Arsalan

A Block Secretariat Draft Energy Audit Report Dec/Feb- ENERGY AUDIT REPORT SUBMITTED BY: ARSALAN “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 1 of 68 Sharif International Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 5 1 Executive Summary .............................................................................................................. 6 1.1 Perceived Energy Audit Objectives ...................................................................... 7 1.2 Energy Audit Activities ......................................................................................... 7 1.3 Challenges Encountered ...................................................................................... 8 1.4 Short Summary .................................................................................................... 8 2 “A” Block Secretariat - Building characteristics and General operational Features ................ 10 3 Energy Systems in “A” Block Secretariat .............................................................................. 12 4 5 3.1 Electricity............................................................................................................ 12 3.2 Natural Gas ........................................................................................................ 13 3.3 Energy Utilization By Types ................................................................................ 13 Energy audit findings .......................................................................................................... 14 4.1 Energy Efficiency and conservation opportunities ............................................ 14 4.2 Energy utilization ............................................................................................... 14 4.2.1 Historical Electrical Bill Analysis ......................................................................... 15 4.2.2 Luminaries .......................................................................................................... 20 4.2.3 Electrical Appliances .......................................................................................... 25 4.2.4 AC Units .............................................................................................................. 28 4.2.5 Mass Transportation (Lifts) ................................................................................ 31 4.2.6 Building Envelope/Ventilation ........................................................................... 32 4.2.7 Fire Protection ................................................................................................... 34 4.2.8 Electrical Safety .................................................................................................. 35 4.2.9 General Observations ........................................................................................ 44 Energy Conservation & Maintenance Opportunities ............................................................ 45 5.1 Recommendations with Conservation Estimates & ROI ................................... 46 “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 2 of 68 5.1.1 Luminaries .......................................................................................................... 46 5.1.2 IT & Office Equipment ........................................................................................ 48 5.1.3 AC Units .............................................................................................................. 50 5.1.4 Mass Transportation (Lifts) ................................................................................ 51 5.1.5 Building Envelope/ventilation............................................................................ 53 5.1.6 Fire Protection ................................................................................................... 55 5.1.7 Electrical Safety .................................................................................................. 55 5.1.8 General Recommendations ............................................................................... 56 5.2 Alternate Energy Resources Potential ............................................................... 57 5.2.1 Solar System Potential for Sub-Metering .......................................................... 57 5.2.2 Solar System Potential ROI Calculations ............................................................ 62 5.3 Floor wise Sub-Metering .................................................................................... 64 5.4 Water Conservation at “A” Block....................................................................... 66 “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 3 of 68 Report Layout and Legends utilized therein: 1. This is a sample Chapter Heading. 1.1 This is 2nd Level Heading 1.1.1 This is 3rd Level Heading 1.1.1.1 This is 4th Level Heading Symbols Utilized to denote: Areas/situations requiring immediate attention and opportunities for safety or protection. Occasions and situations requiring urgent attention that if not handled can possibly pose hazard to health and/or loss of life and property. Situations that could potentially pose adverse effects on human health and wellbeing. Their remedial measures should be prioritized. “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 4 of 68 Introduction The current shifts in global trends like increase in the greenhouse gases, depletion of hydrocarbon reserves and instability in energy rich countries of the world has spiraled the cost of energy manifold. For industries & businesses to survive and be profitable, incorporation of energy savings technology is a must. The building model is calibrated against actual utility data to provide a realistic baseline against which to compute operating savings for proposed measures. Extensive attention is given to understand not only the operating characteristics of all energy consuming systems, but also situations that cause load profile variations on short and longer term bases (e.g. daily, monthly, annual). Pakistan has limited resources of fossil fuels and is mostly dependent on hydropower generation for its staple electrical energy requirements. This is one of the major reasons for witnessing long hours of power outages on top of inefficient devices and processes all across the country. There are huge opportunities in the shape of sustainable energy savings in industrial and commercial sectors, we simply need to identify them and implement Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs), especially in the industrial and building sectors. This specifically highlights the importance of implementing energy auditing across the board, initially to identify and subsequently to address the low hanging fruit. “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 5 of 68 1 Executive Summary The National Energy Efficiency & Conservation Authority (NEECA) is an attached Department of Ministry of Water and Power and is the focal federal agency to capture the substantial economic and environmental benefits available through energy conservation and efficiency in all sectors of economy. NEECA has been encouraging industries and buildings to conduct Energy Audits which will not only help in identification of various energy saving opportunities and will also establish a base to develop an organized reporting system pertaining to flow of energy in the industry/building. The building namely “A” Block Secretariat along with other blocks was constructed in 1968, and is currently under the use of four ministries namely Ministry of Industries and Production, Ministry of Water and Power, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources and Ministry of Commerce. NEECA with a specific aim to demonstrate energy efficiency and conservation in public sector buildings selected A-Block building for conduct of energy audit and subsequently engaged M/s Sharif International(SI) for conduct of Energy audit at “A” Block Secretariat after its selection through competitive bidding process. The first orientation/opening meeting was held on 13th December, 2016 in which necessary guidelines were given by NEECA officials. The salient main points of the meeting and activities carried out are summarized below 1) 2) 3) 4) The Energy Audit should be result oriented. The floor wise running/connected peak load demands to be identified Possibility of Net Metering for Ministry of Water and Power to be explored Capital Development Authority (CDA) officials were briefed on conduct of Energy Audit and general methodology. 5) Team of Sharif International took a quick round of the building in order to familiarize themselves with the building surroundings, its envelope so that they can plan their approach for preliminary survey accordingly to determine current level of operations and practices. As per the direction of Additional Secretary (MoWP)/ Managing Director (NEECA) Mr. Hassan Nasir Jamy and guidelines given by the Manager Technical ECF/NEECA Mr. Asad Mahmood, the field activity was subsequently initiated in mid of December and visits for data collection purpose were done on intermittent basis as per the availability of CDA nominated team and focal persons nominated by the Ministries located in A-Block. The names of the focal persons along with their respective departments are presented in the “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 6 of 68 Table below. The activities pertaining to Energy Audit activities were carried out in between January-February 2017. Sr. No 1 2 3 4 5 Name of Ministries Ministry of Industries & Production Ministry of Water & Power Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Resources Ministry of Commerce Capital Development Authority Focal Persons Mr. Sikander Masood Mr. Akbar Azam Rajar Mr. Shafaat Mr. Rafeeq Khan Mr. Jamshaid Baloch Table 1: Name of Ministries and Concerned Focal Persons 1.1 Perceived Energy Audit Objectives An energy audit is an inspection, survey and analysis of energy flows in a building, process or system with the objective of understanding the energy dynamics of the system under study. Typically an energy audit is conducted to seek opportunities to reduce the amount of energy input into the system without negatively affecting the outputs. Detailed Energy Audit is a major tool for identifying low cost, medium cost and cost intensive energy conservation opportunities in a facility. The Audit can be performed by an organization's own staff, or by outside consultants or government organizations specialized in conducting energy audits. The Detailed Energy Audit is often performed in two sequential phases: the Preliminary Energy Audit, and the Detailed Energy Audit. The Audit process is described below. When the object of study is an occupied industry then reducing energy consumption while maintaining or improving production rate and health and safety of workers are of primary concern. While in building energy audits, the nature of activities carried out in the buildings and associated building systems are studied in order to enhance the energy efficiency of different building systems to improve overall energy efficiency of the building to reduce the carbon foot print and the kWh/m2 indicator. Beyond simply identifying the sources of energy use, an energy audit seeks to prioritize the energy uses according to the greatest to least cost effective opportunities for energy savings. 1.2 Energy Audit Activities The Energy Audit was divided into three phases i.e. orientation, preliminary energy audit and detailed energy audit. Major activities conducted in these phases are listed below i. Orientation ✓ Meeting with concerned officials ✓ Briefing the management about Energy Audit ii. Preliminary Energy Audit “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 7 of 68 ✓ Familiarization with the work done in the building ✓ Collection of required documents ✓ Taking Brief notes on High Visibility Opportunities ✓ Making a List of low hanging fruit ✓ Highlighting areas requiring extensive study iii. Detailed Energy Audit ✓ Measurements and Collection of Electrical Data ✓ Thermography of electrical panels ✓ Study of the Building Envelope ✓ Analysis of collected data and generation of useful information. ✓ Recommendations and commentary on investment, low investment and major investment measures with resultant payback calculations. ✓ Examination of Fire Detection and Fire Hydrant Systems ✓ Feasibility study for solar system installation ✓ Draft Report Compilation. 1.3 Challenges Encountered The SI Team faced some challenges during this Energy Audit, which are as follows: ✓ Restricted movement due to security issues caused some delays. ✓ Delayed response from the CDA technical housekeeping team. ✓ Lack of awareness/understanding regarding the equipment used within building; ✓ Unavailability of relevant data such as built construction design, construction material, usage logs of essential equipment like passenger lift and transformer maintenance report. ✓ The electric utility bills were estimated and did not provide an accurate picture of the energy consumption of the building; this led to change of audit methodology. 1.4 Short Summary The electrical utility bill of “A” Block Secretariat can drastically come down from 3-6 million rupees being charged on monthly basis to less than 1 million rupees per month if immediate action to replace electric meter installed at “A” Block Secretariat is taken by CDA/IESCO administration. Due to moderate weather conditions the analysis was done on the basis of total connected load however attempts were also done to measure the running loads with the help of equipment wherever possible. However, to give the reader a brief overview, the summarized detail of the energy audit findings and the proposed savings are “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 8 of 68 given below which will help in development of an effective energy efficient appliance replacement program. Appliances Connected Peak Load in Operational Condition (Watt Hours) Air Conditioning IT and Other Floors Lighting Load Equipment Ground 28,800 24,000 19,360 480,000 1st 86,944 324,000 Total Floor-wise Appliances Load (Watt Hours) 72,160 890,944 2nd 93,024 524,000 344,360 961,384 3rd 76,752 556,000 319,400 952,152 4th 85,824 536,000 471,880 1,093,704 5th 47,808 352,000 304,720 704,528 6th 44,928 320,000 192,520 557,448 Total 464,080 2,792,000 1,976,240 5,232,320 Table 2: Summary of Total Connected Load 6th 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st Ground 0 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 1,000,000 1,200,000 Figure 1: Graphical Representation of Summary of Total Connected Peak Load in Watt Hours As it can be seen in the table and the graph above, majority of the electrical load is due to the air-conditioning and IT and other equipment. Summary - Total Calculated Energy Saving Potential Energy Cost Saving Energy Saving Saving Cost Saving Per Day (Rs) Source of Load Potential per Potential Per Per Month @ Rs. Day (kWh) Month (Rs) 15/kWh (kWh) Lighting 302 9,060 4,530 135,900 Air Conditioning Load 888 26,640 13,320 399,600 IT and Other Equipment 207 6,210 3,105 93,150 Total 1,397 41,910 20,955 628,650 Table 3: Summary of Total Saving Calculated *Air Conditioning Load computed on 4 Months per year “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 9 of 68 Cost Saving Per Year (Rs) 1,132,500 1,598,400* 776,250 3,507,150 IT and Other Equipment Air Conditioning Load Lighting - 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 Figure 2: Graphical Representation of Energy Saving Potential per Month IT and Other Equipment Air Conditioning Load Lighting - 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 350,000 400,000 450,000 Figure 3: Graphical Representation of Energy Saving Potential per Month PKR per Month The detail analysis about savings is explained in Chapter 5. 2 “A” Block Secretariat - Building characteristics and General operational Features The building was constructed as per the master plan which was developed by the Athensbased firm Doxiades and Associates for Islamabad. Commissions for individual structures were given to many international architects. The Government Secretariat Buildings were the first official structures to be constructed. These buildings were to house the offices of all government ministries and form the nucleus of the capital's Administrative Centre. “A” Block Secretariat building located at Pak secretariat Islamabad is six-storeys building in which following Ministries are housed. “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 10 of 68 1) Ministry of Industries and Production 2) Ministry of Water and Power 3) Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources 4) Ministry of Commerce With the passage of time as informed by the CDA officials that electrical load demand for “A” Block Secretariat increased manifolds due to installation and usage of more electrical appliances such as electric heaters, photocopier, desktops and laptops etc furthermore due to over occupancy the cooling and heating load also contributed to an increase of electrical load demand. Foregoing in view, the electrical wiring of “A” block was again laid down and single phase supply of “A” Block Secretariat was converted to three phase system. The operation and maintenance of all the blocks located at Pak Secretariat Islamabad including “A” block is being done by Capital Development Authority (CDA) officials. For all the blocks located at Pak Secretariat only one electrical person was well aware of all the electrical wiring layouts. CDA officials can carry out the activities which are limited to floor wise Low Tension(LT) Distribution panels and for retrofitting of lighting fixtures only.Normal office timing as per Government rules of Pakistan are form 8:00 am to 4:00 pm. Saturday and Sunday are observed as holidays. The Secretariat Buildings are bundled into two groups; each group consisting of four Lshaped blocks connected by circulation bridges. Blocks are expressed by vertical elements that house staircases and elevators, and differentiated by the number of office floors per block (four or six) and the façade treatment (determined by solar orientation). The interrupted lines in the building's massing against the skyline of the mountains in the background tie the architecture to the landscape. The office floor plans are flexible, allowing for transformations in the Ministries themselves. South-east and north-west walls are exposed to the sun in the mornings and afternoons respectively. Orientation is with the longer axis of the building running east – west and also North-South. “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 11 of 68 Buildings designed between the existing mature trees and mountains on the North side with frame structured building. It is a six storey building with longer facades: N-S & E-W and Window openings towards: N-S & E-W Windows areas are protected to some extent from direct solar radiation by being recessed by 30 inches from the external wall surface. Figure 4:”A” Block Secretariat (Building Perspective from the Aerial View) 3 Energy Systems in “A” Block Secretariat 3.1 Electricity It was noted that the building has A-1 Tariff Structure and a sanctioned electrical load of 90 kVA. Automatic changeover switch was used to run load from one of the two feeders for the continuous supply of electricity which is out of order now and this problem has been catered by manual switching of changeover. As per nameplate data, 750kVA SIEMENS transformer energizes the block. It was observed that the building do not have an assigned electric meter for every floor to measure the units consumed and the monthly electricity bills are being generated on estimated basis which could be seen in table 4 below. From the table it could also be seen that there was not too much variation in the quantity of units consumed and even no impact of seasonal variation and subsequent increase / decrease in demand of electricity was noticed. Upon investigation From CDA designated official it was told that the meter is not functional for many years and it was already in their notice and no such corrective actions has been taken yet to replace faulty meter. “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 12 of 68 Main applications of electrical energy include air-conditioning units, lighting fixtures and passenger lifts as well as office equipment including desktops, heaters etc. A month-wise table depicting units consumed and amount paid by CDA for each respective month of year 2016 is given below. Electricity Bills Bill Month (2016) Units Consumed (kW/h) MDI Meter Reading Monthly Bill incl. of GST etc (Rs) Power Factor Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Average 148,800 139,717 140,278 140,796 141,322 141,817 142,270 142,712 143,143 143,561 159,200 143,965 1,727,581 143,965 - 5,279,579 2,605,293 2,730,816 2,724 2,733,217 2,821,815 -,230,756 3,915,449 2,530,600 3,236,156 6,210,230 31,763,252 2,646,938 - Payment 6,234,756 2,605,293 5,461,632 2,724 2,733,217 2,821,815 4,330,490 2,530,600 5,662,310 Average Unit Cost (Rs- Table 4: Historical Electrical Bills 3.2 Natural Gas The building’s natural gas is provided by Sui Northern Gas and Pipe line limited (SNGPL) which is used to mainly operate geysers which are used to heat up water used in washrooms. As a result, the use of natural gas in the building was minimal. When the liaison officers were requested to handover the natural gas bills, the energy audit team were told that they had no record of natural gas bills in their possession. In winters heating in rooms is mainly done through electric heaters instead of gas heaters. 3.3 Energy Utilization By Types At the moment grid electricity is the primary energizing source for “A” Block Secretariat. Hence, grid electricity provides 100% of the power requirements when available. In order to get uninterrupted supply of electricity, the feeders from Mangla Dam and the other from Tarbela Dam are switched through manual changeover in case if anyone of them undergoes load shedding. “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 13 of 68 4 Energy audit findings As a part of the Energy Audit, the following building systems/areas were surveyed and findings were recorded: 1.0 Historical Energy Bill Analysis 2.0 Lighting System 3.0 Lighting Controls 4.0 Equipment and Appliances 5.0 Air-conditioning Units 6.0 Mass Transportation Systems (Elevator) 7.0 Building Envelope/Ventilation 8.0 Fire Protection 4.1 Energy Efficiency and conservation opportunities it was found out upon interaction with relevant focal persons of every ministries nominated by the respective ministries to assist in conduct of Energy Audit at their respective floor that they were not aware of the electrical energy consume at their floors and the amount of the bills being paid, even though at certain floor energy efficient light such as T-5 Rods, LED Tube Rods etc. have been installed but the impact of energy savings have not being documented. It was found out that in order to have proper sub-metering of each floor, first step is to launch energy efficiency and conservation drive at “A” Block Secretariat which could further being replicated in other such blocks located in Pak Secretariat Islamabad. Negligible energy conservation practices were being implemented in A-Block secretariat which left for a lot of room for energy conservation. Other possible avenues for conservation and activities related to them are outlined in ‘Chapter 5 – Energy Conservation Opportunities’. 4.2 Energy utilization As per Section ‘3.3 - Energy Utilization by Types’, electrical energy is the main form of energy being used at A-Block Secretariat. Electrical energy constitutes approximately 99% of all energy costs incurred to CDA for the respective block and up to 1% of the total energy costs is associated with the use of natural gas. The bulk of electrical energy is consumed by Air-conditioning, office equipment and lighting. Whereas gas geysers are the main source of natural gas consumption. All the equipment categories are individually discussed in detail. “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 14 of 68 4.2.1 Historical Electrical Bill Analysis As per the graphical representation specified in section 3.1, bar chart showing the electrical energy consumption trend is shown below in figure 5. Units Consumed (KW/h) 160,000 155,000 150,000 145,000 140,000 135,000 130,000 125,000 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Figure 5: Graphical Representation of Month-wise Electrical Consumption Main applications of electrical energy include air-conditioning units, lighting fixtures and passenger lifts as well as office equipment including desktops, heaters etc. A month-wise table of estimated electrical bills for the last 12 months and its graphical representation is already shared in section 3.1 A word on MDI Penalty PEAK Vs. OFF-PEAK Power consumption is typically represented by kilowatts or kW. Utility and power distribution companies typically charge by kW, however, different rates apply to the time of use – peak demand usage versus off-peak usage. Even though there wasn’t any MDI penalty being applied on A-Block Secretariat, the concept of power factor has been explained below to give a better understanding of power factor penalty, demand charge and MDI penalty. “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 15 of 68 POWER FACTOR A very important element in understanding energy use and distribution is the power factor or, in simple terms, how much effort it takes to push electricity through a building or power grid. The power factor indicates how efficiently a building accepts and uses electricity. Power Factor = Active power/Apparent power = kW/kVA = Active power/(Active Power + Reactive Power) = kW/(kW + kVAr) Higher kVAr indicates low power factor and vice versa. In electrical terms kW, kVA, and kVAr are vectors and must be summed. Figure 6: Vector Diagram explaining power factor Power factor is the ratio of true power or Watts to apparent power or Volt Amps, so the theoretical best value for a power factor is one (on a scale of zero to one). In an electric power system, a load with a low power factor draws more current than a load with a high power factor for the same amount of useful power transferred. The higher currents increase the energy lost in the distribution system and require larger wires and other equipment. Because of the costs of larger equipment and wasted energy, electrical utilities will usually charge a higher cost to industrial or commercial customers where there is a low power factor. Based on the above explanation of electricity there are two kinds of loads i.e. Resistive Loads (lights, water heaters, coil heaters, etc.) and Inductive Loads (anything which has a motor viz. ceiling fan, water pump, air conditioners, refrigerators and so on). Resistive load get what they ask for. But inductive loads need extra current used up to create a magnetic field which is like “froth” and is not really useful as it is not used for doing actual work. The “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 16 of 68 ratio between the “actual work” that you get and the total energy supplied by the utility is called the power factor (PF). If the power factor was 1 or close to 1 then a one HP motor would take one HP equivalent power from the utility, but in reality it has to draw more energy from the utility so there is a penalty for it, which is called Power Factor Penalty. And formula for power factor is defined as: PF = kW (kilo Watt)/kVA (kilo Volt Ampere) How can Power Factor Penalty be avoided? Power Factor can be improved by switching over to more efficient appliances that give more output power (W) per unit (VA) of energy used. The other way to fix the problem is by installing Capacitor Banks (sold as Power Savers or Power Factor Correction Panels). Capacitive load is opposite to inductive load and negates the inductive load when added in parallel. Power factor can be increased up to 1 or at least 0.95 to 0.99 by installing appropriate capacitor banks. Demand Charge and MDI penalty When you sign up for commercial electricity connection from a utility grid company like GEPCO, you have to specify the maximum ‘demand’ (in kVA) that you need. During any given month if maximum demand is exceeded a penalty (or extra price) has to be paid for the same. That is the MDI penalty that appears on the electricity bills. The MDI is the maximum power value, usually the average of 15 minutes, reached during the billing period (this average time may vary depending on the country). Once the value is higher than the contracted power, the customer will pay a penalty on the electricity bill Maximum Demand Calculation The maximum demand value is the average from the instantaneous power (in kW or kVA) during a defined time interval, usually every 15 minutes. There are different methods to calculate this parameter: Fixed window (Block window) This is the maximum demand calculation during a defined interval (usually every 15 minutes). Once the data is obtained, the value is stored and it makes a reset to start a new calculation for the next 15 minutes. This 4 registers will be measured every hour. “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 17 of 68 Sliding Window This is the maximum demand calculation during a defined interval (usually every 15 minutes). Once the data is obtained, it will wait one minute to start a new 15 minutes calculation. This means that every minute (this time can depend on the meter) it will record one maximum demand value from the last 15-minute period. This 60 registers will be measured every hour. How can MDI penalty be avoided? ✓ If your power factor is less than 1 you can improve your output kW per KVA supplied by improving power factor as mentioned above. This ensures that you are not wasting any kVA that is supplied to you by your utility. ✓ Another option of avoiding MDI penalty is by shifting your peak load to a time of day when your other load is less. ✓ If more kW or kVA is being used than the grid utility sanctioned load then one either needs to switch to more efficient appliances (i.e. the ones using less kWhs) so that the total need matches demand, or if it is felt that already the most efficient appliances are in use then one can request the utility company to increase the maximum demand already allotted. If it is felt that increasing the sanctioned load ceiling is not possible or difficult than Maximum Demand Control Equipment could be utilised to automatically switch OFF non-essential loads on case based scenarios for different times of the day. For example the Circuitor® MDC 4 is perfect for those installations which need a basic maximum demand control. Following some easy configuration steps the user will define up to 4 maximum power levels to start disconnecting non-critical loads. Furthermore, MDC 4 incorporates an internal power analyser for the maximum demand calculation (it also records electrical parameters such as voltage, current and power). Every time MDC 4 detects a power excess, this will disconnect several lines with non-critical loads, reducing automatically the instantaneous power. This will ensure that the installation will not exceed the maximum demand limit, hence avoiding penalties on the next electricity bill. “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 18 of 68 Figure 7: Operation method of MDC 4 ➢ Avoids maximum demand penalties ➢ Avoids power peaks due to simultaneity while connecting loads ➢ Helps to adjust the contracted power to the real situation ➢ Manages up to 4 relay outputs ➢ Built in power analyser ➢ Internal clock for power synchronization Figure 8: MDC 4 “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 19 of 68 4.2.2 Luminaries Luminary load contributes approximately 9% to the total electrical load of A-Block Secretariat. The bulk of illumination is provided by Fluorescent Tube Lights (FTLs) and Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs). FTLs: Fluorescent Tube Lights (FTL’s) were the most used luminary in the building and contributed to 95% of the total luminary load. FTLs are a low pressure mercury vapor gasdischarge lamp that use fluorescence to produce visible light. As compared to other luminaries installed in A-Block Secretariat, FTLs have the lowest lumens to watt ratio and therefore they are the least energy efficient. FTLs contributing such a significant amount to the luminary load is an area which requires attention as there is a lot of energy conservation potential in it. CFLs: Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) contributed to 4% of the total luminary load. CFL use a tube which is curved or folded to fit into the space of an incandescent bulb and a compact electronic ballast in the base of the lamp. Though these are considered quite energy efficient, the new LED technology is gradually taking over as it is a higher lumen to watt ratio and therefore it is more energy efficient. LED Panels: An LED lamp is a light-emitting diode product which is assembled into a lamp for use in lighting fixtures. It is the presently the most energy efficient luminary source as its lifespan and electrical efficiency is significantly greater than incandescent and fluorescent lamps. LED panels were the least used luminary source. The newer LED Panels come in round, square and rectangular shapes and in different sizes and power denominations to suit every situation. The best part is that their prices have also dropped significantly so as to be affordable by almost everyone. Tabular and graphical representation of summary of total installed lamps, luminary quantities vs total load and floor-wise summary of total luminary load has been shared below. “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 20 of 68 Summary of Installed Lamps Wattage Total Energy Luminary Detail/Technology Hours per Luminaries Consumed Type Qty Used/Day Lamp Load Luminaries (FTL/CFL/HPS/LPS/MH/MV/GLS) (Hours) (Watts) (Watts) (Wh) FTL Tube Light (36W) 36 1,308 47,-,704 FTL Tube Light (18W) 18 454 8,172 8 65,376 CFL Energy Saver (25W) 25 101 2,525 8 20,200 LED Lights 12 LED Panel-,800 SMD Rods 18 Total 58,010 464,080 Table 5: Summary of Total Installed Lights Types of Luminaries with respect to Load in Wh 1% 0% 0% 4% 14% 81% FTL Tube Light (36W) FTL Tube Light (18W) CFL Energy Saver (25W) LED Lights LED Panel SMD Rods Figure 9: Daily Calculated Energy Consumed By Luminaries (Watt hours) “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 21 of 68 Luminaries Quantities vs Total Lighting Load Summary- 400,000 350,000 300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 FTL Tube Light (36W) FTL Tube Light CFL Energy Saver (18W) (25W) Wattage per Lamp (W) Qty LED Lights LED Panel SMD Rods Power Consumed Luminaries (Wh) Figure 10: Summary of Lighting Load Floor-wise Summary of Total Luminaries Load Floor Total Luminaries (W) Energy Consumed Luminaries (Wh) Ground 3,600 28,800 1st Floor 10,868 86,944 2nd Floor 11,628 93,024 3rd Floor 9,594 76,752 4th Floor 10,728 85,824 5th Floor 5,976 47,808 6th Floor 5,616 44,928 58,010 464,080 Total Table 6: Floor-wise Summary of Total Luminaries Maximum Connected Load “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 22 of 68 Floor-wise Power Consumed by Luminaries (Wh) 500,000 450,000 400,000 350,000 300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 Ground 1st Floor 2nd Floor 3rd Floor 4th Floor 5th Floor 6th Floor Total Summary of Installed Lamps Power Consumed Luminaries (Wh) Figure 11: Floor-wise Power Consumed by Luminaries A general summary of the luminaries has been summed up in the following table. Q No. 1 Question What is Answer the Recommendation main technology type of majority Mostly Need to switch to brighter and more of luminaries installed on FTLs efficient solid state luminaires. site? 2 How old are the luminaries in general? 3 No info Is focused lighting method implemented when suitable, instead of lighting No Effort to use focused lighting method should be made. the whole room? 4 Due to the building layout, utilization of Is natural light utilized? Modera sunlight in the corridors is not an option. tely However, natural light can be utilized in rooms. 6 Can natural light utilisation be maximized? 7 Is signage installed Yes Solar tubes utilising total internal reflection concept could be experimented with. to remind the users to switch off the lights when they are No There has to be an engaging reminder near every switch. no longer needed? “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 23 of 68 Does the organisation have 8 programmable lighting No (timers)? 9 How often is the luminary source cleaned? Never Timers could help control wastage stemming from unattended lights. Monthly cleaning of fixtures can work wonders for addressing light depreciation. Some forms of luminaires could be dimmed 10 Does the organisation have light dimming devices? No if fitted with dimmable/DALI PSUs. They can provide up to 60% saving through timed dimming. Are the lights connected to 11 photoelectric/daylight sensors or motion sensors No Automatic switching OFF of lights could provide up to 30% savings. to increase efficiency? Table 7: Summary of Luminary Details “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 24 of 68 4.2.2.1 Lighting controls Some general observations regarding the lighting controls are listed below. • A single switch is utilized to turn ON many lights simultaneously, which results in a huge wastage of electrical energy even if a single person is occupying a room. • No occupancy sensors are installed in sparsely populated rooms and areas like toilets, again resulting in energy wastage for long hours. • There is no awareness signage displayed in appropriate points reminding the staff to turn on the lights only when required and to switch off the lights when not needed. 4.2.2.2 Lux Levels Lux levels were calculated at various locations where different actions were being performed and matched with the international standards. The lux levels varied between 200 and 300 lux which is acceptable. However, rooms facing the southern side had lux levels around 700 lux with the lights switched on and around 400 lux with the lights switched off. This was because the light from the sun directly enters these rooms. This provides an energy saving opportunity if the lighting in these rooms is used intelligently. 4.2.3 Electrical Appliances Majority of the load in the electrical appliances category came from electric heaters, fans, desktops and photocopying machines. Though some of the appliances such as photocopying machines and TVs were not used continuously for 8 hours, it has been assumed in this energy audit that they are used for 8 hours daily in order to calculate the load in the worst case scenario. Heaters: Electric heaters, blowers and radiators made up 49% of the total electrical appliances load. There was no maximum set time for the operation of these heaters and the rooms were not properly insulated. This resulted in a lot of energy wastage. Desktops: 24% of the total electrical appliances load was due to desktops. If we are to follow the trend elsewhere in the world pretty much everyone is using a laptop or a notebook computer due to its many benefits including but not limited to lower power footprint, portability, compactness etc. In this sense the PC at A-Block in conjunction with LCD consume approx. 175 – 200W each, which although is not a big figure but given the fact that they stay switched ON eight hours continuously ends up in a higher electricity bill. As such even if 65W is saved per computer through switching to a portable laptop we stand to gain 65W x 276 Desktops = 960W savings immediately. The same translates to approx. 144KW per day. “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 25 of 68 Energy Saving features implementation on the Desktop PCs was rarely noticed. Features such putting the monitor in sleep mode and powering down HDD and NICs are readily available on all Windows versions. Most of the users were not aware of these green features, whereas the rest do not seem to bother about it. These features when implemented can help reduce the energy footprint of the building. Take for example the case of an LCD monitor which consumes a mere 3-4 Watts in sleep mode as compared to its original 25-50 Watts. Tabular and graphical representation of summary of total electrical appliances, different appliances vs total load and floor-wise summary of total appliances load has been shared below. Summary of Equipment Type of Device Pedestal Fan LCD TV Electric Blower Electric Heater Electric Kettle Microwave Oven Fridge Radiator CPU Monitor LCD Printer/Scanner Projector Photocopy Machine Fax Machine Water Dispenser Total Wattage Per Device(Watts- Qty Total Load(Watts) Hours Used/Day - 11,660 2,795 50,000 61,500 36,000 16,000 6,250 9,600 41,400 4,000 5,900 8,-,000 3,-,035 - Table 8: Summary of the Total Electrical Appliances Connected Load Room-wise data referred by CDA official is placed at appendix 6.1 “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 26 of 68 Total Load (Watt Hours) 93,280 22,360 400,000 492,000 72,000 32,000 50,000 76,800 331,200 32,000 47,200 65,600 5,280 224,000 30,000 2,496 1,976,240 ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES LOAD DISTRIBUTION (WH) Fax Machine 2% Water Dispenser 0% Photocopy Machine 11% Pedestal Fan 5% LCD TV 1% Projector 0% Printer/Scanner 3% LCD 2% Electric Blower 20% Monitor 2% CPU 17% Radiator 4% Mircowave Oven 2% Electric Heater 25% Fridge 2% Electric Kettle 4% Figure 12: Graphical Representation of the Total Electrical Appliances Load Equipment Quantities vs Total Load (Wh) 2500 600,000 2000 500,000 400,000 1500 300,- 200,000 212 43 25 123 276 30 8 20 8 40 236 164 4 28 0 25 8 100,000 - Wattage Per Device/Watt Qty Total Load/Watt Hours Figure 13: Electrical Appliances Power Rating vs Total Load “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 27 of 68 Floor Peak Load Summary Total Total Electricity Connected Consumption/Day Load (Watt Hours) (Watts) Ground Floor 19,360 2,420 40,500 324,000 43,045 344,360 39,925 319,400 58,985 471,880 38,090 304,720 6th Floor 24,065 192,520 Total 247,030 1,976,240 1st Floor 2nd Floor 3rd Floor 4th Floor 5th Floor Table 9: Floor-wise Appliances Connected Peak Load Summary 500,000 450,000 400,000 350,000 300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 Ground Floor 1st Floor 2nd Floor 3rd Floor 4th Floor 5th Floor 6th Floor Figure 14: Graphical Representation of Floor-wise Summary of Appliances Connected Peak Load (Watt Hours) Summary 4.2.4 AC Units The air conditioning load was alarmingly high and contributed to 53% of the total electrical load. This was because most of the installed ACs were window type which consume twice as much energy as the split-type ACs which are based on a more energy efficient inverter technology. Energy Audit findings show that 74 window-type ACs and 69 split-type ACs were installed and window-type ACs contributed to 64% of the total AC load compared to split-type ACs “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 28 of 68 36%. A huge chunk of energy can be saved from the air-conditioning load. Details of how to save the energy are given in the next chapter. Tabular and graphical representation of summary of total air-conditioning load, airconditioning units vs total load and floor-wise summary of total air-conditioning load has been shared below. Summary of AC Units Cooling Total AC Unit Total Capacity Hours Load Description with Power Rating/Watt Quantity Load (Tonnage Used/Day (Watt Brand Name (Watts) per AC) Hours) Window-type AC's National-,-,000 General-,-,000 LG-,-,000 ACMA-,-,000 Total window-type AC load 74 222,000 1,776,000 Split-type AC's Mitsubishi (1.5 ton-,-,000 Mitsubishi (2 ton-,-,000 Ascon (1.5 ton-,500 8 60,000 Ascon (4 ton-,-,000 PEL (1.5 ton-,000 8 48,000 Sabro (1.5 ton-,000 8 96,000 Waves -,000 8 80,000 Kenwood (1 ton-,000 8 72,000 Fujia (1.5 ton-,000 8 72,000 Samsung (1.5 ton-,500 8 12,000 Orient -,000 8 72,000 Total split-type AC load 69 125,500 1,016,000 Total AC Load 143 347,500 2,792,000 Table 10: Summary of AC unit Load “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 29 of 68 Graphical Representation of AC Usage 36% 64% Window Type AC Split-Type AC Figure 15: Graphical Representation of AC Units Load Since the energy audit was conducted in winters, the air-conditioning units were not operational. Therefore, there conditioning and method of usage could not be studied and the data collected was a result of questioning from users. A tabular summary of the data collected is given below. Q No- Question Is the air conditioning unit older than ten years? Does the AC have an economic cycle? How often is it used? How is it controlled? At what temperature is the thermostat normally set at? How is the insulation? Can the heat producing equipment in the room be minimized? In what timeframe does the maintenance of the AC units take place? How often service of air conditioning unit is done? Answer Mostly No All day in summers Remote 18 degree Celsius Not properly insulated. Yes. Kettles and FTLs produce heat. No set timeline. No set timeline. Table 11: Summary of air-conditioning units “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 30 of 68 Total Load (Watts) Floor Window-Type AC Ground Floor 1st Floor 2nd Floor 3rd Floor 4th Floor 5th Floor 6th Floor 36,000 39,000 39,000 36,000 39,000 33,000 Split-Type AC 3,000 24,000 26,500 30,500 31,000 6,500 7,000 Total 222,000 125,500 Total Load(Watt Hours) Window-Type AC 288,000 312,000 312,000 288,000 312,000 264,000 1,776,000 Split-Type AC 24,000 192,000 212,000 244,000 248,000 40,000 56,000 1,016,000 Table 12: Floor-wise Peak Connected load summary of AC Units 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 Ground Floor 1st Floor 2nd Floor 3rd Floor 4th Floor 5th Floor 6th Floor Figure 16: Graphical Representation of floor-wise Connected load summary of AC units 4.2.5 Mass Transportation (Lifts) “A” Block has operational passenger lifts which was used to move to different floors. The lifts drew their motion from 3 phase 10 HP (7.7 kW) motors and had a mass of 650kg which supported a capacity of 925kg. Apart from the technical specs mentioned above, the following observations were made regarding the elevators. • This lift operated continuously between 8am and 4pm. • The equipment of the elevators (belts, motors etc) was in very good condition. According to the personnel responsible for its maintenance, the elevators were installed 5 years ago and were checked weekly. “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 31 of 68 • No Regenerative Drive was installed in the elevators. A regenerative drive uses the motion of the elevator to generate electricity. It is explained in detail in the next chapter. 4.2.6 Building Envelope/Ventilation Whenever there are temperature differences between the inner and outer surfaces of any structure, heat transfer will occur from higher temperature zone to lower temperature zone. The Building Envelope studies the different aspects of a given buildings’ thermal characteristics and its insulation is used to indicate the adoption of ways and means, whereby transmission of heat is minimized. The aim of thermal Insulation is to minimize the transfer of heat from either side of a building. The building envelope directly affects the energy performance of a given building in many ways including but not necessarily limited to: a. The fenestrations providing necessary protection from undesirable heat gains in summer month. b. Capability/means of some desirable heat gain in winter months from the South. c. Making maximum use of ambient daylight through its at penetration in different areas. d. Provision of cross ventilation opportunities. The energy performance of the building is greatly affected by building envelope in the following ways: • Undesirable heat transfer in summer season due to windows resisting. • Desirable heat transfer in winter on the South. • Penetration of daylight. • Desirable ventilation being blocked in different sections by constructing visitor rooms. Bricks, concrete, cavity and cement layers are considered in opaque materials which does not allow any light to pass through. Single glass used in windows and curtain walling, which is the source of heat gain is categorized in translucent materials which passes partial amount of heat and light. “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 32 of 68 Most of the air conditioned and non-air conditioned areas that were observed has wall construction layers of cement on the inside and outside Concrete blocks, cavity, brick and cement. Figure 17: Cavity Wall The roof layers provided by CDA; cement layer RCC Foam concrete with polythene large sheet / fibre glass. Window data along with its frames were directly estimated and observed by the audit team. Almost all of the windows in the facility consisted of single glazed windows on a metallic panel frame (mostly 3’x6’ and 4’x6’), in both air conditioned and nonair conditioned areas. Orientation The main factor under which the building orientation is studied is the daily path of the sun through the sky and the pattern by which this changes through the year besides this windows orientation also plays an important role in heat transfer moreover in most cases, sitting arrangement/orientation is not to utilize the sunlight. During day time it has been observed that artificial light is being used instead of making use of day light. As per measurements for a room which is availing maximum sunlight, lighting level is 680 lux whereas for shaded room, lighting level is 300 lux. South-east and north-west walls are exposed to the sun in the mornings and afternoons respectively. Orientation is with the longer axis of the building running east – west and also North-South. “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 33 of 68 The south, east and west walls are exposed to the sun in the mornings and afternoons respectively. Building wing facing east and west receive less solar radiation during the summer months. The windows are protected from direct sun rays with pillar and by arranging shading element (overhang). Heating by direct sunlight is thus reduced. The South face of the buildings gains solar heat in the winter. It exposes the windows to the low winter sun and is shaded to protect it from summer sunshine. Walls that face the south and west, gain summer heat till 02:30 p.m., whereas west and north are exposed to sun in the afternoon. South and East−west façades receive higher intensity of solar radiation throughout the year. It is observed that shaded walls have temperature of 32ºC and the walls directly exposed to sunlight have up to 40ºC, resulting in higher heat gain and increasing the AC load. Thermal insulation is the dominant factor to determine the external heat gain but due to the absence of materials and specific knowledge and building codes, buildings are made without any thermal insulation, which increases the AC/cooling and heating load in summer season. It is observed that during summers heat gain on the first and second floors increases due to heat transfer through radiation from the hard ground surface. It is observed that due to the compact geometry of the building, conduction gains from the building envelope as well as solar gains from windows are the least in comparison to other building geometries. 4.2.7 Fire Protection Fire hydrant pump systems (also known as fire pumps, hydrant boosters, fire water pumps) are high pressure water pumps designed to increase the firefighting capacity of a building by boosting the pressure in the hydrant service when mains is not enough, or when tank fed. Fire Protection systems are available in diesel and electric drive configurations, assembled on a common fabricated base with pipework manifolds, valves, controls and accessories to provide a fully automated system For a fire hydrant system to function properly many detectors are required to provide information to the fire control panel. These include but are not necessarily limited to: 1. Ionisation smoke detectors; 2. Optical smoke detectors; 3. Rate of Rise Heat Detectors; 4. Fixed temperature break glass type detectors and so on. “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 34 of 68 A-Block Secretariat looked well equipped to combat fire if God-forbid any such situation arose. Each floors had two fire hydrant pumps and 4 fire extinguishers. This firefighting equipment was well maintained and according to the firefighting department it was checked yearly and maintained monthly. However, when it came to fire detection, the system installed in A-Block secretariat was quite obsolete. No smoke detectors were installed to detect fire, but instead an emergency button was installed in the corridor of each floor which was connected to a screen at the entrance of the building. This screen would inform the firefighter on which floor had the emergency button been pressed. This method is very unreliable as it requires manually alerting the firefighting team that a fire has spread out in the building. In an emergency, relying on untrained people is highly unadvisable. In case of any fire incident the building does not seem to have any fire detection facility and will be totally dependent on timely outside assistance or to manually start Fire Hydrant System. 4.2.8 Electrical Safety Most of the electrical hazards that take place are overloading and improper wiring, earthing and insulation. Therefore, to study the electrical safety of the factory, the following activities were carried out. • Thermal Imaging Thermal Imaging was done on transformer and low tension distribution boards. Thermal Imagining helps in identifying overloading. The pictures taken did not show any overloading. Few pictures of the thermal imager are shared below. “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 35 of 68 Visible Light Image Figure18: Thermal and Original Image of a distribution board Visible Light Image Figure 19: Thermal and Original Image of a distribution board “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 36 of 68 Visible Light Image Figure 20: Thermal and Original Image of a distribution board Visible Light Image Figure 21: Thermal and Original Image of a distribution board “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 37 of 68 Visible Light Image Figure 22: Thermal and Original Image of a distribution board Visible Light Image Figure 23: Thermal and Original Image of a distribution board “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 38 of 68 Visible Light Image Figure 24: Thermal and Original Image of a distribution board Visible Light Image Figure 25: Thermal and Original Image of a distribution board “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 39 of 68 Visible Light Image Figure 26: Thermal and Original Image of a distribution board Visible Light Image Figure 27: Thermal and Original Image of a distribution board “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 40 of 68 Visible Light Image Figure 28: Thermal and Original Image of a distribution board Visible Light Image Figure 29: Thermal and Original Image of a distribution board “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 41 of 68 Visible Light Image Figure 30: Thermal and Original Image of a distribution board Visible Light Image Figure 31: Thermal and Original Image of a distribution board “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 42 of 68 Visible Light Image Figure 32: Thermal and Original Image of a distribution board Since the energy audit was conducted in winters. “A” Block Secretariat wasn’t operating on its maximum load and the thermal imaging results can’t be taken as conclusive. • Earthing Tests In electricity supply systems, an earthing system or grounding system is circuitry which connects parts of the electric circuit with the ground, thus defining the electric potential of the conductors relative to the Earth's conductive surface. The choice of earthing system can affect the safety and electromagnetic compatibility of the power supply. In particular, it affects the magnitude and distribution of short circuit currents through the system, and the effects it creates on equipment and people in the proximity of the circuit. If a fault within an electrical device connects a live supply conductor to an exposed conductive surface, anyone touching it while electrically connected to the earth will complete a circuit back to the earthed supply conductor and receive an electric shock. As explained earlier, earthing is a very important factor in electrical safety. To check whether the equipment has been properly grounded, earthing tests were carried out at different places. The earthing tests showed that the impedances were below 5 ohms which is according to international standards is considered safe. • Studying of the Wiring and LT Distribution Box The wiring was also studied during the inspection of the electrical safety. This study included the inspection of wires with respect to the load that it carried and whether it was properly “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 43 of 68 insulated or not. Though the wires were installed in accordance with the load but the insulation was a concern at a few places. Figure33: A huge opening untidy and risky in the bathroom of second floor The LT Distribution Box as depicted in the picture above is located directly besides the opening of bathroom. In case of water leakage can drip into the LT box, this can lead to short circuiting which can not only destroy the LT Distribution Equipments, it can also cause electric shock and sparking which can cause an explosion. 4.2.9 General Observations Some of the general observations made during the energy audit were as follows: • The distribution boards and switchgears were not tagged. • Most of the distribution boards and switchgear was maintained and the wiring was tidy. • Thermal imaging did not show any overloading but since the energy audit was conducted in winters, they were not working on their maximum load so therefore this evidence cannot be taken as conclusive. • The building was not properly insulated and had several leakages. • The windows were not tainted which reduces protection from heat in summers. • There was no vegetation nearby which provided cover from the sun. • There was very little indoor vegetation. “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 44 of 68 • Most rooms in offices were occupied by multiple incumbents. • There were no set dates for the use of AC’s and heaters. • There was no formal energy conservation plan for the employees. • There were no signage installed to remind the staff to use energy more intelligently. • There was no energy management staff assigned the task of energy saving. Few pictures supporting the observations have been attached on the following page. Figure 34: Untidy Wiring in Distribution boards Figure 36: Old and inefficient System Figure 35: Untidy and not tagged wires Figure 37: No Indication on MCBs 5 Energy Conservation & Maintenance Opportunities “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 45 of 68 5.1 Recommendations with Conservation Estimates & ROI 5.1.1 Luminaries As mentioned in the previous chapter, most common luminary used were FTLs. Even though FTLs are energy efficient, they are now being replaced by a more advanced LED technology is significantly more efficient. As a result such a wide scale usage of FTLs is not recommended during the current times. However, to keep the budget under control, rather than replacing all the legacy lighting at once a policy may be considered whereby all the luminaries that fail should be replaced by a newer technology. By this way over a certain period of time all the luminaries will be replaced. Considering the relatively smaller useful lives of FTLs the change could happen in less than a year. Working regarding the replacement of FTLs is shown in the tables below. Type of Equipment Wattage (Watts) Qty FTL Tube Light (36W) 36 FTL Tube Light (18W) CFL Energy Saver (25W) 18 - 25 101 Hour s Used (H) Power used per Day (kWh) 8 376,70 4 65,376 8 20,200 8 Electricit y Cost/kW h (Rs) 15 Electricit y Cost per Day (Rs) 5,650,56 0 980,640 Electricity Cost per Year (250 days) (Rs) 1,412,640,00 0 245,160,000 15 303,000 75,750,000 15 Table 13: Most common luminaries Replacing FTL Tube Light (36W) with LED Panel Hours Wattage Quantity Used (Watts) (H) Type of Equipment FTL Tube Light (36W) 36 1408 8 LED Panel 14 1408 8 Difference Power used per Day (kWh) 406 158 Electricity Electricity Cost/KWh Cost per (Rs) Day (Rs) 15 15 248 6,083 2,365 3,717 Table 14: Replacing FTL Tube Light (36W) with LED Panel “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 46 of 68 Electricity Cost per Year (250 days) - (Rs) 1,520,640 591,360 929,280 Return of Investment Total Cost for Installation of LED Panels (Rs) ROI (Years) 2,534,400 2.73 Table 15: ROI Calculation FTL Tube Light (36W) vs LEDPanel Electricity Cost per Day (Rs) Power used per Day (KWh) Wattage (W) 0 1000 2000 LED Panel 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 FTL Tube Light (36W) Figure 38: Graphical Comparison of FTL (36W) vs LED Panel Replacing FTL Tubelight (18W) with LED Light Hours Wattage Quantity Used (Watts) (H) Type of Equipment FTL Tube Light (18W) 18 454 8 LED Light 6 454 8 Difference Power used Electricity Electricity per Cost/KWh Cost per Day (Rs) Day (Rs) (kWh) 65 22 15 15 43.58 653.76 Table 16: Replacing FTL (36W) with LED Light Return of Investment Total Cost for Installation of LED Lights (Rs) ROI (Years) 385,900 2.36 Table 17: ROI Calculation “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net 981 327 Page 47 of 68 Electricity Cost per Year (250 days) - (Rs) 245,160 81,720 163,440.00 FTL Tube Light (18W) vs LED Light Electricity Cost per Day (Rs) Power used per Day (KWh) Wattage (W) 0 200 LED Light 400 600 FTL Tube Light (18W) 800 1000 1200 Figure 39: Graphical Comparison of FTL (18W) vs LED Light Installing an infrared motion sensor can result in energy saving by only supplying electricity when its senses that a person is present in the room. This can be very efficient in places like small offices. A feasibility of PIR Detector Kits with an assumed load is given below. PIR Detector Kits (Estimating for 1 room with 8 FTL's (40W) and 2 pedestal fan (80W)) Cost Power Saved Power Consumed by Total Power per ROI Cost Consumed Description Qty Pedestal Fan Power Saved Year (Years (Rs) by FTL per per Day (kWh) (kWh) (250 ) Day (kWh) (kWh) days) (Rs) Infrared Motion 4,- Sensor 0 Table 18: Feasibility of PIR Detector Kits 5.1.2 IT & Office Equipment Most of the appliances are of small energy foot print and there isn’t much that can be recommended other than the fact that energy saving mode should be implemented on them whereby the LCD Screen goes to standby mode after a given time of inactivity. This no cost method. Energy Saved by Using Energy Saving Mode on LCDs LCD Setting Wattage (Watts) Qty Without Energy 25 236 Saving Mode With Energy Saving 4 236 Mode Anticipated Saving Electricit y Cost/ kWh (Rs) Electricit y Cost per Day (Rs) Electricit y Cost per Year (250 days) (Rs) 47 15 708 177,000 8 15 113 28,320 595 148,680 Hours Used (H) Power used per Day (kWh) 8 8 40 Table 19: Energy Saved by Using Energy Saving Mode on LCDs “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 48 of 68 Cost Intensive Alternative Most of the computers are in desktop denominations and mostly of older generations consuming around 175W including small LCD displays. They also take up much more space and generate more heat as compared to their portable/laptop cousins. Generally an equivalent capacity laptop only consumes around 110W and that too on intermittent basis as it is also coupled with an inbuilt backup battery. The falling prices of laptop computers can make this transition more manageable unlike previously when they were more than twice as expensive. Also equivalent (even better) capacity & capability laptops that perform better than existing older PC can be had as pre-owned guaranteed versions further reducing the upfront cost of change. Suggested Replacement of PCs 175W with Laptops 110W Type of Equipment Wattage (Watts) Quantity Desktop PC 175 276 Laptop PC Hours Used (H) Power used per Day (kWh) 8 8 110 276 Anticipated Saving Electricity Electricity Cost/KWh Cost per (Rs) Day (Rs) - 15 15 5,796 3,643 2,153 Electricity Cost per Year (250 days) - (Rs) 1,449,000 910,800 538,200 Table 20: Comparison between Desktops and Laptops Return of Investment Total Cost for Installation of Laptops with previous desktops exchanged (Rs) ROI (Years) 4,140,000 7.69 Table 21: ROI Calculation It was also noticed that Unit 2 did have a few cathode ray tube monitors. These monitors consume 100W as compared to LCDs which consume 25W. There were forty monitors which should be replaced. A calculation for the ROI is done in the table below. Type of Equipment Monitor LCD Replacing Monitors with LCDs Power Hours used Electricity Electricity Wattage Quantity Used per Cost/KWh Cost per (Watts) (H) Day (Rs) Day (Rs) (KWh- Difference 24 360 “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 49 of 68 Electricity Cost per Year (250 days) - (Rs) 120,000 30,000 90,000 Table 22: Replacing Monitors with LCDs Return of Investment Total Cost for Installation of LCDs (Rs) ROI (Years) 200,000 2.22 Table 23: ROI Calculation 5.1.3 AC Units As mentioned in the previous chapter window-type ACs contributed a huge chunk to the airconditioning electrical load. The following tables show a technical and financial comparison between window-type ACs and split-type ACs and a working calculating the ROI if the existing window-type ACs are replaced by split-type ACs. Replacing Window-Type AC's with Split-Type AC's Type of AC Wattage (Watts) Quantity Hours Used (H) Window Type 3000 74 8 Split-Type 1500 74 8 Power used per Day (kWh) Difference Electricity Cost/kWh (Rs) Electricity Cost per Day (Rs) 15 26,640 13,320 1,776 888 15 888 13,320 Electricity Cost per Year (88 days) - (Rs) 2,344,320 1,172,160 1,172,320 Table 24: Suggested replacement of window-type AC’s with split-type AC’s Return of Investment Total Cost for Installation of SplitType AC's with Old Window-Type AC's Adjusted in Price (Rs) ROI (Years) 2,738,000 2.2 Table 25: ROI Calculation “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 50 of 68 WIndow-Type AC's vs Split-Type AC's Electricity Cost per Day (Rs) Power used per Day (KWh) Wattage (W) 0 5000 10000 Split-Type 15000 20000 25000 30000 Window Type Figure 40: Graphical comparison of window-type AC’s and split-type AC’s Target Area Pay Back Recommendations (ROI) Years priority Forced ventilation can keep the Moderate - as Autumn is areas at a comfortable Ventilation temperature in non A/C areas as 0.5 Moderate well as improving the indoor air Set Thermostat at 24-25 deg C approaching with its expected lower temperatures. quality. ACs Action level 0 High Immediate Consider replacement with Hybrid Solar ACs whereby the ACs ACs run on solar for 90% of the time during the day. Some Can be considered from the 5-6 Intermedi ate versions don’t even require point of view of cheaper climate control costs through lower OPEX. battery banks Table 26: AC Units Recommendation Forced ventilation and keeping a thermostat at 25 degree Celsius along with regular maintenance can reduce the air-condition electricity consumption by approximately 10%. With the total air-conditioning load being 2,780,000Wh, saving 10% of the electricity could result in a monthly saving of around 8340kWh and Rs 125,100. 5.1.4 Mass Transportation (Lifts) Conservation Aspects Possible on Elevators There are many advanced energy efficient and energy recovery devices (Regenerative Converters) available in the market currently which could be considered for possible induction for the current passenger lift unit. When an electric motor accelerates or “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 51 of 68 maintains velocity, it consumes energy. But when this same electric motor brakes or decelerates a body in motion, the motor becomes a generator of energy. This energy has traditionally been considered a nuisance, but with the invention of integrated regenerative drives, this “waste” energy is sent back into the electrical grid. This waste heat is not only inefficient, but can raise the ambient temperatures in elevator machine rooms and often require additional cooling. When the DC bus voltage falls back below the threshold, the unit goes into standby mode. Figure 41: Regenerative Drive Mechanism Power is consumed in a traction elevator first, by the gravitational pull on ascending cabs that are heavier than the descending counterweight and second, by the gravitational pull on ascending counterweights when they are heavier than descending elevator cabs. “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Power is generated in a traction elevator first, by the gravitational pull on descending cabs that are heavier than the ascending counterweight and second, by the gravitational pull on descending counterweights when they are heavier than ascending elevator cabs. In the case of power generation, the mechanical energy of the descending car or counterweight causes the elevator motor to function as a generator (or regenerator) of electricity. The elevator also produces electricity when the motor works as a braking system to decelerate. Conventional elevator systems dissipate this untapped electricity as waste heat, routing it through electrical resistors in the elevator shaft or machine room, using essentially Page 52 of 68 the same principle as an electric toaster. Compared to the same type of elevator without a regenerative converter, this system provides an energy-saving effect of up to 35%. (Reduction in CO2 emissions: 1400 kg/year) In addition, the Regenerative Converter has the effect of decreasing harmonic currents. Instead of using a braking resistor, it is possible to use a line regenerative drive. These newer drives also have DC bus capacitors and are DC bus coupled to the other VFDs. A typical such VFD uses advanced software to continuously measure and match the utility line voltage and frequency. When the DC bus voltage on the system is above a certain threshold the Regenerative VFD unit activates and it switches its IGBTs on/off to commutate current back to the line. Another way to think of the regenerative drive operation is that it enables two-way energy flow in a VFD system. The regenerated energy can flow back onto the line where it is typically consumed by other electrical loads in the building or factory. Some new regenerative drives also have the ability to act as system rectifier. If dimensioned properly, they can rectify all incoming power and can be DC bus connected to the inverters. This topology simplifies the charging sequence upon start-up as all input current flows through the said regenerative VFD. Besides the net energy savings, another advantage to using a regenerative unit instead of a braking resistor is that less heat is created. Braking resistors can create a lot of heat, removing this heat could require an A/C unit, which in turn requires more energy. Applications like a hoist or an elevator clearly favor regenerative technology and can show ROI of less than 18 months considering 12 hours operation. Typical regenerative applications include machines that lift and lower, torque controlled applications, and cyclic applications. Lifts, hoists, automated storage and retrieval systems, tension unwinders, and centrifuges are all types of machines that can benefit from regeneration. 5.1.5 Building Envelope/ventilation Thermal insulation in buildings is an important factor to achieving thermal comfort for its occupants. Insulation reduces unwanted heat loss or gain and can decrease the energy demands of heating and cooling systems. It does not necessarily deal with issues of adequate ventilation and may or may not affect the level of sound insulation. In a narrow sense insulation can just refer to the insulation materials employed to slow heat loss, such as: cellulose, glass wool, rock wool, polystyrene, urethane foam, vermiculite, perlite, wood fiber, plant fiber (cannabis, flax, cotton, cork, etc.), recycled cotton denim, plant straw, “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 53 of 68 animal fiber (sheep's wool), cement, and earth or soil, Reflective Insulation (also known as Radiant Barrier) but it can also involve a range of designs and techniques to address the main modes of heat transfer - conduction, radiation and convection materials. Many of the materials in this list deal with heat conduction and convection by the simple expedient of trapping large amounts of air (or other gas) in a way that results in a material that employs the low thermal conductivity of small pockets of gas, rather than the much higher conductivity of typical solids. (A similar gas-trapping principle is used in animal hair, down feathers, and in air-containing insulating fabrics). The effectiveness of Reflective Insulation (Radiant Barrier) is commonly evaluated by the Reflectivity (Emittance) of the surface with airspace facing to the heat source. The effectiveness of bulk insulation is commonly evaluated by its R-value, of which there are two - metric (SI) and US customary, the former being 0.176 times the latter. For attics, it is recommended that it should be at least R-38 (US customary, R-6.7 metric). However, an Rvalue does not take into account the quality of construction or local environmental factors for each building. Construction quality issues include inadequate vapor barriers, and problems with draft-proofing. In addition, the properties and density of the insulation material itself is critical. Besides the building orientation, the amount of vegetation, especially trees, surrounding the building is not satisfactory to provide a shading and a pleasing environment. The use of plants and water are a traditional way of toning down the climate extremes in Pakistan. The seasonal or high rise trees are not planted nearby to shade the building walls and windows, an effective way to help remain comfortable during hot summers in Pakistan. For heating and cooling purposes following things should be adopted in order to save energy. The areas in the building that are air conditioned are mainly the offices and conference hall, other areas in the vicinity is ventilated by natural ventilation. • ACs are being used without occupancy. • Central HVAC not functional. • Too many high energy consuming window ACs. • Room of top Management were found unoccupied while the utilities were running or in stand-by form especially electric heaters which consume huge power. • The duct outlet for centralized heating and cooling system are open even though central heating/cooling is out of order for about 20 years. “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 54 of 68 • Leakages in Windows, Panes, doors, Ceiling are observed in abundant. • Copiers and printers not networked. • There is no room entrance isolation chambers. • In open plan offices, the air-conditioning and lighting systems can be combined in such a way that the return air is extracted through the lighting luminaires. This measure ensures that lesser heat will be directed from the lights into the room. 5.1.6 Fire Protection As mentioned in the previous chapter, Fire Alarm System is number of devices working together to detect and warn people through visual and audio appliances when smoke, fire, carbon monoxide or other emergencies are present. These alarms may be activated automatically from smoke detectors, and heat detectors or may also be activated via manual fire alarm activation devices such as manual call points or pull stations. Alarms can be either motorized bells or wall mountable sounders or horns. They can also be speaker strobes which sound an alarm, followed by a voice evacuation message which warns people inside the building not to use the elevators or defined exit path. Fire alarm sounders can be set to certain frequencies and different tones including low, medium and high, depending on the country and manufacturer of the device. Most fire alarm systems in Europe sound like a siren with alternating frequencies. Fire alarm sounders in the United States and Canada can be either continuous or set to different codes such as Code 3. Fire alarm warning devices can also be set to different volume levels. Smaller buildings may have the alarm set to a lower volume and larger buildings may have alarms set to a higher level 5.1.7 Electrical Safety Precautions must be taken to protect workers from electric shock, electrocution, fires and explosions. • Precautions when using power • Safeguards for electrical supply Temporary supply switchboards Electrical equipment inspection Underground and overhead power lines Fitting insulation under a suspended floor. • • • • Precautions when using power on a building site include: “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 55 of 68 • • • • • Do not overload circuits Do not used damaged flexible extension cords Keep flexible extension cords away from sharp edges Do not use electrical equipment in wet conditions Use equipment suitable for the working environment, e.g. cordless tools for damp conditions. 5.1.8 General Recommendations The recommendations regarding the general observations mentioned in the previous chapter are as follows: • The distribution boards and switchgears should be tagged. This would not only help in identifying the location of the distribution board and switchgear but it would help speed up the troubleshooting process. • A proper digital meter should be installed as soon as possible in order to pay the accurate bill as per usage instead of estimated bill. • Solar Geysers should be installed in order to conserve natural gas and attain maximum from solar energy. • The distribution boards and switchgear should be tidied up. This would help in troubleshooting and it would also result in longer life of the wires. • Insulate the building properly by covering leakages so that the heat loss is reduced. • Taint the windows so that it provides protection from heat in summers. • Indoor and outdoor vegetation should be planted to combat the rising temperature and also to provide much needed fresh air for the labour. • Regularly have the walls whitewashed as it increases light refraction and also helps in fending off heat. • Set cut-off dates for the use of AC’s and heaters. This would ensure that AC’s and heaters are not used absent need. • Educate the employees regarding energy conservation by setting up a formal energy conservation plan. • Install signage in halls reminding the staff to use energy more intelligently. • Make a committee of energy management staff assigning them the task of energy saving. “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 56 of 68 5.2 Alternate Energy Resources Potential 5.2.1 Solar System Potential for Net-Metering Renewable energy in the form of solar can be utilized for office work which will consists of luminaries, electrical fans, computer desktops, laptops, scanner, printers and fax machines etc. But this will require huge area of rooftop which is not available and cost of project will rise so high. Sub-Metering can be availed in utilization of solar energy with the help of Grid-Tied Solar System which is capable of Net Metering option, this way system can feed back to grid coming from solar PV modules even during the days of holidays or weekend. The goal of this offer is to achieve more power from DC Solar PV, it is also comprehensive and easy to understand as all relevant items and concepts are explained and accompanied with data to backup. The financial offer is based on technical calculations listed overleaf. “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 57 of 68 Financial Working – A Block Secretariat – Islamabad 15-kW Grid-Tied System Sr. No. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) Item Description InfiniSolar 10kw On-Grid Inverter with energy storage Pure sine wave output Self-consumption and Feed-in to the grid Programmable supply priority for PV, Battery or Grid User-adjustable battery charging current suits different types of batteries Programmable multiple operation modes: Grid-tie, off-grid and grid-tie with backup Built-in timer for various mode of on/off operation Multiple communication for USB, RS-232, Modbus and SNMP Monitoring software for real-time status display and control Parallel operation up to 6 units for 5KW and 10KW PV Modules 250W A-grade Poly Crystalline with 20 years warranty @ 80% efficiency. PV Modules Frames in GI for each Panel, most probably one Frame will consists of three 250W panels in landscape mode. Single Core DC Wire for 48V DC System, 16mm2 - 150 Meters Black + 150 Meters Red. Extra Cable to be charged. One Lot Small Items - Thimbles, Connectors, breakers, ¾“ Flexible PVC Pipe Lengths, ON/OFF Switches with back boxes, good quality elbows & extenders, Spiral Pipe as required and ties etc. Electrification, Installation, Testing and Commissioning of each site. Transport to Site IESCO Charges for Inspection & Net-Metering Miscellaneous Balance of System Items Qty Rate (PKR) 1.00 315,500.00 Line Total PKR 315,500.00 60.00 15,000.00 900,000.00 20.00 9,000.00 180,000.00 1.00 59,400.00 59,400.00 1.00 60,000.00 60,000.00 1.00 25,000.00 25,000.00 - 12,-,-,100.00 12,-,-,100.00 Grand Total in PKR Sharif International recommended 1,617,000 Table 27: Financial Working of Solar System Installation The datasheets of the proposed equipment are given on the following pages “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 58 of 68 Figure 42: Infini Inverter specifications “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 59 of 68 Figure 43: Everexceed Solar PV Modules specifications “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 60 of 68 Figure 44: Everexceed Solar PV Modules features “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 61 of 68 Figure 45: Single Line Diagram of Solar system 5.2.2 Solar System Potential ROI Calculations Tremendous amount of energy can be generated by availing the huge area of rooftop which can be fed back to Grid and this system is explained above in details. However ROI calculations are shared below with fruitful results with positive feasibility of Net-Metering System. “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 62 of 68 Upfront System Cost Rated Power (W) 10KW System PV Power PKR 1,617,000.0 250 Watts PV Power Generate (Watt) Total PV Power 6 Hours/Day Monthly Annual 15,000 Watts 90,000 Wh 2,700,000 Wh 32,400,00 0 Wh Revenue Generated (PKR) ROI in years Units Feed Back to Grid/Day Units Earned @ Rs. 12.5 Annually Return 90kWh units Rs.1,125.00 405,000 4 Table 28: Financial Working of Solar System Installation “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 63 of 68 5.3 Floor wise Sub-Metering “A” Block Secretariat’s major concern was to monitor the whole electrical distribution system in such a way that every floor show its own load in terms of Days and months in comparison with other floors so that flow of power should be transparent to everyone which will be a good practice to conserve your electrical energy. However in this regard a separate survey was conducted and all distribution boards of buildings were inspected once again in depth and finally come up with a Smart Energy Analyzer system which will show floor wise power consumption through LCD on every floor of a building. Single line diagram of system is given below which mainly contains smart energy analyzer with current transformers and LCD. Figure 46: Single Line Diagram of Sub-Metering “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 64 of 68 However financial feasibility of sub-metering system is also enlisted below with imported goods which have already been installed by K Electric in few of their buildings. Sub-Metering Financial Feasibility S.No. 1 Description CVM-C10 Power Analyzer, Model M55911, 3 Phase Qty 12 Rate 40,000 Total 480,000 2 CVM-K2 Power Analyzer, Model M54400, 3 Phase 1 160,000 160,000 3 TCP1RS+, Model M62121 1 35,000 35,000 4 DB Box, communication wire 13 3,000 39,000 5 Power Studio Energy Management Software 1 300,000 300,000 6 CTs 100/5 Circutor Brand 39 4,000 156,000 Total amount of supply in PKR 1,170,000 GST 17% 198,900 Total Supply including Taxes in PKR PKR 1,368,900 Table 29: Financial Working of Solar System Installation Note: Above Mention goods are imported and of Spain Origin. Please discuss before withholding Sales tax and Income Tax. “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 65 of 68 5.4 Water Conservation at “A” Block A survey was carried out to review current operational water usage in sanitary ware at ABlock and develop basis for a demo project as part of Energy Audit activity with a focus on Water Conservation using International Plumbing Code as green guideline. And from this survey we analyzed that we can save tremendous amount of water in whole year. From the below results it is very clear that how much water can be saved in different areas. Figure 47: water saving per year by flush tanks “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 66 of 68 Figure 48: water saving per year in ablution area To obtain the desire results some of the recommendations in term of sanitary wares are given below as per American standards. Figure 49: Flush model with dimensions “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 67 of 68 Figure 50: Flush model with dimensions Figure 51: Taps model “A” Block – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 68 of 68