Burkikhan

BIOLOGY Biochemistry, Bioinformatics, Biomechanics, Microbiology, Molecular Biology. Section “A” 1) Specify the definition and provide the equation of the Hardy-Weinberg principle. Ans: Hardy-Weinberg principle; According to hardy Weinberg principle, the relative frequencies of alleles remain constant from generation to generation in a sexually reproductive population. This law is applicable when; • • • • When the population is big. When the organisms show random mating. No mutation, ( if mutation take place, them it will be in both directions). All the organisms survive and have uniform/same reproductive potential. Equation; If P= represent the frequency of dominant alleles than PP=P²(homozygous dominant genotype). If q= represent the frequency of recessive alleles than qq=q²(homozygous recessive genotype). Where 2Pq= represent heterozygous genotype. So the equation: P²+q²+2Pq=1 Factors affecting the Hardy Weinberg equation; • • • • Mutation Recommendations Genetic drafit Gene migration 1) Name the organ which produces the following hormones: 1) insulin 2) triiodothyronine 3) somatotropin Ans; A) insulin; insulin is secreted by the beta cells ( a type of islet cell) of the pancreas. It helps to regulate the level of sugar in blood. B) somatotropin; somatotropin is also called as growth hormones, secreted and synthesized by the anterior pituitary cells called somatotroph. It helps in normal physical growth. C) triiodothyronine; nearly Up to 20% these are produced by the thyroid gland and about 80% by the conversation of thyroxin by liver and kidney. It helps to regulate various functions of the body such as heart rate. 3) A bacterial cell uptakes and incorporates exogenous DNA; this results in development of new features within this cell. Name the process. Ans; Transformation; in molecular biology transformation is the process in which a bacterial cell uptake and incorporate exogenous DNA from the surrounding through the cell membrane which results in the genetic alterations of the cell. 4) You stain bacterial cells with crystal violet and then counterstain with safranin or carbol fuchsin. This allows you to find the groups your bacteria belong to. Name these groups. Ans; We obtain two types of bacteria,( 1) gram positive bacteria which have thick cell walls made of peptidoglycan and retain crystal violet colour.( 2) gram negative bacteria have thin cell wall made up of peptidoglycan and appears red or pink after washing it with ethanol. 5) 1) 2) 3) Name the diseases caused by the following pathogens: C. perfringens C. botulinum C. Tetani A) Clostridium perfringens; it is rod shaped gram positive pathogenic bacteria which cause food poisoning, which ultimately results in several gastrointestinal disorders . B) Clostridium botulinum; it is gram positive toxin producing bacteria which cause several disease such as paralysis, respiratory infections, nervous damage and some time results in death. C) Clostridium tetani; it is rod shaped bacteria found mostly in soil. It causes damage to brain and nervous system, muscles spasms and respiratory infections. 6) In peas yellow colour A dominates over the green a, and smooth seed shape B dominates over the wrinkled b. Set the colour and the shape of the seeds with the following genotypes: Answer 1) aaBb ( green colour, smooth shaped) 2) Aabb ( yellow colour, wrinkled shaped) 3) AaBB ( yellow colour, smooth shaped) 4) aaBB ( green colour, smooth shaped) 5) Aabb ( yellow colour, wrinkled shaped) 8) If a child has three copies of the genes of 21st chromosome, which disease does he suffer from? Ans; Having 3 copies of the genes of 21st chromosome will result in a disease called down syndrome which occurred because of non disjunction. This phenomena is also known as trisomy. In such conditions the child face delay in normal physical growth and mental disabilities. 9) This enzyme was found in heat-resistant bacteria Thermophilus aquaticus and now is widely used in molecular biology and for diagnostic purposes. Name this enzyme. Thermophilus aquaticus is a cylindrical shape bacteria which have the ability to tolerate high temperature. It gives us enzyme called taq polymerase DNA which is mainly used in molecular biology in the process of DNA polymerase chain reaction. Section “B” MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1) The general formula of carbohydrates is: 1) Cm(H2O)n 2)C2(H2O)n (✓) 3)Cm(H2O)2 4)Cm(H2O) 2) Which of chemical elements below belong to macrocells? 1) O, C, H, N (✓) 2) O, F, C, H 3) O, K, C, H 4) O, F, C, H 3) Which of chemical elements below belong to microcells? 1) Zn, C, J, F 2) S, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cl (✓) 3) S, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe 4) Zn, C, J, F, O 4) The highest level of hemoglobin protein structure is: 1) primary structure 2) secondary structure 3) tertiary structure (✓) 4) quaternary structure 5) The best object for genetic researches is considered to be: 1) frog 2) mouse 3) fruit fly (✓) 4) sheep 6) According to the duration of daylight all plants are divided to: 1) long-day and normal-day 2) long-day, short-day and day-neutral (✓) 3) long-day and short-day 7) The main aims of green biotechnology include (circle all correct answers): 1) the design of genetically modified plants (✓) 2) the development of genetic cures 3) to solve problems in the field of genetics and molecular biology using computer software 8) S. cerevisiae is not used for bread production: 1) True 2) False (✓) 9) One of the application of the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool is oligonucleotide design: 1) True(✓) 2) False SECTION “C” Match numbers with the letters 1) How much energy is released during the complete oxidation of the following: 1) 1g of fat a) 4.1 kcal. Matching with (2) 2) 1g of carbohydrates b) 9.3 kcal. matching with (1) 3) 1g of protein c) 5.4 kcal. matching with (3) 2) Match the hormone with its function/ causative stimulus for the hormone's secretion: 1) cortisol. a) feminisation. Matching with (2) 2) estrogen b) satisfaction. matching with (4) 3) prolactin c) stress. Matching with (1) 4) dopamine d) lactation. Matching with (3) 3) Classify the following viruses according to their genome: 1) single-stranded RNA a) Herpesviridae. Matching with (2) 2) double-stranded DNA. b) Reoviridae. Matching with (3) 3) double-stranded RNA. c) Picornaviridae. Matching with (1) 4) single-stranded DNA. d) Parvoviridae. Matching with (4) 4) Match the author with the year of discovery: 1) Berg and Cohen, recombinant DNA. a) 1953. Matching with (3) 2) Avery, MacLeod, McCarty, DNA causes bacterial transformation. b) 1972. Matching with (1) 3)Watson and Crick, double-helical model of DNA. c) 1944. Matching with (2)