, the roads in Kaduna are frequently congested, and public transportation is often unreliable and insufficient to meet the needs of the growing population. Similarly, the water and electricity supply systems are prone to failures, leaving many residents without access to these essential services. Urban renewal initiatives in developing countries like Nigeria must therefore address a wide range of challenges to be effective. These projects need to focus not only on improving physical infrastructure but also on enhancing social and economic conditions. This includes creating more affordable housing options, upgrading existing infrastructure, and providing better access to essential services. Additionally, urban renewal efforts must consider the social aspects of development, such as fostering community engagement, improving access to education and healthcare, and creating employment opportunities. Therefore, the rapid urban growth seen in cities like Kaduna, Nigeria, highlights the multifaceted challenges faced by developing countries. Addressing these challenges requires comprehensive urban renewal strategies that focus on improving both physical infrastructure and social conditions (Fernandes & Varady, 2020). 2.6 Urban Renewal Samples From The World This section examines strategies in urban renewal with examples from other parts of the world such as Europe, the U.S.A., Canada and Asia. The phases they went through were assessed in relation to the field of study. The reasons for their selection were highlighted taking into consideration the study area. 2.6.1 Urban Renewal Samples from Europe Among the examples from Europe urban renewal in Sweden, England and The Netherlands were examined. The Swedish example examined the urban renewal of Holma residential area in the city of Malmö within the framework of social sustainability criteria. Here, urban renewal was initiated by a housing company. Renewal of the Jewellery Quarter in England and the Zeedijk Area in the Netherlands was initiated by the City Council. What is interesting in The Netherlands is that in an area where the Chinese population is concentrated, although there should be commercial redevelopment and the trade sector there should change place, the community dwellers displayed dominance and wanted to take part in the renewal. As a result of the agreement reached between the Chinese businessmen and the City Council, with financial and political support, renewal was realized there, where the ethnic environment remained. In the case of the renewal in the Jewellery Quarter in England, the area where in the past the jewellery sector was concentrated and stages of production, exhibition, sales and training were witnessed, was abandoned, and with urban renewal the same function and sector was given and the area was renewed. 2.6.1.1 Urban Renewal Sample from Sweden (Holma, Malmö ) Sweden has got less population density rather than the other countries. Sweden city plans reflect to sustainable planning criterias in each stages. In this example, there is the smallest scale for achieving social sustainability successed easily. It can be easily understood what kind of steps should be used for achieving social sustainability from this the smallest scale of urban renewal project. Holma locates outside of Malmö. Holma, in the late 1960s and early 1970s, is an example of large-scale housing examples where 1000 apartment buildings were built up. Although the apartments had a good standard, landcape seemed poor quality, services and workplaces located far from houses. In the early 1990s, a strategy was developed for improvement of residential area. Due to that reason interviews made with residents to learn their ideas how to change lack of attractiveness of area and poor conditions. Their needs and suggestions were discussed. The strategy of company for improvement explained to the residents and the ideas of residents were asked about quality of their living environment and daily life in that area( PTSJOP, 1997). For achieving social sustainability, interviews were made one by one with the residents and three questions are posed to the public. The area was renewed by providing a clean, attractive and environment through redesigning public spaces and green areas (PTSJOP, 1997). 2.6.1.2 Urban Renewal Sample from England (Jewellery Quarter, Birmingham) The Jewellery Quarter Area is England's most ancient jewellery manufacturing area. The area included design, manufacture and shops of jewellery and items. Besides providing education in jewellery design and manufacturing. In the renewal of Jewelery Quarter in Birmingham, England, the project was designed not to give another function rather than its own function in the history. Manufacture, design and selling functions were maintained in project. Jewellery school opened again. Thus, people can see design, manufacture and exhibition process of jewellery. The repackaging of the Jewellery Quarter, which includes historical and cultural heritage, increased the attractiveness of touristic function. This area is a good example for cultural production and consumption in urban renewal project. It is a good example for socio-cultural sustainability project (BCC, 2001). Other historical residential areas were restored as well. The jewellery industry became famous in England and revived Birmingham’s traditional, historical jewellery production and commerce sector (Pollard, 2004). 2.6.1.1 Urban Renewal Sample from Holland (Zeedijik, Chinatown, Amsterdam) In Zeedijk Netherlands project, culture and art function was given as a concept for this urban renewal project. Zeedijk district, maintains Amsterdam's 350 years of harboring traditional dwellings. Street like pictures with colourful facades of buildings. The street maintains various ethnic restaurants, shops, boutiques, cafes, pubs and travel agencies. 2.6.2 Urban Renewal Samples from U.S.A. America, Central Area, given as an example, in the United States design a fund in their law to minimize the potential impact of urban renewal projects and gentrification processes. Potentially most affected communities, the low-income groups can benefit from that fund not to be victims of that negative effects. 2.6.2.1 Central Area,Seattle Washington Central area, in the process of gentrification, still preserves empty lands and it will precence more or less two years. City government has established a new system to prevent displacement. City’s housing assistance fund which is accessible for low-income people provide affordable housing buying and renting. System works with a linkage between commercial area and residential area for providing residents. The houses got from infill development which includes workable commercial areas for residents. A mixed use project designed for central area and tax constituted increasing fund to preserve and provide affordable housing. Low-cost housing, affordable housing and commercial center projects were developed on parcels which were totally emptied by previous urban renewal project. The project is a mixed used project in order to create working oppurtunities for residents. High-density projects provide business opportunities and low-cost shopping opportunities and they make a positive effect on the housing area. Infill projects have positive results to prevent displacement for residents who are confront with gentrification process. The public and private funds used for financing commercial and residential areas (Urban, 2006). If I compare with my area, gentrification process can seem as well in future period. The way to avoid its negative effects on the most affected communities are a good example for taking suggestions from this example. 2.6.3 Urban Renewal Samples from Canada In Toronto, Canada, a detailed study was conducted on three commercial areas, each representing different stages of gentrification. One of these areas has already completed the gentrification process, showcasing a transformation characterized by rising property values, new businesses, and the displacement of lower-income residents. The second area is on the verge of gentrifying, with early signs such as the emergence of higher-end boutiques, cafes, and increased real estate interest signaling a likely shift in its economic and social landscape. The third area is in the midst of active gentrification, where significant changes are underway but not yet fully realized. In this zone, traditional businesses and residents coexist with newer, more upscale developments. These three areas were compared using various criteria, including changes in property values, business composition, and the socio-economic demographics of residents. The study highlighted how each area responded differently to gentrification pressures, with some retaining a stronger connection to their cultural and historical roots, while others experienced rapid transformation that altered the community's identity. This comparison provides valuable insights into the gentrification process, offering a nuanced understanding of how it unfolds over time and its diverse impacts on local communities. 2.6.3.1 Ontorio, Toronto These fields are located very close to each other; residential area of West Queen West, residential area of and residential area of Bloordale. It was predicted that the gentrified area affected the area in gentrification process and will affect the other area. Components of commercial sector in the area, food chain appealing to the lower income group, junks, financial services and foreign exchange bureauxes and beginners of gentrification which are clothes boutiques, restaurants and shops of art design. (Palmer, 2008). Land value changes and probability of gentrification process due to changes of land values are shown in table 1 Table 1: Land value changes and probability of gentrification process, (Rankin, 2008) Name Stage Land change value Probability Boundaries West Queen West Rapidly gentrifying/ leading 128, dollars 825 %99. 90 Ossington- Gladstone Roncesvalles Gentrifying/ keeping up 112, dollars 201 %98. 80 Galley- Hewitt Bloordale Not gentrifying/ lagging 64, dollars 565 %99. 60 Lansdowne- Dufferin The characteristics and differences of areas are shown in the table 2 Table 2: Characteristics of districts (Rankin, 2008) Situations Rapidly gentrifying/ leading Gentrifying/keeping up Not gentrifying/lagging West Queen West Roscesvalles Village Bloordale Village Overall Character -Leading property values increasing -Art/culture driven gentrification; corporate retail chains and high-end condo development locating on strip; driving up property values and pricing artisits out of the market. -Anchors; two high-end boutique hotels and two social service agencies (centre for addictions and mental heath and St. Christopher house) which serve low-income and atrisk populations. -Close to areas average in property value increases -Significant presence of Polish business establishments and institutions catering to Polish and Eastern Europian clientele, many of whom are former residents of the area. -New residential population of ‘young urban professional families’ drawn by the village feel. -Anchors: Significant Polish cultural institutions such as St. Casimir’s Roman Catholic Church, St. Stanslaus -St. Casimir’s Credit Union, many public amenies -Below area average in property value increases -Ethnically mixed -Visibly depressed: rundown store fronts, suboptimal municipal servicing, poorly maintained sidewalks and planters. -Anchors: Strip clubs Business type and strip identity -Art and design designation -Stock of architecturally interesting buildings -Recent emergence of boutique shops, restaurants/clubs and art galleries -BIA seeks to lure tourists, ‘creatives’ and leisure shoppers -BIA’s recent initiative to include representation from residents’ associations on Board of Management indicated a trend toward more integrated community development -Polish village designation -Stock of architecturally interesting buildings -Boutique shops and restaurants/clubs, some recent, some 10*15 years on strip. Franchises and chains also appearing in high-end retail. -Controversy surrounding BIA’s role in promoting Polish village designation -BIA is working closely with residents’ association to promote community economic development. -No affirmative designation; reputation for crime, drugs, prostitution, other illicit trade -No stock of architecturally interesting buildings -Most businesses are small, independent stores catering to basic needs of local residents. Some ethnically identified restaurants/groceries attract clients from outside area. Rapid turnover. Chains and franchises target low-income consumers, e.g. Cofee Time, Money Mart -BIA focuses on clean-up, crime preventation, lightening. Gentrification Process -Displacement of businesses providing affordable services to low income people -Displacement of artists by condo developers and rising rents -Nimby organizing by newly formed residents’ association -Social tectonics along class lines -Polish businesses and residents relocationg to Mississauga by attrition, not displacement, and retaining ownership of buildings. -Franchise label offers security to long-time businesses -Social tectonics along ethno cultural lines -Factors keeping property values and rent relatively low: crime, drugs, etc. requirements for environmental remediation, lack of interesting architecture -Expectations and hopes of future gentrification This example has got different sub-districts which have got urban renewal process. This districts effect each other during their transformation processes. Their changing processes, business type and strip identities are similar to each other. 2.6.4 Urban Renewal in Asia China, Shanghai is the case, including small-scale production function, consisting of historic structures in the region, around the high-density residential and business centers, making an altered function and transformed into a commercial area. 2.6.4.1 Taiking Road, Shanghai The area includes single-storey and two storey industrial buildings had the small-scale production inside in the past. In years, high-rise office buildings and apartment buildings enclosed commercial area. After that, it was decided to start urban renewal in this area with a given function which is culture, art, trade. The buildings history dates back to 1920, the area maintains residents and small-scale tobacco, perfume, watch and plastic factories. In the early 1980s, a comprehensive decentralization and redevelopment plan was designed by city council. In the year of 1998, Dapuquiao street office decided to renovate Taiking Road where the industrial buildings concentrated. In 2010, the old industrial buildings transformed to different functions. Including nearly 300 art design boutique, luxury cafes, restaurants and art galleries located in residential area. But this change cut through the cheap rents and low housing prices in this region. 2.7 Description of Urban Renewal, Gentrification and Commercial Gentrification Urban renewal projects in historical areas usually focus on cultural production and consumption. Urban renewal projects addressing the more general living environment, often relate to open space improvements, art provision and streetscape. These environmental changes are aimed at improving quality of life. However, this quality of life is more often linked to economic quality, for instance the choice of cultural, retail and leisure provision increasing the business and residential attractions of an area. Therefore, the lower income residents begin to live from the urban renewal areas because of various reasons and they displace with middle income working people. This process is named as ‘gentrification’ has got similar steps in neighbourhoods with commercial areas. Commercial gentrification could be interpreted as a natural consequence of social gentrification (less lower class immigrant ethnic minorities, more native white middle class) However, cause and consequence could easily be reversed: potential middle-class buyers of property read the changing retail landscape and they take the establishment of cool boutiques as signs that the neighbourhood is moving into the right direction’ (Rath, 2011). ‘To the extent that the literature has addressed the commercial dimensions of gentrification, the emphasis has generally been on characteristics on gentrifies- the ways in which artists produce a surfeit of meaning that attracts economic capital (Lay, 1997); the dynamic agglomerations of small producers on gentrified stripts (Kosta & Zukin, 2004); or the role of upscale retailers in place-making and construction of identity (Bridge & Dowling, 2001). The borders of the gentrification area, its starting and finishing points, the new functions of business sector and the differentiation of functions are determined by investors and market pioneers with the buildings that they bought in that area. ‘A notable of development in public policy in the late 20th century is the heightened adoption of art and culture as part of broader strategies to bring about urban regeneration. This includes measures such as the promotion of artistic events, the creation of landmark infrastructures or the arts, or ‘repackaging’ local heritage like ethnic quarters to transform local imaginary and to attract visitors and investments’ (Pendlebury, 2002). Smith (2002) describes the steps of gentrification as; starting with public-private partnership which the operation of global capital follows, ‘zero tolerance’ to process of gentrification, spreading from center to peripheries and transforming of the gentrified area to a new complex area. Commercial gentrification is a process that supports to neighbourhood gentrification, follows neighbourhood gentrification or includes neighborhood gentrification. However, for achieving sustainability of cities and for meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, it should be focused on local economic development, considering needs of local communities, making plans appealing to everyone. All of ventures should be actioned through this process. In these case, sustainable urban renewal starts to discuss. During renewal process of cities, sustainable principles, which determined with various laws and agreements, urban renewal plans should be designed through urban renewal principles. Therefore, solutions are examined for avoiding displacement or trying to reduce the negative effects occurring from urban renewal which the local community can be influenced. 2.8 Sustainability n Urban Renewal There is no one set definition of regeneration, and the term seems to have been appropriated by politicians, planners and managers in the cultural, social, architectural and construction sectors as necessary to suit their changing agendas (Palmer, 2008). Thus renewal has got several components, such as social component which revives social cohesion or communities, economic component which uses physical renewal to revive the economic market of a place or perhaps component where the arts are used to restore vibrancy and life (Palmer, 2008). Mostly, urban renewal focused on economic development with physical renewal in dilapidated or wreckaged areas. Negative effects occurred in urban areas because of focusing of urban renewal on economic development and is attached to social, cultural and environmental parts superficially. Consequently, it was understood that urban renewal is not only regarding physical regeneration or renovation. Urban renewal has got physical, economic, social and sociocultural aspects with a given name as sustainability components of urban renewal. Gentrification and commercial gentrification which are components under urban regeneration are managed by market forces and investors. Targets for sustainable cities are, safe surrounding, productivity from economic perspective, being extensive and egalitarian from social perspective (UN Habitat, 2009). Many of developing countries will continue to urbanize quickly. Operations shouldn’t depend on market force and management initiative for achieving positive developments. While cities are spreading out quickly and population is rising, unfortunately suggested measures aren’t adequate. More than half of the population in the world, live in cities, there is a priority for considering sustainability in urban planning and renewal processes. 2.8.1 Economic Sustainability in Urban Renewal Achieving economical sustainability through urban renewal, it is an obligatory to plan through needs of local citizens. It is important to focus on to develop local economy and to design that appeal to everyone. ‘Eberts (1986) stated that investment ın providing public infrastructure and social services can promote economic development and their existence is a necessary precondition for economic growth’ (Chan & Lee, 2009). Chan and Lee(2009) prepared an article due to their a questionnaire survey and exploratory facor analysis, they mentioned their study extracted six critical factors including ‘quality welfare planning and provisions’, ‘conservation and preservation’, ‘land strategic utilization’, ‘community contributions’, integrated design’ and transport arrangements. Chan and Lee (2009) stressed that the open areas and services are important both for economical and physical sustainability in their articles. They emphasizes that there is an increase in cost of field due to captivity that arises because of public infrastructure and social reinforcement and it lead economic growth for the investors by mentioning about the analyses of Eberts (1986) about this topic. By emphasizing the points of Majitha's work (2006), Chan and Lee discuss about the disposal management's importance in sustainable economy and since the air pollution increases the demand for health care, it affects the physical and psychological health negatively and it causes some types of illnesses and the quality of life has decreases. 2.8.2 Social Sustainability in Urban Renewal It is an important issue that defining community needs with achieving social inclusion and participation in urban renewal areas. Urban renewal is not only include physical changes but also includes sociological changes. Social impacts can be identified such as, crime figures or instances of anti-social behaviour, physical and mental health, education, social capital including community cohesion and social inclusion (Palmer, 2008). All of these impacts effect social life and lead to segregation or communication. Alongside these determinations of social impacts, academic Robert Putnam has identified a fourth, ‘social capital’. His work recognizes the possibility that the ‘quality of social relations in society can have an important impact on key policy outcomes such as health, educational achievement and economic growth (Putnam, 2000). The renewal projects which focus on social capital and underlying the importance of social responsibility, make the people in community respect to social worth. The needs of people and communities take the lead with social mobility, health, crime and education regarded as issues to be addressed through renewal funding; this may lead to a rise in the evaluation of such outcomes (DCLG, 2008). Achieving social cohesion and providing social participation should be included before, during and urban renewal projects. Economic impacts, market values and business interest are given as the primary aims of urban renewal alongside educational and skills improvement, community confidence and enhanced built and natural environment for achieving social sustainability. Surveys about historical areas indicate us the importance of renewal of historical areas has been increasing in these days. Regarding to British Urban Regeneration Association (BURA) state, ‘historic buildings can act as focal points around which communities will rally and revive their sense of civic pride’ (BURA, 2002) According to The Department of Culture, Media and Sport’s (DCMS) Taking Part survey has shown that 70% of adults visit a heritage site at least once a year the definition of heritage site including historic cities or areas (DCMS, 2008). Another proof of heritage interest in the world is Heritage Link group has got four million members around the world. All of these surveys show us that, renewal of historical buildings and historical areas have a direct linkage between social capitals. Basic inference from the all, to success in urban renewal projects in historical areas is the inclusion of existing communities, and planning of projects having regard to their social capital, rather than the creation of a new community with little local identity (Palmer, 2008). The targets for social inclusion and participation of excluded communities through arts and culture in urban renewal projects, take benefits for these people’s health. 2.8.3 Environmental Sustainability in Urban Renewal Provision of ecology and natural landscape have an important consideration to sustain environment in urban renewal. Chan and Lee (2009) gave place to Tang and Lam (2009) research in their article. ‘When a development exceeds the carrying capacity of a land, the ecology is harmed and environmental sustainability cannot be achieved (Tang & Lam, 2000). Chan and Lee (2009) mentioned if the physiological needs of citizens are gratified within their communities, they feel happy and their senses of civic pride enhanced. The work pointed out the importance of pollution control and waste control as well as with the importance of adaptable development and effective management. Provision of pollution control measures, installations of environmental friendly devices, and effective management safeguard the environment as they optimize the use of natural resources available in a community, improve environmental quality of the city, and minimize wastage of scarce resources. Chan and Lee (2009) also mentioned the use of convenient pedestrian and public transport routes which are beneficial to environment by reducing energy consumption and emission (Pearce, Lackey, & Sullivan, 2003) of pollutants. The way of accessing open spaces and public facilities make citizens have more incentives to travel on foot when accessibility of social facilities increases. ‘In this way, total vehicular movement reduces, and pollutants emitted by vehicles, traffic noise also diminish substantially. Pearce et al. (1996) states that repairing and preserving existing structures consume fewer building materials and natural resources than new construction. Chan and Lee (2009) extracted six factors effects to urban renewal process to achieve environmental sustainability. They are; land use planning, quality of life, conservation and preservation, integrated design, provision of welfare facilities and conservation of existing properties. 2.8.4 Socio-Cultural Sustainability in Urban Renewal People are the leading factor in the formation of cities and the society they form, including the different personalities, lifestyles, habits, and worldviews that each person has, creating the urban settlement which is shaped by these. The urban settlement is shaped together with people's socio-cultural lifestyles. Atik (2007) defines socio-cultural values as follows: “Socio-cultural values involve the roles of the people in a society, their relationships with each other and their environment, their worldviews, their past and present experiences and the general opinions regarding that society.” Social sustainability is “ensuring that the natural resources are used efficiently now and in the future by protecting and developing the social environment which will help meet the needs of people and enable the environmental sustainability” (Buckingham-Hatfield and Evans, 1996). Involvement of the term ‘culture’ in topics related to sustainability, however, is a recent phenomena, as mentioned earlier. Mudacumura (2002) defines cultural sustainability as the sincerest way in which a society accepts that it has complex mutual values, beliefs, customs, abilities and by which it decides to protect the existing cultural past for the sake of humankind's dignity while supporting cultural solidarity. Socio-cultural sustainability concept is the fourth concept after the three main part of sustainability: ecological, economic and social sustainability according to Nguyen (2007). The reason of it has been accepted and understood recently. However, the thing that we can define as improvement and how the people will act in the world and what kind of a role they will take is done by culture. That's why, culture is the thing that consists the other three concept in it as well. The way that the whole behaviour has been created in social life and the environment that human life occurs, the economic data shows that culture is related with other issues as well. In this point, Urban renewal, physical planning and environmental sustainability should be done through some analysis. Through the time that the functions come together, positive space relationship should be cleared, different procedures should be grasped and the changes should be taken into consideration and all of them should be planned through the city and it must be cleared with the physical plans with socio-cultural facts as well. CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Study Area Kaduna State is a state in the northwest geopolitical zone of Nigeria. The state capital is its namesake, the city of Kaduna, which was the 8th largest city in the country as of 2006. Created in 1967 as North-Central State, which also encompassed the modern Katsina State, Kaduna State achieved its current borders in 1987. Kaduna State is the fourth largest and third most populous state in the country, Kaduna State is nicknamed the Centre of Learning, owing to the presence of numerous educational institutions of importance within the state such as Ahmadu Bello University. GEOGRAPHY OF KADUNA STATE Kaduna State has a total area of 46,053km squared with a Sudan Savannah vegetation and features scattered diminutive trees, grasses and shrubs with the soil types ranging majorly from loamy to the sandy types with an appreciable amount of clay also found. The topography of Kaduna state consists of high plains with annual rainfall pegged at about 1350 mm with temperatures averaging 31 degrees centigrade. ECONOMY OF KADUNA STATE Agriculture is the major economic engagement in Kaduna state with the cultivation of crops such as groundnut, rice, sorghum and millet. A number of mineral deposits such as Nickel, gold, Asbestos, Graphite, Kaolin, Clay, Kyanite, Serpentine, Amethyst, Mica, Gemstone, Topaz, Tentalime, and Ruby are  also found in Kaduna state.  Also the grazing of cattle and other forms of Animal husbandry is widely practiced in Kaduna state especially by its Fulani population. Trade also blossoms in Kaduna state with the state hosting several markets where a plethora of commodities are bought and sold. These markets include the Sabongari Zaria main market, Sabon Tasha, Anwan Dosa, Tudun Wada, Panteka, Kasuwan Barci, Kasuwa gold market, Kaduna central market, Sheikh Gumi market, and the Kakuri market.   Fig 1. Map of the study area 3.2 Research Design The research design of this study is survey research design. Survey research method according to Rezigalla (2020) is a form of descriptive research used when dealing with a very systematic collection of data or information from population or sample of the population through the use of personal interview opinion scale, questionnaire and observation. Sileyew (2019) also viewed survey research as a study which involves an investigation on entire population of people or items by collecting data from sample drawn from population and assuming that these samples are representative of the entire population. 3.3 Research Population The research population is divided into two category. The first is some of the affected victims of urban renewal around the resettlement location and secondly, the professionals in the built environment in Kaduna. 3.4 Sample and Sampling Technique A random sampling technique was employed to select locations that have undergone urban renewal within Kaduna Metropolis. The selection was based on ease of accessibility to these urban renewal areas, allowing for the observation of the impact on individuals within the affected areas. To ensure statistical validity, a sample size of at least 385 respondents was determined, consistent with a 5% margin of error and a 95% confidence level. This sample size was achieved through the distribution of questionnaires to a diverse group of respondents, including affected victims of urban renewal and professionals in the built environment. The questionnaires were designed to gather comprehensive data that accurately reflects the experiences and perspectives of the broader population affected by urban renewal in Kaduna. 3.5 Data Source The study utilized both secondary and primary data. The primary survey data for the field work made use of the following design instruments involving observation, structure interview and questionnaires. The secondary data made use of reference books and journal materials sourced from government officials’ document, library and internet. 3.6 Data Survey Technique The observation survey involves taking photography of important landmarks; arrangement of structure interviews with the officers in the relevant Agency and Ministry. Likewise the distribution and collection of 100 questionnaires to relevant experts and professionals in the built environment to appraise the trend of urban renewal activity at Kaduna in term of appropriateness, effectiveness and efficiency. 3.7 Data Analysis Data Analysis The data collected were subjected to analysis and presented in table pictorial format. CHAPTER FOUR RESULT AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Introduction This chapter presents the findings of the research based on the data collected through the questionnaire survey that were analyzed in relation to the research questions and objectives. The discussion interprets the results, highlighting key trends, patterns, and implications for sustainable urban renewal in Kaduna State. 4.1 Demographic Information of Respondents Table 3: Age Distribution of Respondents Age Group (Years) Frequency Percentage (%- and above 28 7.3 Total 385 100 Table 3 shows that the respondents' ages are distributed across a range of age groups, with the majority falling within the 26-35 years range (29.6%), followed by the 46-55 years group (23.1%). The 36-45 years group accounts for 21.0% of respondents, while the youngest group, 18-25 years, makes up 19.0%. The smallest representation comes from those aged 56 and above, at 7.3%. This distribution highlights that the survey primarily captured the views of middle-aged adults, who are likely to be more engaged in and affected by urban renewal efforts in Kaduna. The diverse age representation ensures that the perspectives gathered reflect the experiences of both younger and older populations, though with a stronger emphasis on those in their working and middle years. Table 4: Gender Distribution of Respondents Gender Frequency Percentage (%) Male 294 76.4 Female 91 23.6 Total 385 100 Table 4 reveals the gender distribution of respondents, with a significant majority being male, accounting for 76.4% of the total sample . In contrast, female respondents represent 23.6% of the sample. This distribution indicates that the perspectives and insights gathered in the study are predominantly from male participants, which could suggest a gender imbalance in either the population affected by urban renewal in Kaduna or in those who were more likely or willing to respond to the survey. The lower representation of females may reflect broader societal trends or cultural factors that influence participation in such studies. Table 4.1.3: Occupation of Respondents Occupation Frequency Percentage (%) Student 108 28.1 Employed 89 23.1 Self-employed 112 29.1 Unemployed 32 8.3 Retired 44 11.4 Total 385 100 Table 5 illustrates the occupational distribution of respondents in the study. The largest group comprises self-employed individuals, who make up 29.1% of the total sample. Students are the second-largest group, accounting for 28.1%, followed closely by employed individuals at 23.1%. Retired individuals represent 11.4%, while the unemployed make up the smallest group at 8.3%. This distribution highlights a diverse range of occupations among respondents, with a significant presence of both working and non-working groups. The high proportion of self-employed and student respondents may reflect the economic dynamics and the educational environment in Kaduna, offering varied perspectives on urban renewal from both active and transitional stages of life. Table 6: Education Level of Respondents Education Level Frequency Percentage (%) Primary 47 12.2 Secondary 83 21.6 Tertiary 220 57.1 Other 35 9.1 Total 385 100 Table 6 displays the educational levels of respondents, with the majority having attained tertiary education, accounting for 57.1% of the respondents. Secondary education follows with 21.6%, while 12.2% have only primary education. A smaller portion, 9.1%, falls into the "Other" category, which may include various forms of informal or vocational education. This distribution suggests that the respondents are predominantly well-educated, with a significant portion having completed higher education. This high level of educational attainment among respondents could influence their perspectives on urban renewal, particularly in terms of understanding and engaging with the complexities of socio-economic and environmental issues in Kaduna. Table 7: Length of Residence in Kaduna Length of Residence Frequency Percentage (%) Less than 1 year 23 6.0 1-5 years- years 100 26.0 Over 10 years 110 28.6 Total 385 100 Table 7 outlines the respondents' length of residence in Kaduna. The largest group has lived in Kaduna for 1-5 years, representing 39.5% of the total sample. This is followed by those who have resided in Kaduna for over 10 years, making up 28.6%. Individuals who have lived in the city for 6-10 years account for 26.0% of the respondents, while the smallest group, at 6.0% has been in Kaduna for less than 1 year. This distribution indicates that the majority of respondents have a significant amount of experience living in Kaduna, which likely provides them with a well-informed perspective on the urban renewal processes and their long-term impacts. The mix of long-term and newer residents ensures that the study captures a broad range of insights, from those deeply familiar with the city's evolution to those who may offer fresh viewpoints. 4.2 Urban Growth and Socio-Economic and Environmental Disparities Table 8: Urban Growth and Socio-Economic and Environmental Disparities Statement SA A UN D SD Mean Score Decision 1. Urban growth in Kaduna has led to increased socio-economic disparities- Accepted 2. The rapid urbanization in Kaduna has contributed to environmental degradation- Accepted 3. Economic opportunities in urban areas are unevenly distributed in Kaduna- Accepted 4. Urban growth has improved the living standards of residents in Kaduna- Rejected 5. The environmental disparities in Kaduna’s urban areas have worsened due to urban expansion- Rejected Table 8 presents respondents' perspectives on the impact of urban growth on socio-economic and environmental disparities in Kaduna. The findings indicate that respondents generally agree that urban growth has exacerbated socio-economic disparities (mean score of 3.5) and contributed to environmental degradation (mean score of 3.8). Additionally, there is a strong consensus that economic opportunities are unevenly distributed across the city (mean score of 3.9). However, the respondents do not believe that urban growth has significantly improved the living standards of residents, as this statement was rejected with a mean score of 2.9. Similarly, the idea that environmental disparities have worsened due to urban expansion was also rejected, with a mean score of 2.3. These results suggest that while urban growth in Kaduna is associated with certain negative outcomes, such as increased inequalities and environmental challenges, it has not led to a noticeable improvement in overall living standards or exacerbated environmental disparities as perceived by the respondents. 4.3 Urban Renewal Strategies in Kaduna Metropolis Table 9: Urban Renewal Strategies in Kaduna Metropolis Statement SA A UN D SD Mean score Decision 1. Existing urban renewal strategies effectively address socio-economic challenges in Kaduna- Rejected 2. Urban renewal projects in Kaduna adequately tackle environmental issues- Accepted 3. There are sufficient urban renewal policies to manage urban growth in Kaduna- Accepted 4. Implementation of urban renewal strategies in Kaduna is effective- Accepted 5. Urban renewal initiatives have led to significant socio-economic improvements in Kaduna- Accepted Table 9 highlights respondents' perceptions of urban renewal strategies in Kaduna Metropolis. While the majority of respondents agree that urban renewal projects are somewhat effective in addressing environmental issues (mean score of 3.2) and that there are sufficient policies to manage urban growth (mean score of 3.6), they are less convinced about the effectiveness of these strategies in tackling socio-economic challenges, as indicated by the rejection of this statement (mean score of 2.9). However, there is a positive perception of the overall implementation of urban renewal strategies (mean score of 3.7) and the significant socio-economic improvements they have brought (mean score of 3.8). These findings suggest that while urban renewal efforts in Kaduna are generally viewed favorably, particularly in terms of policy adequacy and implementation, there are concerns about their ability to comprehensively address socio-economic disparities. 4.4 Adoption of Best Practices from Developing Cities Table 10: Adoption of Best Practices from Developing Cities Statement SA A UN D SD Mean score Decision 1. Best practices from other developing cities can be successfully adapted to Kaduna’s urban renewal efforts- Accepted 2. Learning from other cities' experiences has improved urban renewal strategies in Kaduna- Accepted 3. There are successful examples of urban renewal from other cities that can be replicated in Kaduna- Accepted 4. Best practices from developing cities are well-suited to address Kaduna’s urban challenges- Accepted 5. Adaptation of international best practices is critical for the success of urban renewal in Kaduna- Accepted Table 10 highlights respondents' views on the adaptation of best practices from other developing cities for urban renewal in Kaduna. The data reveal a strong consensus that such practices can be effectively adapted to local efforts, with mean scores indicating acceptance across all statements. Respondents believe that learning from the experiences of other cities has notably improved urban renewal strategies in Kaduna (mean score of 3.9) and that successful examples from other cities can be replicated here (mean score of 3.8). Additionally, they feel that best practices from developing cities are well-suited to address Kaduna’s urban challenges (mean score of 3.3) and that incorporating international best practices is crucial for successful urban renewal (mean score of 3.7). Overall, the findings suggest that respondents are supportive of leveraging proven strategies from other cities to enhance urban renewal efforts in Kaduna. 4.5 Community Participation and Stakeholder Engagement Table 11: Community Participation and Stakeholder Engagement Statement SA A UN D SD Mean score Decision 1. Community participation is essential for successful urban renewal in Kaduna- Accepted 2. Current urban renewal projects in Kaduna involve adequate stakeholder engagement- Rejected 3. Enhancing community participation will improve the outcomes of urban renewal in Kaduna- Accepted 4. Stakeholders' input is effectively integrated into urban renewal planning in Kaduna- Accepted 5. There are sufficient mechanisms for community members to participate in the urban renewal process in Kaduna- Accepted Table 11 reveals that respondents strongly value community participation and stakeholder engagement in the urban renewal process in Kaduna. They also agree that community involvement is crucial for the success of urban renewal (mean score of 4.2) and that enhancing such participation will significantly improve outcomes (mean score of 4.3). Additionally, there is strong support for the effective integration of stakeholders' input into planning (mean score of 4.1) and for the adequacy of mechanisms allowing community participation (mean score of 4.1). However, respondents feel that current urban renewal projects fall short in involving stakeholders adequately, as reflected by the rejection of this statement with a mean score of 2.7. Overall, the findings underscore the importance placed on community and stakeholder engagement while highlighting areas where current practices may need improvement. 4.6 Discussion Table 8 shows that respondents believe urban growth in Kaduna has exacerbated socio-economic disparities (mean score of 3.5) and contributed to environmental degradation (mean score of 3.8). This aligns with the work of Davis (2006), who argues that rapid urbanization often leads to increased inequalities and environmental stress in developing cities. The finding that economic opportunities are unevenly distributed (mean score of 3.9) reflects the concerns highlighted by UN-Habitat (2013) regarding the uneven distribution of benefits from urban growth. However, the rejection of the statements suggesting significant improvement in living standards (mean score of 2.9) and worsening environmental disparities (mean score of 2.3) suggests that while urban growth presents challenges, it may not uniformly impact all aspects of urban life. Table 9 indicates that respondents perceive urban renewal strategies as somewhat effective in addressing environmental issues (mean score of 3.2) and believe there are sufficient policies to manage urban growth (mean score of 3.6). This is consistent with the findings of Haughton and Hunter (1994), who argue that urban renewal can effectively address specific issues if well-implemented. However, the rejection of statements regarding the effectiveness of these strategies in tackling socio-economic challenges (mean score of 2.9) highlights the concern that current urban renewal efforts may not adequately address socio-economic disparities. This observation is supported by Batty et al. (2001), who note that while urban renewal can improve certain aspects of a city, it often falls short in addressing deeper socio-economic issues. Table 10 reveals strong support for the adaptation of best practices from other developing cities (mean scores ranging from 3.3 to 3.9). This aligns with the research of Roberts and Sykes (2000), who emphasize the value of learning from successful urban renewal strategies in other cities. Respondents' belief that international best practices are crucial for urban renewal (mean score of 3.7) underscores the need for evidence-based approaches, as discussed by Davis and Henderson (2014), who argue that adapting successful strategies from other contexts can significantly enhance local urban renewal efforts. Table 11 shows that respondents place high importance on community participation and stakeholder engagement (mean scores ranging from 4.1 to 4.3). This finding supports the work of Arnstein (1969), who asserts that meaningful community involvement is essential for successful urban renewal. Despite the strong support for participation, the rejection of the statement regarding the adequacy of stakeholder engagement in current projects (mean score of 2.7) suggests that there are significant gaps in practice. This is consistent with the observations of Innes and Booher (2004), who note that effective stakeholder engagement is often lacking in urban renewal projects, impacting their overall success. In summary, these findings reflect a nuanced perspective on urban growth and renewal in Kaduna. While there is recognition of the benefits and importance of community participation, adaptation of best practices, and the general effectiveness of some urban renewal strategies, there are also significant concerns regarding socio-economic impacts and stakeholder engagement. This comprehensive view helps to identify both the strengths and areas for improvement in urban renewal efforts in Kaduna. CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Summary The research findings present a detailed examination of urban growth, urban renewal strategies, adaptation of best practices, and community participation in Kaduna. Respondents indicate that urban growth has exacerbated socio-economic disparities and contributed to environmental degradation, with economic opportunities being unevenly distributed across the city. Despite these challenges, there is no consensus that urban growth has significantly improved living standards or worsened environmental disparities. Urban renewal strategies are seen as somewhat effective in addressing environmental issues and managing urban growth, but they are criticized for their insufficient impact on socio-economic challenges. Respondents support the adaptation of best practices from other developing cities, believing these strategies are valuable for urban renewal in Kaduna. Furthermore, there is strong support for community participation and stakeholder engagement, though current practices are seen as inadequate in involving stakeholders effectively. 5.2 Conclusion The findings underscore that while urban growth in Kaduna has led to increased socio-economic disparities and environmental challenges, the perceived improvements in living standards are minimal. Urban renewal strategies are recognized for their role in addressing some environmental issues and managing growth, but they fall short in tackling deeper socio-economic problems. The strong support for adapting best practices from other cities and the emphasis on community participation highlight areas where urban renewal efforts could be enhanced. However, the gap in effective stakeholder engagement indicates a critical area for improvement. Overall, the study reveals both strengths and weaknesses in Kaduna’s approach to urban growth and renewal. 5.3 Recommendations 1) Urban renewal projects should incorporate targeted interventions to address socio-economic inequalities. Policies and programs that focus on equitable distribution of economic opportunities and support for marginalized communities should be prioritized. 2) Strategies should be revisited and adjusted to better address socio-economic and environmental challenges. Comprehensive planning and implementation frameworks that integrate both socio-economic and environmental considerations are recommended. 3) Kaduna should actively seek to adapt and implement successful urban renewal practices from other developing cities. This involves not only adopting these practices but also tailoring them to fit the local context and specific challenges faced by Kaduna. 4) Increase efforts to involve community members and stakeholders in the urban renewal process. 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Your participation in this survey is crucial as it will provide valuable insights into the socio-economic and environmental impacts of urban growth, the effectiveness of urban renewal strategies, the applicability of best practices from other developing cities, and the importance of community participation and stakeholder engagement. Your responses will be kept confidential and will be used solely for academic purposes. There are no right or wrong answers, and your honest opinions are highly appreciated. Thank you for your time and cooperation. Sincerely, Amir Ladan - Section 1: Demographic Information 1. Age: - 18-25 ( ) - 26-35 ( ) - 36-45 ( ) - 46-55 ( ) - 56 and above ( ) 2. Gender: - Male ( ) - Female ( ) 3. Occupation: - Student ( ) - Employed ( ) - Self-employed ( ) - Unemployed ( ) - Retired ( ) 4. Education Level: - Primary ( ) - Secondary ( ) - Tertiary ( ) - Other (please specify) .................................................. 5. Length of Residence in Kaduna: - Less than 1 year ( ) - 1-5 years ( ) - 6-10 years ( ) - Over 10 years ( ) Section 2: Urban Growth and Socio-Economic and Environmental Disparities Statement SA A UN D SD 1. Urban growth in Kaduna has led to increased socio-economic disparities. 2. The rapid urbanization in Kaduna has contributed to environmental degradation. 3. Economic opportunities in urban areas are unevenly distributed in Kaduna. 4. Urban growth has improved the living standards of residents in Kaduna. 5. The environmental disparities in Kaduna’s urban areas have worsened due to urban expansion. Section 3: Urban Renewal Strategies in Kaduna Metropolis Statement SA A UN D SD 1. Existing urban renewal strategies effectively address socio-economic challenges in Kaduna. 2. Urban renewal projects in Kaduna adequately tackle environmental issues. 3. There are sufficient urban renewal policies to manage urban growth in Kaduna. 4. Implementation of urban renewal strategies in Kaduna is effective. 5. Urban renewal initiatives have led to significant socio-economic improvements in Kaduna. Section 4: Adaptation of Best Practices from Developing Cities Statement SA A UN D SD 1. Best practices from other developing cities can be successfully adapted to Kaduna’s urban renewal efforts. 2. Learning from other cities' experiences has improved urban renewal strategies in Kaduna. 3. There are successful examples of urban renewal from other cities that can be replicated in Kaduna. 4. Best practices from developing cities are well-suited to address Kaduna’s urban challenges. 5. Adaptation of international best practices is critical for the success of urban renewal in Kaduna. Section 5: Community Participation and Stakeholder Engagement Statement SA A UN D SD 1. Community participation is essential for successful urban renewal in Kaduna. 2. Current urban renewal projects in Kaduna involve adequate stakeholder engagement. 3. Enhancing community participation will improve the outcomes of urban renewal in Kaduna. 4. Stakeholders' input is effectively integrated into urban renewal planning in Kaduna. 5. There are sufficient mechanisms for community members to participate in the urban renewal process in Kaduna. Thank you for participation