E Lisha Otieno Ouma

 DECLARATION AND APPROVAL This thesis is my original work. I also affirm that to the best of my knowledge; this has not been presented for a degree in any other university. Name: Nyakenyanya Dickson- Registration Number: F56/74602/2014 Signature: ………………………………… Date: …………………………… This thesis proposal is submitted for examination with our approval and knowledge as university supervisors: SUPERVISORS Dr. (Eng.) Zablon N.I. Oonge- Signature: ………………………………… Date: …………………………… Dr. (Eng.) Peter K. Ndiba- Signature: ………………………………… Date: …………………………… DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL & CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING CHAIRMAN:- Signature: ………………………………… Date: …………………………… FACULTY POSTGRADUATE STUDIES COMMITTEE (FPSC) CHAIRMAN: Signature: ………………………………… Date: …………………………… FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEAN: Signature: ………………………………… Date: …………………………… UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY Student Name: Nyakenyanya Dickson Registration Number: F56/74602/2014 Faculty/School/Institute: Faculty of Engineering Department: Department of Civil & Construction Engineering Course Name: Master of Science in Civil Engineering (Environmental Health Engineering) Title of Work: Evaluating The Potential of Adopting Waste-to-Energy Strategy in Solid Waste Management in Nairobi County, Kenya 1. I understand what plagiarism is, and I am aware of the university policy in this regard. 2. I declare that this thesis is my original work and has not been submitted elsewhere for examination, the award of a degree, or publication. Where other works or my work has been used, this has properly been acknowledged and referenced in accordance with the University of Nairobi's requirements. 3. I have not sought or used the services of any professional agencies to produce this work. 4. I have not allowed and shall not allow anyone to copy my work to pass it off as his/her work. 5. I understand that any false claim in respect of this work shall result in disciplinary action in accordance with the University of Nairobi’s anti-plagiarism policy. Signature: ………………………….. Date: ……………………….. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First, I would like to thank God for his blessings and care. My sincere thanks to the University of Nairobi for providing me with this incredible opportunity to undertake this MSc. in Environmental Health Engineering. I would like to express my utmost thanks to my supervisor, Dr. (Eng.) Peter Ndiba and Dr. (Egn) Zablon.N.I Oonge for their invaluable support, sincerity, pragmatism, and motivation inspiration through out the development of my proposal. Deep gratitude to the office of the Dean Faculty of Engineering, the office of the chairperson of the Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, and the faculty of the Postgraduate Studies Committee for their immense support in developing this research proposal. I want to thank my wife, Hildah Kerubo, and my entire family for their unending support and unconditional love during the research process. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to the friends, classmates, and coworkers whose material and spiritual support were instrumental in the development of my thesis proposal. TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION AND APPROVALi UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBIii DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITYii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTiii 1.INTRODUCTION1 1.1Background of the Study1 1.2Problem Statement3 1.3Research Objectives4 1.3.1Specific Objectives4 1.4Scope and Limitations of the Study5 1.5Definition of terms5 2.LITERATURE REVIEW7 2.1Introduction7 2.2Solid waste management (SWM)7 2.3 Solid waste generation rates.8 2.3Characteristic of generated municipal solid waste10 2.4Measurement of low heat value on solid waste12 2.4.1Amount of electrical energy produced from generated solid waste14 2.5Literature gaps.15 3.METHODOLOGY16 3.1Overview16 3.2Steps16 3.2.1Solid waste samples collection and characterization16 3.2.2Field data collection16 3.2.3Sampling design17 3.2.4Sample size17 3.2.5Sampling procedure18 3.2.6Data analysis18 3.2.7Presentation of results19 4.WORKPLAN AND BUDGET20 4.1Workplan20 4.2Budget21 4.3Secured Funding22 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.3: Trends of solid generation and collection in Nairobi8 Figure 2.2: Depiction of the life cycle of municipal solid waste11 ABBREVIATIONS ASTM-American Society for Testing and Materials CBS-Central Bureau of Statistics CDM-Clean Development Mechanism EPA-Environmental Protection Agency ISWM-Integrated Solid Waste Management JICA-Japan International Cooperation Agency KAA-Kenya Airports Authority KAP-Knowledge Attitudes and Practices KCAA-Kenya Civil Aviation Authority KNBS-Kenya National Bureau of Statistics LHV-Low Heating Value MBT-Mechanical Biological Treatment MSW- Municipal Solid Waste NEMA- National Environmental Management Authority NMS-Nairobi Metropolitan Services SW-Solid Waste SWM-Solid Waste Management UNEP-United Nations Environment Programme WTE-Waste To Energy ABSTRACT Nairobi's population has exploded in recent decades due to the city's growing urbanisation and industrialisation. As the city's population has grown, so has the solid waste problem that affects public health due to inadequate garbage management. Meanwhile, there is a significant increase in the county's need for electrical energy and a shortage of appropriate land for additional dumpsites in the city. Waste-to-energy (WTE) is one sustainable and environmentally beneficial option for garbage disposal. Material recovery is linked to this method of solid waste management. As a result, the WTE method may facilitate the generation of energy, the recovery of metals, and the decrease of trash sent to landfills. The purpose of this study project is to assess the viability of creating electricity from garbage. Social backing and familiarity with Nairobi's peculiarities and garbage creation rates are crucial to the plan's success. This study first examines the existing information on the rates of solid waste creation and then extrapolates to the future. Second, we'll evaluate and simulate solid waste properties. Finally, the unprocessed municipal solid waste (MSW) samples will be collected using the standard procedure established by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The samples will be put to use in a controlled laboratory environment to determine the solid waste's low heating values. After that, we'll do a deep dive into the data, interpret it, and then present our findings in clear graphs, charts, and reports. The process would end with reasonable deductions and conclusions. Chapter 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study The growing urbanization of Africa has led to a proliferation of garbage that must be collected and disposed of effectively, making waste management a top priority issue in many nations (Agbelie, Bawakyillenuo, & Lemaire, 2015). Globalization has greatly increased trash output in Africa, arguing that urgent action is needed to reverse this trend. Even though, waste management has become one of Africa's many pressing problems (Bello, bin Ismail, & Kabbashi, 2016). In addition, Habitat (2014) states that most African countries have a difficult time dealing with garbage management and this is also a leading cause of the failure of many African nations to achieve the Millennium Development Goals related to sanitation and urban slums. Therefore, the global population is on the increase and so is the world economy. These two factors have led to increased waste generation. According to the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), the global waste discharge will grow to about 15 billion tons by 2025 from the 10.4 billion tons discharged in 2010 (JICA, 2014). The land-constrained since solid waste is a valuable resource that can be put to work in the economy, energy needs, and carbon footprint reduction, countries like Japan have looked into alternate solid waste management systems (Yolin, 2015). The amount of Municipal Solid Waste (WSW) produced worldwide has been rising. This eloquently demonstrates the enormous stresses placed on the world's energy infrastructure, waste management systems, and the viability of the industrial sector as a whole (Hoang et al., 2022). Studies characterizing MSW in Johannesburg (Ayeleru, Okonta, & Ntuli, 2018), and developing regional strategic planning for MSW (Harris-Lovett, Lienert, & Sedlak, 2019), all indicate that roughly 30% of the MSW produced and released to the environment each year is not collected and processed properly. Urbanization and industrialization are associated with the generation of substantial amounts of solid waste and energy consumption worldwide. This is the case seen in African cities that are experiencing rises in population and physical expansion in response to modernization and globalization. (Trynos, 2013). To reduce this wastes disposal, the scarcity of existing energy sources and demand increase have driven researchers to create and use alternative energy sources. Many Waste to Energy (WTE) facilities were established in Europe in the 1950s as a clean energy source. The US, China, and Japan use solid waste to create power. Treating solid waste to generate and use energy is WTE. The WTE facility generates energy by incineration, pyrolysis, gasification, anaerobic digestion, or refuse-derived fuel. It's a promising waste management method that can solve trash generating issues and generate electricity(Tan et al., 2015). Kenya has over 46 million people and 43 different ethnic groups living there as of 2014. According to 2016 estimates, 25% of Kenya's population lives in a city, with 56% of those people residing in slums or informal settlements (Mundial, 2015). The 2015 Kenya National Solid Waste Management Strategy (NSWMS) by the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) recommends an integrated waste management hierarchy. The waste management hierarchy ranks SWM (Kaushal, Nema, & Chaudhary, 2015) solutions from most sustainable to least: waste reduction, reuse, recycling, resource recovery, incineration, and landfilling. Despite thorough plans, many Kenyan cities have poor SWM practices. The 2010 Kenyan Constitution requires county governments to manage garbage, although this has not been achieved. This study will evaluate the potential of adopting a WTE strategy for the city of Nairobi to address the two challenges facing the city: solid waste disposal and energy scarcity. This will be in line with the National Solid Waste Management Strategy, (2014), which appreciates that waste to energy (WTE) through incineration is applicable in the management of both hazardous waste streams and municipal solid waste. As Abdur Shaban notes, WTE is a quadruple win: saving land space, generating electricity, preventing the release of toxic chemicals into groundwater, and reducing the release of methane (Shaban, 2018). This study is significant because the approaches that have been adopted previously have failed to achieve desired results. The city urgently needs a proper solid waste disposal system because the only existing Dandora dumpsite has passed its maximum shelf- life and has become a major public health threat and environmental concern (Wachira, 2016). Additionally, the court has ordered the Nairobi Metropolitan Services to close the dumpsite due to public health concerns (Kiplagat, 2021). 1.2 Problem Statement The solid waste problem in the city of Nairobi is well known and documented. Despite the rapid increase in solid waste generation rates, collection, transportation, and disposal of the same have not increased to match. The 2020 National Sustainable Waste Management Policy recommends WTE via incineration for achieving a zero-waste economy. The policy prefers WTE least. The 7Rs strategy focus does not include material energy recovery from solid waste. The policy's seven Rs are reducing, rethinking, rejecting, recycling, reusing, repairing, and replenishing. Thus, this has received little attention and investment. This is partially due to insufficient study into the full potential of this waste disposal technology to establish a commercial case for adoption and investment in the strategy for environmental sustainability. A simple transect stroll across the city and its suburbs will show you just how widespread the problem of improper disposal of solid waste is. Massive amounts of trash are thrown away carelessly, dumped in undesignated sites, and burned without proper sorting. These methods of disposal pose a significant threat to human health and are also harmful to the environment and cannot be maintained in the long term. Although sanitary landfilling is preferable to open dumping or incineration, it has difficulties in terms of site availability, logistics, and long-term sustainability. Nairobi is experiencing difficulties due to a lack of available electricity sources. As a commercial, industrial, and entertainment center, the city relies heavily on its access to reliable electrical energy; nevertheless, the city's existing energy supplies are unstable and unsustainable due to their reliance on weather-sensitive sources or imports from neighboring Uganda. Due to low water levels in the dams along the river Tana, the city has had to curtail its electricity supply on occasion. To solve the two problems several cities, some in Africa, have adopted a waste-to-energy strategy in managing their solid waste. The study proposes the utilization of solid waste as a resource in the generation of electrical energy through the process of incineration. Vital to this evaluation is the determination of the lower heating value of solid waste. This is determined from solid waste samples combusted in the laboratory environment. 1.3 Research Objectives The overall objective of this study will be to evaluate the electrical energy recovery potential of adopting a waste-to-energy strategy in Nairobi. 1.3.1 Specific Objectives The specific objectives of the study will be to: 1. Assess the solid waste generation rates in the county to prepare a solid waste generation model for the city 2. Characterize the municipal solid waste generated in Nairobi and forecast characterization trends. 3. Determine by measurement, the low heating value (LHV) of samples of solid waste from Nairobi county. 4. Evaluate the amount of electrical energy that could be produced from the generated solid waste in the county by a typical WTE facility. 1.4 Scope and Limitations of the Study The study will be carried out in Nairobi County, with the primary objective to determine the extent to which the combustion of solid waste produced in the County of Nairobi presents opportunities for the recuperation of electrical energy. Since this is not the focus of the study, we will not be looking at other ways to recover energy from solid waste. This investigation will solely focus on one of the 7Rs that comprise the integrated solid waste management hierarchy: recovery (Recover). Combustion of solely municipal solid waste will take place in the laboratory for the purpose of determining the low heating value (LHV) of the solid waste samples. The tests will not make use of any waste that comes from the healthcare industry, the construction industry, or any waste that may be considered harmful. 1.5 Definition of terms Higher Heating Value is the measure of the heat content of a fuel based on the gross energy content of the combustible constituents of the fuel. (United States Energy Information Administration (US EIA), (n.d.). Low Heating Value is a measure of the heat content of a fuel based on the net energy content of the combustible constituents of the fuel (US EIA, n.d.). Solid waste is any solid material of any origin discarded as useless by the person(s) who owned it (Shaful and Mansoor, 2003). Sanitary landfilling is a method of controlled disposal of municipal solid waste (refuse) on land (Britannica, n.d.). Solid-waste management is defined as the process of collecting, treating, and disposing of solid material that is discarded because it is no longer useful to those who possess it (Britannica, n.d.). Incineration is a chemical process in which the combustible substances of the solid waste are oxidized in a furnace under a suitable temperature resulting in carbon dioxide and water, (Josh, 2015) Integrated solid waste management is a solid waste management approach that deals with complete waste reduction, collection, composting, recycling, and disposal systems (Environmental Protection Agency, n.d.). Primary data is data gathered by a researcher from first-hand sources, using experiments, letters, direct measurements, surveys and censuses, and interviews. (Glen, 2022). Secondary data is data collected from studies, journals, newspapers, websites, government records, surveys, or experiments done by other people (Glen, 2022). Chapter 2 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction Tsiboe and Marbell (2004) state that wastefulness emerges alongside industrialization and progress. They also believe that in the quest for progress, people have overlooked the issues of solid waste management (Tsiboe and Marbell, 2004). This chapter explores the literature on solid waste management the characteristic of the muncipal solid waste, the measure of low heat value and the amount of energy produced from generated solid waste. 2.2 Solid waste management (SWM) Solid waste management is the supervised handling of solid waste material(s) from the source of generation through the recovery processes to disposal. Municipal solid waste may be converted into fuels, heat, and electricity using waste-to-energy systems, which have a long history of success in industrialized nations (Kaushal et al., 2015) . However, emerging nations still work toward more efficient and sanitary methods of collecting, transporting, and disposing of municipal solid waste, since their growing populations require more landfill space(Nanda & Berruti, 2021). Most developing nations lack the resources, infrastructure, and severe environmental rules necessary for the proper remediation of municipal solid waste due to high population density, socioeconomic factors, cultural factors, average living standards, and haphazard management. Effective management of municipal solid waste is related to both target 11 (sustainable cities and communities) and goal 12 (responsible consumption and production) of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Agenda (United Nations 2020). Waste-to-energy systems, such as thermochemical and biological conversion technologies, may transform MSW into solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels to help meet the rising need for electricity. The most popular method of waste-to-energy conversion, incineration involves the combustion or burning of municipal solid waste to produce energy, steam, and combined heat and power. Over the past three decades, China is estimated to have landfilled over 3 billion tons of MSW and is now disposing of around 73% of its trash in 547 functioning urban landfills (C. Zhou, Gong, Hu, Cao, & Liang, 2015). More than 60,000 hectares of land are used as landfills for the over 150 million tons of municipal solid garbage produced each year in India (Mohan et al., 2016). 2.3 Solid waste generation rates. A 2015 field study conducted by Miezah, Obiri-Danso, Kádár, Fei-Baffoe, and Mensah (2015) indicated a daily trash generation rate of 0.47 kg/capita in Ghana. In 2012, it was projected that Ghana produced 444,000 tonnes of garbage and collected 377,000 tonnes (Scarlat, Motola, Dallemand, Monforti-Ferrario, & Mofor, 2015). This amounts to an 85% collection rate for the year 2012. The national household trash generation rate was reported in 2013 to be between 0.35 and 0.75 kg/capita per day by (Oduro-Kwarteng & van Dijk, 2013). The amount of municipal plastic garbage improperly thrown into the environment in 2015 was estimated to be between 60 and 99 (mean: 80) million metric tonnes (Mt). This amount is equivalent to around 47% of the yearly municipal plastic garbage produced across the world (mean estimate 181 Mt for n = 188 nations)(Lebreton & Andrady, 2019). Taking into consideration the global average proportion of plastic in municipal solid trash (10.9%, lower: 8.3%, and upper: 13.2%), a daily intake of 6 Mt of solid garbage may represent anywhere between 182 and 290 Mt of the yearly creation of municipal plastic waste. We predicted that the worldwide municipal plastic garbage output might exceed 300 Mt yearly by 2040 and 380 Mt by 2060 based on long term predictions of population and GDP per country. These estimates were derived from the data shown in the previous sentence(Hoornweg, Bhada-Tata, & Kennedy, 2013). In 2018, the effective disposal of garbage reached 226 Mt/yr, with the treatment rate of consumer waste reaching as high as 99%. Despite this, sanitary landfills accounted for 79% of China's MSW treatment in 2009 and 52% in 2018. It is indicative of China's lackadaisical approach to reducing resource waste by recycling and reusing municipal solid waste (MSW)(Mian, Zeng, Nasry, & Al-Hamadani, 2017). According to Wachira (2015), the strategies employed by solid waste management authorities in Nairobi to streamline waste disposal have failed. This has resulted in the piling up of solid waste in the streets of Nairobi. Mwololo (2016) adds that the county government is overwhelmed with its duty of collecting and safely disposing of solid waste and the franchise model the county government attempted to use to streamline waste disposal also failed.The government of Japan through JICA has been supporting the city to solve the solid waste problem since 2012; however, little has been achieved due to communication and information sharing barriers (Mwololo, 2016). Currently, the city of Nairobi has Dandora as the only officially designated dumpsite. JICA (1998) recommended the movement of the Dandora dumpsite to Ruai. This was reinforced by the Vision 2030 blueprint with the timeline set in 2012. The plan was suspended after experts warned that the landfill would attract birds that could adversely affect the operation of Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (Mwololo, 2016). Additionally, in a study done in Kisumu found that the Kisumu's residential neighborhoods, official and informal markets, businesses, institutions, factories, and hospitals all contribute to the city's waste stream. Researchers have calculated that between 200 and 450 tons of garbage are produced per day in Kisumu (Agong & Otom, 2015; Gutberlet et al., 2017). An estimate of 0.49 kilogram of solid trash is produced each Nigerian every day on average. The cities in Nigeria have drastically varying rates of solid waste creation due to their individual features. Solid waste generation rates per capita were estimated to be highest in Ado-Ekiti (southwest Nigeria) (0.71 kg/capita/day) and lowest in Ogbomosho (0.13 kg/capita/day)(Nnaji, 2015). According to Blottnitz et al (2010), the total estimated amount of solid waste generated in the city of Nairobi ranges between 3000 and 3200 t/day. Only a half of these were collected (Blottnitz et al, 2010). Figure 2.3: Trends of solid generation and collection in Nairobi (Source: Blottnitz et al, 2010) 2.3 Characteristic of generated municipal solid waste Nairobi's solid waste composition has decreased organic trash and increased paper. This is due to Nairobians' shifting packaged products habits. Due to population growth and urbanization, "other" trash such textiles, wood, and ash is rising. In Nairobi's municipal solid waste composition summary, organic matter averages 62.1%.(Njoroge, Kimani, & Ndunge, 2014). Domestic garbage accounts up the largest portion of Berlin's municipal waste at 73.80%, followed by trade waste (10.06%), commercial waste (2.30%), bulky waste (6.75%), and road sweepings (1.05%)(Chen, Jiang, Yang, Yang, & Man, 2017). In Peru, when MSW is separated into the organic waste (75.72%) that can be composted and the inorganic waste (15.42%) that can be recycled and put back into the economy, only 8.86% of solid waste is considered unusable and is destined for the sanitary landfill, the volume of which is expected to reach 1555.8m3 by 2030. For its 3085 residents, the urban area of Naranjillo generated 37,794,50.00 kilograms of solid trash in 2018, or 122.51 kilograms per person, per year, of which 92.77 kilograms corresponded to organic matter(Daza et al., 2022). MSW in Hangzhou China varies in content and appearance throughout time. It's also important to remember that the percentage of waste composition varies depending on geographical and temporal factors. Data provided by Hangzhou Tianziling landfill puts the percentages at 56.80/11.31/19.09; Cheng, Bi, Wo, and Xie (2017) put them at 60.40/11.88/17.56; Wei (2013) puts them at 63.22/11.74/14.63; and the Nanjing Urban Administration gives them as 52.83/9.32/12.26. Ranges of geographic variation for garbage, paper, and rubber/plastics are 52.83e65.28 percent, 3.50e11.88 percent, and 9.92e19.09 percent, respectively. Kitchen garbage fluctuates between 60e68% and 31e61% in Shanghai (2007e2016) and Guangzhou (2004e2014), whereas rubber and plastics fluctuate between 15e18% and 12e22%. Therefore, the classification methods should be modified according to regional needs in order to acquire the most suitable waste stream for MSW conversion into energy/fuels or materials (Mukherjee, Denney, Mbonimpa, Slagley, & Bhowmik, 2020). According to Agong and Otom (2015) the garbage in Kisumu is made up of organic material (63%), paper (12.2%), plastic (10.2%), scrap metal (1.3%), glass (3.2%), and miscellaneous (9.5%). Total trash created was composed of 36.2% chrome splits and trimmings, 32.1% chrome shavings, and 14.9% vegetable splits and trimmings. Vegetable shavings made up 9.1% of total leather solid waste produced during the study month, while crust trimmings accounted for 3.5%, buffing dust contributed 2.4%, and completed trimmings made up 1.8%(Mwondu, Ombui, & Onyuka, 2020). Figure 2.2: Depiction of the life cycle of municipal solid waste (Source: Konstadinos 2011) In the above diagram, the green boxes depict the products of the management stage while the red boxes represent the residues that end up in the landfill. Accordingly, the end of the life cycle for municipal solid waste is by either the waste becoming a useful product or a residual to be landfilled (McDougall, 2001). 2.4 Measurement of low heat value on solid waste According to X. Lin, Wang, Chi, Huang, and Yan (2015) there was only a slight variation in Heat Values (HVs) across the various wood waste compositions, which ranged from 16.77 to 19.50 MJ/kg. The HVs of the various paper kinds were comparable to wood's, with the exception of the milk box, which had an HV of 22.7 MJ/kg. The plastic used to make the milk box is to blame for the increased HV. Dried food however, has an HV that's close to that of wood (X. Lin et al., 2015). The heating values of chlorine-free polymers, regardless of type, are high, typically exceeding 40 MJ/kg. 37.77 MJ/kg is the value assigned to a rubber glove. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), on the other hand, had an HV of just 17.37 MJ/kg, which is less than half as high as that of chlorine-free polymers. PVC has a 50% Cl concentration, which causes this effect. There was a wide range in the HV of the fabrics, from 15.6 to 28.55 MJ/kg(X. Lin et al., 2015). MSW consists largely of leftover food. However, it is not simple to estimate the LHV of food waste due to its complicated composition and moisture, which occurs in a wide range from 54.51% to 89.09%. Estimating food waste LHVs using cabbage and rice LHVs has a 5:5 ratio between their masses, was predetermined. Through comparative analysis, it was shown that the LHV of food scraps is around 0 MJ/kg. As a result, many failed to recognize the importance of food waste to the LHV of MSW(H. Zhou, Meng, Long, Li, & Zhang, 2014). According to H. Zhou et al. (2014) plastic has the greatest average LHV out of all the categories, coming in at 30.69 MJ/kg, making it the category containing the most energy. The LHV for the category of plastic was 37.03 MJ/kg, while the LHV for the category of paper was 39.85 MJ/kg. Another group that showed a greater heating value was the textiles, which had an LHV of 19.63 MJ/kg. This was quite comparable to the LHV which was 19.00 MJ/kg, but it was lower than the LHV with 26.14 MJ/kg. The LHV of the sanitary material was measured to be 18.55 MJ/kg (Shi, Mahinpey, Aqsha, & Silbermann, 2016). In addition, Fetene (2021), found that food, plastic, and paper waste are examples of components that contribute positively towards the calorific value (the heat energy in food or fuel calculated by full combustion of a specific quantity at constant pressure and normal circumstances.). The anticipated HHV values as compared to chosen different days of the sample period are based on composition and proximate analysis. After paper (16,192.62 KJ/kg) and garden trash (16,411.88 KJ/kg), plastic was the material that contributed the most to the total daily disposal of municipal solid waste and accounted for approximately 14.3% of the total MSW. Plastic also contributed the most to the heating value of the three materials (Fetene, 2021). 2.4.1 Amount of electrical energy produced from generated solid waste According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (2016), energy recovery from waste is the conversion of solid waste into usable energy either in the form of heat, electricity, or fuel through several processes. These processes include landfill gas recovery, pyrolization, combustion, anaerobic digestion, and gasification. According to the Energy Recovery Council (2018), the United States operates 75 WTE facilities in 21 states with a combined capacity of treating more than 94 tons of waste per day with a gross electric capacity of 2534 megawatts. Owing to superior operational reliability, in 2017 alone the nation’s WTE facilities treated about 30 million tons of solid waste and produced approximately 14 TWh of electricity (Energy Recovery Council, 2018). C.-J. Lin, Chyan, Chen, and Wang (2013) in their study found that, Santo André's municipal garbage contains combustible elements at a rate of 84.42 percent, allowing for energy recovery via thermochemical processes. Food and yard wastes made up 38.79% of the total, with plastics coming in second at 14.77%. Papers make up 11.12% of the total, with diapers and tampons accounting for 10.80%. When compared to gravimetric analyses conducted in other countries, such as Taiwan (5.3%) or China (3.16%; (H. Zhou et al., 2014), the percentage of textiles found in the categories examined was 8.94%. Kenya’s Northern neighbour, Ethiopia operates a WTE power plant. According to a report by Mason Sansonia (2019), Ethiopia transformed the Koshe dumpsite into a 185GWh Reppie waste-to-energy plant. The plant was launched in 2017 and is designed to process 1400MT of solid waste per day, representing 80% of the total waste generated in Addis Ababa, to generate 30% of the city’s electricity demand (Sansonia, 2019). Kenya Electricity Generating Company PLC (KenGen), in conjunction with the Nairobi Metropolitan Services (NMS), is planning to construct a WTE plant in Dandora. Maureen Kinyanjui (2021) reported that the procurement process for the plant’s construction had been concluded by March 2021. According to Avfall (2016), in 2015 alone, over 2 million tonnes of household waste went to energy recovery meaning that every inhabitant of Sweden sent about 232 kg of household waste to energy recovery in 2015. Since 2006, the eThekwini municipality in South Africa has been converting SW to energy in its WTE facilities. South Africa’s three projects generate about 7.5 MW of electricity to serve about 3 500 residents of the municipality (Tynos, 2013). Tynos (2013) reports the three WTE facilities do generate ZAR 48 million by selling certified carbon credits and it is estimated that a total of ZAR 400 million will be generated in the facilities’ lifetime. (Tynos, 2013). More than 8.0 million tons of oil equivalent were recovered by incineration of MSW in the EU in 2010, out of a total waste treatment capacity of 73 million tons. It is anticipated that this capacity would increase to 84 million tons by the end of 2016 and 96 million tons by the year 2020 (Hoornweg et al., 2013). 2.5 Literature gaps. Despite the emphasis placed on the fact that waste creation is a key issue, very little information is supplied about the processes involved. There is a lack of data on different types of waste, such as decomposable and non-decomposable wastes, because most studies have focused on non-decomposable wastes. However, few studies have attempted to classify the many waste types and the mechanisms by which they are generated in the environment, in the location in which people live, or in municipal facilities. Chapter Three 3. METHODOLOGY 3.1 Overview An online survey will be used to collect data on current knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to MSW disposal, with an emphasis on energy recovery, for this project. The data at hand will be evaluated to simulate the history and future of solid waste production. This research will make use of clustered samples of municipal solid trash collected in a systematic manner. In the lab, the study will use a bomb calorimeter to determine low heating values and a weighing machine to determine the mass of solid waste. The feasibility of electrical energy recovery will be calculated using the data gathered in the laboratory. 3.2 Steps This study will be undertaken as follows: 3.2.1 Solid waste samples collection and characterization In order to gather samples from all of Nairobi County, the city will be split into nine zones (following the same pattern as the existing solid waste management plan). To accurately characterize the solid waste in each zone, samples will be taken at random from each of the zone's solid collection canters. Experts in solid waste sampling and characterisation will carry this out under the researcher's supervision. The ASTM D-) standard will serve as the foundation for the solid waste sample and characterisation activity. 3.2.2 Field data collection 3.2.2.1 Primary Data Primary data will be collected by the use of Interviews which will be undertaken with key informants to obtain the current and future trends of solid waste generation and characterization. The researcher will target MSW generators, waste collectors, and county officials responsible for solid waste management. There will be direct observation and photography this will be achieved through walk-through of the city with solid waste dumping sites to cross-check the information that will be provided by interviewees and survey respondents. Photos will be taken to corroborate the observations made. In addition, a bomb calorimeter and weighing devices will be used to measure the weight and low heating value (LHV) of the solid waste samples that have been collected. This will be conducted by the researcher at the University of Nairobi. 3.2.2.2 Secondary Data The researcher will conduct a thorough literature evaluation of the existing works written by institutions and academics concerning SWM and WTE procedures. The researcher will read through dictionaries, newspaper columns, book reviews, syllabi, weblogs, websites, white papers, and plans. 3.2.3 Sampling design The distribution of the questionnaires will be carried out using a simple random sample method. The reconnaissance research will be carried out a couple of days before the actual day of data collecting. Walking around the market to spot important details that can be used later in the data gathering process is what we'll be doing. 3.2.4 Sample size The study's sample size of the study will be calculated using a proportional allocation method based on the formula presented by Kothari,(2011). The market turnover was utilized to calculate an appropriate sample size. For calculating sample size; Cochran formular will be used Where N is the Population n is the sample size e is the desired level of precision (marginal error of 10%) = N= 98 With 10% non-response rate, the sample size will be 110 3.2.5 Sampling procedure Cluster sampling, with locations classified by damping location, will be employed as the sampling strategy. Information will be gathered from 60 traders at all dampening locations, 15 county government employees at the relevant market, and 35 locals in garbage disposal places. 3.2.6 Data analysis The data collected will be examined and checked for completeness, consistency, and comprehensibility. Numerical data on solid waste flows and waste composition will be analyzed statistically using SPSS and MS excel pivot tables. ASTM D5231-92 test method for calculating the composition of unprocessed MSW will be used in the analysis of waste characterization. Low heating values of the solid waste samples will be analyzed using traditional and Dulong’s models. 3.2.7 Presentation of results The analyzed data will be presented in tables, graphs, histograms, and pie charts, and interpretation of the same will be provided. At the end of the study, a research report will be produced and shared for review. Chapter 4 4. WORKPLAN AND BUDGET 4.1 Workplan The data workplan will approximately take 6 months as indicated in the figure below. Activity Jan Feb Mar Apr Topic selection, Proposal Development, Submission to IREC for approval Training of data assistants, Data collection, Data cleaning Data analysis and report writing Figure 4.1 Workplan 4.2 Budget The cost of conducting this research is estimated to be Two Hundred Sixty-Four Thousand, One Hundred and Ten Kenya Shillings only (KES 264,110/=). The breakdown is shown in Table 4.2. Table 4.2: Budget breakdown No. Item Unit Quantity Rate Amount 1 INTRODUCTION         1.1 Report writing Sum 1 5,000 5,000 Sub-total     5,000 2 LITERATURE REVIEW    - 2.1 Literature materials procurement Sum 1 10,000 10,000 2.2 Internet charges Month 7 2,300 16,100 2 Sub-total     26,100 3 TRANSPORT & COMMUNICATION      3.1 Professional consultation Sum 1 10,000 10,000 3.2 Communication charges Months 7 1,000 7,000 3.3 Site Visits (Mileage) Km 500 40 20,000 Sub-total     37,000 4 DATA, SW SAMPLES ACQUISITION & LABOUR      4.1 Payment to data enumerators Pax 40 1,200 48,000 4.2 Solid waste sample collection Sum 1 10,000 5,000 4.3 Data analysis charges Sum 1 20,000 20,000   Sub-total     78,000 5 LABORATORY CHARGES      5.1 Laboratory experiment charges Sum 1 40,000 40,000 5.2 Laboratory results analysis charges Sum 1 5,000 5,000   Sub-total     45,000 6 DOCUMENTATION & DISSEMINATION      6.1 Drafts Sum 1 10,000 10,000 6.2 Printing of reports Sum 1 3,000 3,000 6.4 Final report and copies No 8 2,000 16,000 6.5 Dissemination – Paper Presentation & Conferences Sum 1 20,000 20,000 Sub-total     49,000 7 TOTAL     240,100 Contingencies (10%)     24,010 FINAL SUM 264,110 ` 4.3 Secured Funding Two Hundred and Fifty Thousand Kenya shillings out of the estimated budget of Two Hundred Sixty-Four Thousand, One Hundred and Ten Kenya Shillings for this study have been secured. 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