Chauhan Hitarthkumar Rajeshbhai

. GOVERMENT POLYTECHNIC, VALSAD DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 1 . PROJECT REPORT ON UTILIZATION OF NATURAL ENERGY BY SOLAR INVERTER PREPARED BY:NAME ENROLLMENT NO 1 Chauhan Hitarthkumar Rajeshbhai - 2 Patel Ajitbhai Nareshbhai - 3 Kumavat Dipakkumar Mangilalj - 4 Patel Bhavini Mukeshbhai - 5 Patel Mayuri Jitendrabhai - 2 . Goverment Polytechnic, Valsad CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project entitled “Utilization of natural energy by solar inverter” has been successfully completed in subject project – 1 -) as a partial fulfillment of Diploma in Electrical Engineering course by. PREPARED BY:NAME ENROLLMENT NO 1 Chauhan Hitarthkumar Rajeshbhai - 2 Patel Ajitbhai Nareshbhai - 3 Kumavat Dipakkumar Mangilalj - 4 Patel Bhavini Mukeshbhai - 5 Patel Mayuri Jitendrabhai - Guide Head of Department Mr. Vaibhav V. Desai Mr. S. C. Patel 3 . Content 1. 2. 3. 4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………………………5 ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………6 NAME OF PROJECT……………………………………………………………………7 SECTION A:-MAIN PARTS OF SOLAR INVERTER………………………….8 1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………….9 1.1 Solar energy……………………………………………………………..10 1.2 Benefits of solar energy…………………………………………….12 1.3 Main parts of solar Inverter……………………………………..13 Part A :-Solar panel………………………………………………..13 Part B:-Inverter……………………………………………………..14 Part C:-Battery……………………………………………………….15 Part D:-LED…………………………………………………………….16 2. Working…………………………………………………………………………………17 Part A :-Solar panel…………………………………………........17 Part B:-Inverter……………………………………………………..18 Part C:-Battery……………………………………………………….20 Part D:-L.E.D…………………………………………………………..22 5. SECTION B:-SOLAR INVERTER & ITS APPLICATIONS…………………….23 1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………24 2. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM………………………………………………………………….25 3. Circuit Description………………………………………………………………….26 4. How it work? .............................................................................27 5. Construction Procedure…………………………………………………………28 6. Parts required for the simple inverter diagram………………………29 7. Equipments and specification…………………………………………………30 8. Applications…………………………………..……………………………………….33 4 . ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to take this opportunity to bestow my acknowledgement to all the persons who have directly or indirectly been involved with me in making my project feasible and to run it up into a successful piece of work. It is the product of many hands, and countless hours from many people. My thanks go to all those who helped, whether though their comments feedback, edits or suggestions. We express a deep sense of gratitude to the Head of the Electrical Department, Mr.S.C.Patel for providing a suitable environment, where we can implement my work. Moreover, I would like to thank my guide Mr. Vaibhav Desai who has helped me throughout my project development. We would like to thank all the faculty members for their patience, understanding and guidance that gave me strength and will power to work though the long tedious hours for developing a project and preparing the report. 5 . ABSTRACT This project is that to study about solar energy and solar inverter. Solar energy is converted to electrical energy by photo-voltaic or PV cells. After then this energy is stored in batteries during day time. Now, Batteries provides this converted energy to the inverter. But this not a ac power which is mostly utilize in all type of applications like for domestic appliances, industrial applications, for traction applications etc. And because of these applications, we will need to require to converts dc power to ac power. This work can have done by inverter. After finished whole this procedure, Ac power provides to the load or grid for domestic and industrial applications. In this project a solar energy is capture by solar panel. Solar panel then give this energy to the transistor base inverter which is made by us (Group-19). After in the output terminals load will be connected. Here the load is LED. Here the input voltage is 12vdc & it will be converted in 220v ac. 6 . NAME OF PROJECT UTILISATION OF NATURAL ENERGY BY SOLAR INVERTER 7 . SECTION A SOLAR ENERGY & MAIN PARTS OF SOLAR INVERTER 8 . 1 Introduction 1.1 Solar energy Solar energy is very echo friendly energy. This energy is most likely Energy to whole this world. Solar Energy: The Ultimate Renewable Resource This energy is released into space primarily as electromagnetic radiation. We experience this radiation as heat and light. Every hour enough sunlight energy reaches the earth to meet the world’s energy demand for a whole year 9 . What is Solar Energy? Originates with the thermonuclear fusion reactions occurring in the sun.  Represents the entire electromagnetic radiation (visible light, infrared, ultraviolet, x-rays, and radio waves).  10 . How much solar energy? The surface receives about 47% of the total solar energy that reaches the Earth. Only this amount is usable. 11 . 1.2 Benefits of solar energy  All chemical and radioactive polluting byproducts of the thermonuclear reactions remain behind on the sun, while only pure radiant energy reaches the Earth.  Energy reaching the earth is incredible. By one calculation, 30 days of sunshine striking the Earth have the energy equivalent of the total of all the planet’s fossil fuels, both used and unused! 12 . 1.3 Main parts of solar Inverter PART A: - Solar panel  Solar panels absorb the sunlight as a source of energy to generate electricity or heat.  A photovoltaic (PV) module is a packaged, connect assembly of typically 6x10 photovoltaic solar cells.  Photovoltaic modules constitute the photovoltaic array of a photovoltaic system that generates and supplies solar electricity in commercial and residential applications.  Each module is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions (STC), and typically ranges from 100 to 365Watts (W).  The efficiency of a module determines the area of a module given the same rated output – an 8% efficient 230 W module will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 W module.  There are a few commercially available solar modules that exceed efficiency of 22% and reportedly also exceeding 24% A single solar module can produce only a limited amount of power; most installations contain multiple modules.  A photovoltaic system typically includes an array of photovoltaic modules, an inverter, a battery pack for storage, interconnection wiring, and optionally a solar tracking mechanism. 13 . PART B:- INVERTER     An inverter is an electrical device which converts DC voltage, almost always from batteries, into standard household AC voltage so that it is able to be used by common appliances. In short, an inverter converts direct current into alternating current. Direct current is used in many of the small electrical equipment such as solar power systems, since solar cells is only able to produce DC. They are also used in places where a small amount of voltage is to be used or produced such as power batteries which produce only DC. Other than these fuel cells and other power sources also produce DC 14 . PART C:- Battery         Battery is a one type of storage Device. It can store electricity in form of only d.c. An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections provided to power electrical devices such as flashlights, smart phones, and electric cars. When a battery is supplying electric power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode. The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that when connected to an external circuit will flow and deliver energy to an external device. When a battery is connected to an external circuit, electrolytes are able to move as ions within, allowing the chemical reactions to be completed at the separate terminals and so deliver energy to the external circuit. It is the movement of those ions within the battery which allows current to flow out of the battery to perform work. Historically the term "battery" specifically referred to a device composed of multiple cells, however the usage has evolved additionally to include devices composed of a single cell. 15 . PART D:- L.E.D     LED stands for "light-emitting diode," a relatively new source of light. According to Wikipedia, the principle of generating light with a solid-state device was discovered early in the 20th Century, but it wasn't until the 1960s that useful LEDs became commercially available. Only recently have LEDs developed in brightness and color technology to be considered as sources of area illumination. Today, stage and theatrical lighting equipment is beginning to incorporate LED technology, and manufacturers are touting massive savings in energy and increased lamp life. A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits visible light when an electric current passes through it. The light is not particularly bright, butin most LEDs it is monochromatic, occurring at a single wave length. The output from an LED can range from red (at a wavelength of approximately 700 nanometers) to blue-violet (about 400 nanometers). Some LEDs emit infrared (IR) energy (830 nanometers or longer); such a device is known as an infraredemitting diode (IRED). 16 . 2. Working PART A:- Solar panel     Every solar battery actually consists of several smaller elements or cells, which are connected serially or in parallel, depending on the desired current strength or voltage. Each individual cell consists of a layer of p- and n-type semiconducting material. Both layers consist of purified silicon in the case of a silicon-type solar battery, which is turned into a p- or n-type semiconductor with the help of additives. N – type semiconductor is usually silicon alloyed with boron. P – type semiconductor is usually silicon alloyed with phosphorus. N –type semiconductor is usually silicon alloyed with boron. P – type semiconductor is usually silicon alloyed with phosphorus. In addition, a solar battery is covered with an anti-reflecting layer to increase its effectiveness. Light makes the charge carriers in the upper semiconductor move, as the solar radiation energy is strong enough to break single charge carriers away from the core which holds them. As the only possible direction of movement of current has been determined with the p-n transmission, charges start to move in that direction. In addition, both semiconductors are connected with external cables, thus creating a closed circuit which enables us to benefit from this current 17 . PART B:- Inverter  An inverter is used to produce an un-interrupted 220V AC or 110V AC (depending on the line voltage of the particular country) supply to the device connected as the load at the output socket. The inverter gives constant AC voltage at its output socket when the AC mains power supply is not available.  To grasp the functioning of an inverter, we should consider in the following situations. a. When the AC mains power supply is available:- When the AC mains supply is available, the AC mains sensor senses it and the supply goes to the Relay and battery charging section of the inverter.AC main sensor activates a relay and this relay will directly pass the AC mains supply to the output socket. The load will by driven by the line voltage in this situation. Also the line voltage is given to the battery charging section where the line voltage is converted to a DC voltage (12V DC or 24V DC usually),then regulated and battery is charged using it. There are special circuits for sensing the battery voltage and when the battery is fully charged the charging is stopped. In some inverters there will be a trickle charging circuit which keeps the battery constantly at full charge. b. When the AC mains power supply is not available:- When the AC mains power supply is not available, an oscillator circuit inside the inverter produces a 50Hz MOS drive signal. This MOS drive signal will be amplified by the driver section and sent to the output section. MOSFETs or Transistors are used for the switching operation. These MOSFETs or Transistors are connected to the primary winding of the inverter transformer. When these switching devices receive the MOS drive signal from the driver circuit, they start switching between ON & OFF states at a rate of 50 Hz. This 18 . switching action of the MOSFETs or Transistors cause a 50Hz current to the primary of the inverter transformer. This results in a 220V AC or 110V AC (depending on the winding ratio of the inverter transformer) at the secondary or the inverter transformer. This secondary voltage is made available at the output socket of the inverter by a changeover relay. 19 . PART C:- Battery Electricity, as you probably already know, is the flow of electrons through a conductive path like a wire. This path is called a circuit. Batteries have three parts, an anode (-), a cathode (+), and the electrolyte. The cathode and anode (the positive and negative sides at either end of a traditional battery) are hooked up to an electrical circuit. The chemical reactions in the battery causes a build up of electrons at the anode. This results in an electrical difference between the anode and the cathode. You can think of this difference as an unstable build-up of the electrons. The electrons wants to rearrange themselves to get rid of this difference. But they do this in a certain way. Electrons repel each other and try to go to a place with fewer electrons. In a battery, the only place to go is to the cathode. But, the electrolyte keeps the electrons from going straight from the anode to the cathode within the battery. When the circuit is closed (a wire connects the cathode and the anode) the electrons will be able to get to the cathode. In the picture above, the electrons go through the wire, lighting the light bulb along the way. This is one way of describing how electrical potential causes electrons to flow through the circuit.However, these electrochemical processes change the chemicals in anode and cathode to make them stop supplying electrons. So there is a limited amount of power available in a battery.When yourechargea battery, you change the direction of the flow of electrons using another power source, such as solar panels. The electrochemical processes happen in reverse, and the anode and cathode are restored to their original state and can again provide full power. 20 . PART D:- L.E.D A Led consists of two semi conducting material i.e. p-type material and n-type material. By connecting these two types of materials, a p-n junction forms. When p-n junction is forward biased, the majority carriers either electrons or holes start moving across the junction. As shown in the figure above, the electrons start moving from the n region and the holes start moving from the p region. When they moved from their regions they start to recombine across the depletion region. Free electrons will remain in the conduction band of energy level while holes remain in the valence band of energy level. The Energy level of the electrons is high than holes because electrons are more mobile than holes i.e. current conduction due to electrons are more. During the recombination of electrons and holes, some portion of energy must be dissipated or emitted in the form of heat and light. The phenomenon into which light emitted from the semiconductor under the influence of electric field is known as electroluminescence. Always remember that the majority of light is produced from the junction nearer to the p-type region. So diode designing is done in such a way that this area is kept as close to the surface of the device to ensure that the minimum amount of light is absorbed. The electrons dissipate energy in different forms depends on the nature of the diode used. Like for silicon and germanium diodes it dissipates energy in the form of heat and for gallium phosphide (GaP) and gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) semiconductors, it dissipates energy by emittingphotons. For the emission of different colours different semiconductors are used like phosphorus for a red light, gallium phosphide for green light and aluminium indium gallium phosphide for yellow and orange light. 21 . SECTION B SOLAR INVERTER & ITS APPLICATIONS 22 . 1 Introduction           A solar inverter is the most commonly useful appliance, nowadays. It absorbs sunlight through the solar panel. Sunlight is the one type of energy which is produce by the sun. After capturing a sunlight or solar energy by panel its converts the solar energy into electrical energy. This electrical energy gives to the battery Now, Battery gives DC power in output. But, Nowadays we are use a AC power mostly in our daily life. Than Battery gives d.c power to inverter. Inverter is one type of converter it is convert d.c. to a.c. And last, This a.c. power is use by all human beings in its daily life. 23 . 2. Circuit diagram R1 NPN 12 R3 SOLAR PANEL R4 0 s S/W 12 X’MER NPN R2 E Fig. Solar inverter circuit 24 . 3.Circuit Description           The functioning of this circuit is rather unique and different from the normal inverters which involve discrete oscillator stage for powering the transistors. However here the two sections or the two arms of the circuit operate in a regenerative manner. Its very simple and may be understood through the following points: The two halves of the circuit no matter how much they are matched will always consists a slight imbalance in the parameters surrounding them, like the resistors, Hfe, transformer winding turns etc. Due to this, both the halves are not able to conduct together at one instant. Assume that the upper half transistors conduct first, obviously they will be getting their biasing voltage through the lower half winding of the transformer via R2. However the moment they saturate and conduct fully, the entire battery voltage is pulled through their collectors to the ground. This sucks-out dry any voltage through R2 to their base and they immediately stop conducting. This gives an opportunity for the lower transistors to conduct and the cycle repeats. The whole circuit thus starts to oscillate. The base Emitter resistors are used to fix a particular threshold for their conduction to break, they help to fix a base biasing reference level. 25 . 4.How it works This circuit converts voltage from 12V battery to AC 220 volts. Both transistors will alternately work ON and OFF. Because above phase of transformer has same phase with below there. For example, top transistor conduct current before, the voltage from 12 volts will be sent to the center trap OV to go to the up terminal. It make the center is positive and up terminal is negative and down of 12V terminal is also negative. Then, the negative voltage at below terminal so make lead B of all above transistors is bias current. When above transistors stop conduct current. Magnetic field collapses causing a reverse-phase induction center was negative. The positive terminal is 12 volts then, the positive voltage will flow to R to bias lead B of below TR, makes it is the switch to connect circuit causes, induction the 12V to the coil of the lower switch like this forever. 26 . 5.Construction Procedure This circuit can be completed through the following easy steps: *Cut two sheets of aluminum of 6/4 inches each. *Bend one end of the sheet as shown in the diagram. Drill appropriate sized holes on to the bends so that it can be clamped firmly to the metal cabinet. *Also drill holes for fitting of the power transistors. The holes are 3mm in diameter, TO-3 type of package size. *Fix the transistors tightly on to the heat sinks with the help of nuts and bolts. *Connect the resistors in a cross-coupled manner directly to the leads of the transistors as per the circuit diagram. *Now join the heat sink, transistor, resistor assembly to the secondary winding of the transformer. *Fix the whole circuit assembly along with the transformer inside a sturdy, well ventilated metal enclosure. *.Fit the output and input sockets, fuse holder etc. externally to the cabinet and connect them appropriately to the circuit assembly. *After that this circuit connected to the solar panel. *And last connect the led at the end of transformer's o/p. 27 . 6.Parts Required for the simple inverter circuit diagram You will require just the following few components for the construction:        R1, R2= 100 OHMS/ 10 WATTS WIRE WOUND R3, R4= 15 OHMS/ 10 WATTS WIRE WOUND T1, T2 = 2N3055 POWER TRANSISTORS(MOTOROLA) TRANSFORMER= 9- 0- 9 VOLTS / 8 AMPS AUTOMOBILE BATTERY= 12 VOLTS/ 10AH ALUMINUM HEATSINK= CUT AS PER THE REQUIRED SIZE. VENTILATED METAL CABINET= AS PER THE SIZE OF THE WHOLE ASSEMBLY  Solar panel.  Wires  Bread board 28 . 7. Equipments & Specifications. A. Resistor A resistor is a passive two terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity. 29 . B. Transistor A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals controls the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits .The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Julius Edgar Lilienfeldpatented afield-effect transistor in 1926 but it was not possible to actually construct a working device at that time. The first practically implemented device was a pointcontact transistor invented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley. The transistor revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other things. The transistor is on the list of IEEE milestones in electronics, and Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for their achievement. 30 . C. Center tap transformer. In electronics, a center tap (CT) is a contact made to a point halfway along a winding of a transformer or inductor, or along the element of a resistor or a potentiometer. Taps are sometimes used on inductorsfor the coupling of signals, and may not necessarily beat the half-way point, but rather, closer to one end. A common application of this is in the Hartley oscillator. Inductors with taps also permit the transformation of the amplitude of alternating current (AC) voltages for the purpose of power conversion, in which case, they are referred to as autotransformers, since there is only one winding. An example of an autotransformer is an automobile ignition coil. Potentiometer tapping provides one or more connections along the device's element, along with the usual connections at each of the two ends of the element, and the slider connection. Potentiometer taps allow for circuit functions that would otherwise not be available with the usual construction of just the two end connection sand one slider connection. 31 . Applications of solar panel 1. For industrial applications 2. For domestic applications. 3. For traction applications. 4. In solar Power plant 32