Fatma Zourob

1 Power Quality Issues in Power Systems K. Khairullah, Undergraduate Student, Western University, and F.O. Zourob, Undergraduate Student, Western University Abstract—Over the past decade, the growing demand of electronically controlled equipment calls for the development of new iterations to optimize power quality. This paper discusses four different power quality issues to demonstrate the progression of the solutions over the years. The analysis is conducted on four different case studies from different parts of the world. The first case study examines the voltage harmonics and current unbalance in the Indian Railway Traction SubStation. The high speed electrified railway experiences harmonic disturbances due to its AC/DC converters. The specifications of these power quality issues are discussed in detail along with comments on the technical and economical feasibility. The second case study is on power quality issues in Slovenia transmission system. The second case study looks at the possible power quality issues, specifically regarding harmonics, in a long line meant to connect Slovenia and Italy. Two filter designs are explored to remove harmonic frequencies from the high voltage direct current system. The third case study is on Siemens’ SVC (static var compensation) of a FACTS (flexible AC transmission system) controller to fix power quality issues. This case study examines the simulations of various solutions and challenges faced due to damping harmonics. It will demonstrate the results of receiving end voltage Vr and voltage regulation %VR with and without compensation. Finally the last case study discusses. Each cable system has certain advantages and disadvantages and conditions vary based on the specifications and the economic resources provided. The fourth and final case study explores issues in power quality when renewable sources of energy such as wind power and PV power generation is connected to the grid. These connections can create issues with harmonics, voltage regulation and general efficiency. Many filter designs which would be connected between the source of power generation and the grid are investigated. Index Terms--Power Quality; SVA (Static Var Compensation); TCR (Thyristor Controlled Reactor); THD (Total Harmonic Distortion). P I. INTRODUCTION OWER quality is a term used to describe the different factors of voltages, currents, and frequencies affecting the power system. It is the connecting bridge of all the electrical networks to supply a stable and efficient power supply with minimal losses. The robust operation of today’s electrically powered equipment allows for the addition of high power nonlinear loads to the distribution system. However, this results in power quality issues in the form of system failures, increased energy and economical losses, violations of IEEE standards, as well as interferences in communication systems. This phenomena cost industry, distribution and customers millions This work was supported by IEEE Western University Library of dollars yearly. In this paper, the most important characteristics of power quality issues and improvements will be discussed and cited by reputable researches. Common power quality issues include: harmonics distortions, flickers, arcing and voltage dips and sag. Most AC electric power distributions operate at a fundamental frequency of 60Hz. A harmonic frequency is any sinusoidal frequency, which is a multiple of the fundamental frequency as seen in figure 1a. Harmonic frequencies can be even or odd multiples of the sinusoidal fundamental frequency. Harmonic distortions occur due to overheating of transformers and motors, breaker trips, etc. In addition, voltage transients are also prevalent in systems with variant loads where high over-voltage disturbances (up to 20kV) occur [1]. II. INDIAN RAILWAY - HARMONICS DISTORTIONS Fig 1a. Harmonic Distortions in Power Systems [2] A. Overview This case study discusses the design, characteristics of power quality issues and future work of India’s Railway System in Tamil Nadu, India. The following discussion of power quality issues is based on N. Gunavardhini, M. Chandrasekaran research paper [3]. In India, the Indian Railway (IR) is the fourth-largest railway network in the world with one of the highest transportation capabilities of approximately 13,000 train passengers daily. The electrified railway’s immense speed and remarkable electric traction system provides a new alternative to a much needed developing technology. The Railway integrated a 25kV AC electrification system in the early 20th century in a wake of lower costs, reduced CO2 2 transmission, and higher efficiencies. The electrified railway’s immense speed and remarkable electric traction system provides electric power without a traditional prime mover. However, due to its robust application and high-energy consumption, its high-density traffic requires more reliable and efficient power supply. The traction system experiences power quality issues such as harmonics, power factor, reactive power absorption and voltage sag. Various Power Quality Problems are discussed in this paper. In addition, a proposed solution to minimize losses on current carrying loads in the traction sub-system. B. System Design The electrified railway’s AC traction loads are fed through a single-phase transformer. The transformer connects to a power supply in a high short-current capacity system configuration as seen in Figure 1. C. Power Quality Challenges I. Voltage Sagging As depicted in figure 1, the 230kV/110kV sub-stations are feeding the railway’s traction on lines A, B and C. It is interpreted in the graph of Figure 2 that the voltage dips at Line A to 102.9kV. This occurs due to the tripping of capacitor banks for voltage injection and absorption purposes, which results in sagging. In addition, the voltage also dips at Line B to 102.55kV, when autotransformers are taken out. Similarly, Line C also experiences voltage sagging at 103.9kV when the switch of the bus coupler trips to divide the lines into sections. All of these modifications to the line ultimately lead to power quality issues in the form of voltage sagging. II. Current Imbalance In the particular case study, there are two currents that control the current constant K. The railway’s traction is operated by ! the following equation: K = !, where I2 is the negative !! sequence and I1 is the positive sequence. As demonstrated in the analysis of Figure 3, the traction experiences K imbalance that fluctuates between a maximum of 2.9 to a minimum of 1.01. This explains that the negative sequence current is higher than the limits due to the variations in the traction loads. Fig 1. Traction Load Power Supply System Configuration on Lines A, B and C [4] As demonstrated in the configuration above, a 110 kV power supply is connected to the system through two 110 kV/ 25kV and 21 MVA single phase traction transformers [5]. It is common for a single traction transformer to supply power to the traction loads while the other one behaves as a substitute in case of faults. The secondary coil of the transformer is connected to one terminal of the 25 kV AC traction which is grounded. Therefore, the railway traction’s AC/DC converter causes a source of negative current, which leads to harmonics in the form of resonance. In addition, the two-phase connection from the high-voltage three-phase network results in voltage fluctuations, harmonics and sagging. Fig 2. Voltage Sag in Traction Sub Station on Lines A, B and C [6] Fig 3. Negative and Positive Current Imbalance in Railway Traction [7] III. Voltage and Current Harmonics a. Voltage Harmonics According to IEEE standards-, the eligible harmonic distortion limit for a voltage level of 69kV to 161kV is approximately 2.5% for normal hours of operations. For shorter operations, the limit can exceed 3.75%, more than 50% of its normal operation. TABLE I Voltage Harmonics 3 Table 1 demonstrates that voltage fluctuations rarely occur and harmonics are well within the limits of the railway’s substation particularly 4,6,12 and 15. These values were analyzed using a harmonics analyzer on the high voltage side of the system. b. Current Harmonics On the contrary, the current harmonics in the tractions stations occur because of the fast, robust varying loads. Based on the short circuit stability of the system, IEEE standards- allow current injections only when the system is strong and stable. As seen in table 2, the current’s THD (total harmonic distortion) is analyzed through a harmonics analyzer directly on the high voltage side of railway traction’s substation. TABLE II Current Harmonics It is interpreted as shown in the table, that THD of 3rd and 5 harmonics in the range of 26.1% and 23.4% exceed the limits specified by IEEE standards- [8]. The 3rd and 5th order harmonics are relatively high in comparison to the other THD due to the resonance effect on the capacitors installed for PF correction purposes. Total capacities of 1400kVA capacitors are used, however; the utility imposes a penalty for PF less than 0.85. In addition, due to the traction load’s variation, resonance tends to be higher than the specified limits. Therefore, it is necessary find an efficient compensator to decrease harmonics level and maintain PF standards to avoid IEEE penalty. Therefore, the best solution for high power non-linear loads are hybrid filters as seen in Figure 4. They are an effective compensation for harmonic distortions, voltage sagging, and imbalance and are relatively more economic in terms of cost because of the cutback in kilovolt ampere rating of power electronic devices. The hybrid filter consists of a combination of a TBC “thyristor binary compensation” and hybrid active filter. Their main function is to suppress harmonics, reactive power compensation and load balancing. Moreover, it significantly decreases the apparent power VA of active power filter. As explained previously, orders 3 and 5 THD experience higher power non-linear loads due to harmonics on the railway traction. Therefore, to fix the power quality challenge, a shunt hybrid filter with TBC compensation is proposed for harmonic and reactive power compensation as seen in the schematic figure 4. The case study results demonstrate that the recommended configuration is suitable for railway traction loads with and without the capacitor banks connected to improve power factor. The shunt active filter is connected in series with fifth order tuned passive filter. The tuned passive filter in parallel with TBC is used to tune the fifth order harmonic compensation as well as P.F correction. The small rated active filter is used to remove the harmonics generated by TBC and the rest of resonance between the grid and shunt passive filter [9]. th D. Power Quality Compensation Due to the non-linear, high power traction loads on the railway, it is best to find an optimal solution. Passive filters experience resonance in the form of harmonics; therefore they do not provide practical solutions. A more effective solution would be active filters, but it is relatively more expensive. Fig 4. Single Phase Shunt Hybrid Filter combined with TBC for Railway Traction[9] E. Conclusions Power Quality challenges in railway electrification studies continue to propose challenges. It is extremely crucial to satisfy IEEE standards- for the measured THD orders of voltage and current harmonics within the ranges discussed in the report. It has been analyzed through tests that the 3rd, 5th and 17th orders of current harmonics and THD violate IEEE standards-. Globally, consumers can be penalized for polluting the industry supply by means of harmonics. In India, the Central Electricity Authority is now enforcing regulations for utilities to maintain power quality standards within the limits of IEEE-. To resolve the above problems, the circuit combination of single phase Shunt hybrid filter with thyristor binary compensation phase filter has been analyzed and simulated. The above configuration has been proposed to 4 better the efficiency of filtering and to reduce the power rating requirements to prevent harmonics and reduce active power compensation. The load current, line current, the TBC current and the hybrid filter current waveforms are shown in the Figure 5. It is first analyzed that the line current is close to constant sinusoidal and is in phase with supply voltage and therefore the reactive power and harmonic currents are effectively compensated. In conclusion, this proves that the proposed solution is in fact efficient to solve the power quality issues discussed and most importantly, it can also be implemented in an economic way that satisfies IEEE regulations. to implement the LCC system. Occasionally, lower order harmonics, such as 3rd, 5th and 7th must also be filtered out because of the six-pulse topology. It is important that care is taken when adding high voltage harmonic filters as they might amplify the harmonic components instead of filtering them out. C. Second Converter The second type of converter is the voltage-source converter-modular multi-level converter (VSC-MMC, which will be referred to as the MMC from now on). This technology, unlike the LCC does not consume much reactive power, rather it contains adjustable components that allow for the control over the generation or consumption of reactive power. Therefore this system does not require any extra compensators for reactive power compensation, although filters are still needed to remove harmonics in the output current. The harmonics that do occur in this system result from high frequency switching of switches, and these harmonics must be filtered out of the system. These harmonics are also at high frequency levels. The MMC system does take less filtering in comparison to the LCC system. Fig 5. Steady State Response of the Proposed Configuration [10] III. POWER QUALITY ISSUES IN SLOVENIA TRANSMISSION SYSTEM OVERVIEW A. Overview In Western Europe there are high voltage direct current (HVDC) connections needed from Slovenia to Italy. To accomplish this, there are two possible system connections that shall be discussed. Converters are needed in these systems for voltage control and reactive power control in the line. This section will discuss two of the possible converter configurations that can be used and how their designs affect the system and the power quality of the system as it relates to harmonics. This section is based on research conducted by Leopold Herman Ambroz Bozicek, Bostjan Blazic and Igor Papic [17]. Fig 6. Impedance frequency characteristics in Divaca (above) and Bericevo (below), 400 kV busbar; current situation without HVDC system[17] B. First Converter The first of type of converter is the line-commutated converter (LCC). This technology is disadvantaged as it consumes great deal of reactive power. This absorption of reactive power leads to harmonic distortion since the LCC acts as a parallel choke. Due to this absorption, the LCC system requires compensation for the lost reactive power. The compensators that are added to the system typically also include filters to remove harmonic frequencies that result from the absorption of said reactive power. These filters are generally used to restrict the flow of higher order harmonics such as 23rd, 25th, 35th, 37th and so on. Another cause of high level harmonics in this system are the six-pulse bridges used Fig 7. Impedance frequency characteristics in Divaca (above) and Bericevo (below), 400 kV busbar; possible future situation with HVDC system[17] 5 Ø Increase power transmission over long distances D. Power Quality Tests and Results Tests were done where impedance of the Slovenian network was measured and it was deduced that when impedances are high, even small harmonic loads can lead to high harmonic voltages. This could be damaging to the power system. The impedance characteristics of the network without the HVDC system is shown with a 400 kV Divaca busbar and a 400 kV Bericevo busbar in Figure 6. The red areas of the plots are the parallel resonant points in the areas of critical harmonics. It must be ensured that frequencies within the red range are not injected into the system as they can cause amplification of voltage harmonics. Figure 7 shows the impedance characteristics of the network with the HVDC system operating. This reduces the red bands in the plots. E. Conclusions In conclusion, the LCC system does not cause significant harmonic distortion with the use of harmonic filters. On the other hand, the MMC system does not contribute significant harmonic distortions even without the use of harmonic filters. Finally, the impedance frequency plots imply that the implementation of the HVDC system simplifies the connection between Slovenia and Italy significantly and this would improve the power quality in the system. IV. A SOLUTION OF POWER QUALITY ISSUES BY ADAPTIVE FACTS CONTROLLER: A MODELLING AND SIMULATION Fig 8. Configuration of Siemens SVC - Type TCR [11] Ø Enhance stability with high Voltage Regulations Ø Damp low frequency oscillations due to swing (rotor) modes The sensitivity of the voltage in regards to the reactive power injection determines the amount of power transfer in the transmission network applied by SVC. The second considered solution is a synchronous condenser with an HVDC converter station to control reactive power, which in turn improves voltage regulation and system efficiency. However, despite this proposed solution, SCV have better capabilities and employments over a synchronous condenser: Ø SVC does not trigger fault levels and in turn prevents short circuit currents A. Overview This particular case study investigates a Siemens’ plant in Portland, Oregon where SVC devices are used to improve power quality issues over transmission lines. SVC (static var compensation) is the first model of a FACTS (flexible AC transmission system) controller developed in the early 20th century. SVC achieves compensation by actively injecting the appropriate amount of reactive power VAR into the system. It functions as a variable impedance with capabilities to control the current through a reactor. Siemen’ SVC achieve these fast and reliable capabilities through the deployment of BTV (bidirectional thyristor valves). This solution has been deployed due to challenges of load compensations of high varying loads, PF improvements as well as voltage and currents imbalance. The case study investigates the simulated studies and modeling of SVC as a compensator of current generation. Hence, the best solution to improve power quality has been analyzed which is the TCR “Thyristor Controlled Reactor” and TSC “Thyristor Sswitched Capacitor”as seen in Figure 8. The following discussion of power quality issues is based on S.Bagwan and A.Mulla research paper accredited by IEEE [11]. B. Objectives SVC can be deployed for load compensation over fast varying loads on transmission lines. The main objectives to be achieved include the following: Ø Control dynamic over-voltages Ø Under transient conditions, provides faster response Ø Little to no-loss of synchronism Ø Cheaper and requires less maintenance SVC is mainly used for complex functionalities to increase voltage regulation and control of over voltages due to faults, or transient disturbances. The dynamic reactive power control at the busload increases power transfer and can solve the problem of voltage imbalance (collapse) caused by contingency conditions [12]. C. Power Quality Challenges Siemens systems’ deploy numerous non-linear loads to their systems, which contribute to lots of power quality issues. These issues prevent them from supplying their customers with an undisturbed flow of energy at a continuous sinusoidal voltage at the contracted magnitude level and frequency [13]. Moreover, the sensitivity of the devices cause various power disturbances in the form of interrupted communication, lost data, and equipment failure. A power voltage dip or sag can damage thousands of valuable components. Moreover, despite SVC’S capabilities to increase power transfer, low losses and minimal short circuit currents; the solution does contribute to damping harmonics. Siemens has a fundamental frequency of 60Hz for their AC electric power distribution. A harmonic frequency is any sinusoidal frequency, which is an even or odd multiple of the fundamental frequency. To fix power quality issue of harmonics will be discussed in the next section. 6 D. System Design and Solutions There are two types of SVC: 1. Injection of Inductive Reactive Power - Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR) 2. Injection of Capacitive Reactive Power - Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC). In Siemens’ systems, the TCR and TSC are connected to the secondary side of a step-down transformer. The core functionality of a TCR is to dynamically control inductive reactive power. Based on the control grid requirements, the changes made help stabilize the SVC. However, even though TCRs do not generate transients, instead as discussed earlier result in damping current harmonics with firing currents above 90 °. To absorb harmonics caused by TCR, filter circuits can be deployed on the line to individually tune to specific frequencies as seen in Figure 9. Filter circuits consist of an inductance and capacitance in series. To further improve the effectiveness, high and low-pass filters can also be integrated. Filters of SVC are developed to provide a consistent inductive reactive power at the base of the reactor, dynamically adjusted to balance the varying reactive load in order to provide a reactive power that adds up to approximately zero [14]. This helps prevent power quality issues in the form of dampening harmonics. economical relief in maximum demand and efficiency of transformer capacity are achieved. These advantages make the proposed solution likeable by Siemens to decrease the discussed power quality issues. Fig 10. % Voltage Regulations vs IL (A) Graph [15] Fig 11. Receiving End Voltage (V) vs. Real power (kVA) Graph [16] Fig 9. Configuration of Siemens SVC with a filter circuit installed [14] The core functionality of a TSC is to dynamically control capacitive reactive power. This is a less common solution than TCR in industrial plants, but it is generally used on transmission lines since they generate no harmonic distortions. E. Conclusions Static Var Compensators “SVA” particularly design configurations of TCR with filter circuits allow for the reduction in damping harmonic distortions. It provides efficient functionalities in the control of inductive and capacitive reactive power. As seen in figure 10, the % voltage regulation gets improved as the load current gets decreased after compensation. Moreover, after compensation, the receiving end voltage remains constant with less reactive power consumed by the load as demonstrated in figure 11. As the consumption of the consumer power in the load results in PF power factor that approaches unity, and therefore; the overall efficiency of the system is improved. Finally, the V. ACTIVE POWER FILTER (APF) FOR MITIGATION OF POWER QUALITY ISSUES IN GRID INTEGRATION OF WIND AND PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS A. Introduction As the population of the earth grows and as electronic technologies continue to advance, the demand for power also grows. The most optimal method of providing this energy is through renewable energy sources such as wind and PV power generation. However, some issues such as the presence of harmonics and overheating occurs once these renewable sources of power are connected to the grid. The most widely used solution for such problems with harmonics and unbalanced systems is the use of filters. It should be noted that not all filters are created equally and therefore some filters are better designed for specific issues rather than others. Passive filters are simple, but they have limited use when it comes to power quality issues. A more advanced form of filtering technology takes the form of the static synchronous compensator active power filter (APF). This type of filter is better at reactive power and harmonic disturbance compensation. This section will explore the various 7 configurations of APF amplifiers and discuss their advantages and limitations. This section will cover research completed by Wajahat Ullah Tareena, Saad Mekhilefa, Mehdi Seyedmahmoudianb and Ben Horanb[18]. B. Hybrid APF The shunt APF makes for a good filter of lower order harmonic frequencies. Passive filters in contrast, are better suited for filtering out higher order harmonics. The hybrid APF configuration uses these two types of filters to get a broad range of harmonic filtration. The hybrid model is used most frequently with PV system integration as that produces a wide range of harmonic frequencies. Wind power on the other hand requires both harmonic mitigation as well as reactive power compensation, so the filter or compensator used must be more robust than the simple hybrid system. C. AC-AC Inverter Topology The circuit configuration for the general form of an AC-AC inverter is shown in Figure 12. These configurations can take the form of single phase (two-wire), three phase (three-wire) or three phase (four-wire) APFs. The general characteristics of this type of topology are that they can eliminate harmonics, achieve reactive power compensation and reduce inverter losses. Some limitations for the two-wire configuration include the fact that an isolated DC source is required and sometimes this configuration leads to fault tolerance. Constraints with the three-wire configuration include the need for high voltage stress switches because of the large turns on resistance. Finally, in the four-wire configuration, an neutral current flows beside the reactive power, load current harmonics and unbalanced current. Fig. 13. Parallel inverter topology [18] E. Common-Leg Inverter Topology The image in Figure 14 shows the circuit design for the common-leg inverter topology. In the single phase (two-wire) APF, the parallel series injection transformer is used for power factor regulation and this configuration provides high efficiency, high power, and a quick response time for voltage disturbances. In the three phase (three-wire) configuration, a higher switching rate is needed which generates greater losses. This design is also limited by limited amplitude sharing, a large installation size and the switch and capacitor ratings. Fig. 14. Common-leg inverter topology [18] Fig. 12. Nine-switch AC–AC inverter APF circuit [18] D. Back-to-Back Inverter Topology The main advantage of the back to back configuration is that it improves the APF compensation capabilities in the system. An image of the general circuit configuration can be seen in Figure 13. The single phase (two-wire) APF causes max power flow strain in the system without the use of a matching transformer. It operates as an active filter in normal mode and as a battery charger in back up operating mode when tis configuration is modified to act as a three phase system to reduce strain. The three phase (three-wire) APF requires larger capacitors and DC voltages at higher dynamic loads to maintain less voltage stress across each capacitor. Lastly, in three phase (four-wire) configuration, the neutral terminal is connected to the negative end of the DC capacitor to reduce the number of components needed, the DC link voltage and the harmonic distortion of the source current. F. Conclusion To conclude, an inverter is a major component for the efficient harvesting of renewable energy. To increase the efficiency, it is imperative to keep the number of semiconductor devices and the number of switching devices to be minimal. Finally, the APF is an effective solution for power quality problems such as harmonic mitigation, voltage regulation, power factor correction and neutral current compensation. It should be noted that each specific design has its particular strengths and all characteristics must be taken into careful consideration before a choice in APF is made. VI. CONCLUSION This report incorporates various case studies from different industries in the world to discuss power quality challenges and proposed solutions. There is an evident improvement in power quality throughout the years. It is worthy to mention accredited researchers’ work in power quality improvements and how it significantly shaped the power industry today. Bagwan and Mulla’s research on SVA proves that power quality can be improved up to 40% on varying loads in Siemens. Most importantly, it significantly improves voltage regulation and the receiving end voltage. There is still a great room for improvement and optimization in the field of power quality all around the world but high costs; regulations and global urbanization with 8 limited space propose great challenges in the future. These technical and economical restrictions should always be considered when discovering new solutions for power quality compensations. VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to thank Sibin Mohan for the assistance and guidance in this report. VIII. [1] REFERENCES ZHANG Xiao-yu, WU Jun-yong,"Research on voltage class of power system to be connected with electrified railways", J Power System Tech, vol. 31, pp. 12 - 17, 2007. [2] G. Bullock; M. Marzinotto, "Fundamentals of Harmonics in Power Systems," in Extruded Power Quality for High-Voltage Electrified Railway:Advances in Research and Development , 1, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2013, pp.384- doi: 10.1002/-.ch02 [3] N. Gunavardhini, M. Chandrasekaran, " Power Quality in Railway Traction and Compensation by Combining Shunt Hybrid Filter and TCR," in IEEE Proceedings C - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, vol. 136, no. 3, pp. 121-129, February 2014. doi: 10.7305/automatika- [4] Li Chow,"On design problems of electrical traction railway in the development for high - speed railway in India", India Railway Society, vol. 35,pp. 109 - 134, 2011. 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McGranaghan, Surya Santoso/H.Wayne Beaty “Electrical Power Systems Quality”,Second Edition, 2004. [16] Narain G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, “Understanding FACTS” IEEE Press, New York, USA, 1999. [17]   L. Herman, A. Bozicek, B. Blazic and I. Papic, "HVDC technology and power quality issues in Slovenian transmission system – technical study," in CIRED - Open Access Proceedings Journal [Online], vol. 2017, no. 1, pp. 700-704, 10 2017. doi: 10.1049/oap-cired- [18] Tareen, W. U., Mekhilef, S., Seyedmahmoudian, M., & Horan, B. (2017). Active power filter (APF) for mitigation of power quality issues in grid integration of wind and photovoltaic energy conversion system. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 70(Complete), 635-655. doi:10.1016/j.rser- IX. BIOGRAPHIES Fatma Zourob was born in Abu Dhabi, UAE, on September 19th, 1997. She is currently an electrical engineering undergraduate student at the Western University and will be graduating in 2019. She is the treasurer for IEEE Western Student Branch and worked on multiple self-initiatives. Her special fields of interest include Power Systems. She worked at a summer co-op position at Hydro One in the telecom-engineering department. She is currently seeking research/internship positions in the power systems field. Zourob received multiple awards in recognition of her academic and leadership excellence in electrical engineering. She has been part of the dean’s honor list for 2 consecutive years and received the Hydro One Women in Engineering Scholarship in 2017. Khadija Khairullah was born on the 29th of March 1997. She is currently enrolled in Western University’s electrical engineering program with a concurrent major in computer science. She will be graduating with both degrees in the summer of 2020. Khadija’s technical interests lie in the fields of programming and software development. She has worked in a research lab for the past two summers on a biomedical engineering project.