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HITEC UNIVERSITY TAXILA ELECTRICAL ENERGY AUDIT DRAFT REPORT - ELECTRICAL ENERGY AUDIT Page 1 SHARIF INTERNATIONAL HITEC UNIVERSITY TAXILA – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 1 of 28 Table of Contents 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 4 2 Executive Summary .............................................................................................................. 5 2.1 Perceived Energy Audit Objectives ...................................................................... 5 2.2 Energy Audit Activities ......................................................................................... 6 2.3 Challenges Encountered ...................................................................................... 7 2.4 Summary of BEA................................................................................................... 7 3 HITEC UNIVERSITY ACADEMIC & SECERTRAITE BLOCK characteristics and General operational Features.......................................................................... 8 4 Energy Systems in HITEC UNIVERSITY Building ....................................................................... 9 4.1 5 6 Electricity.............................................................................................................. 9 Energy Audit Findings ......................................................................................................... 10 5.1 Energy Efficiency and conservation opportunities ............................................ 10 5.2 Energy utilization ............................................................................................... 10 5.2.1 Luminaries .......................................................................................................... 15 5.2.2 AC Units.............................................................................................................. 18 Energy Conservation & Maintenance Opportunities ............................................................ 20 6.1 Recommendations with Conservation Estimates & ROI ................................... 20 Luminaries .......................................................................................................... 20 6.1.2 AC Units.............................................................................................................. 24 6.1.3 Building Envelope/ventilation............................................................................ 26 6.1.4 Electrical Safety .................................................................................................. 27 6.1.5 General Recommendations ............................................................................... 28 Page 2 6.1.1 HITEC UNIVERSITY TAXILA – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page 2 of 28 Report Layout and Legends utilized therein: 1. This is a sample Chapter Heading. 1.1 This is 2nd Level Heading 1.1.1 This is 3rd Level Heading 1.1.1.1 This is 4th Level Heading Symbols Utilized to denote: Areas/situations requiring immediate attention and opportunities for safety or protection. Occasions and situations requiring urgent attention that if not handled can possibly pose hazard to health and/or loss of life and property. Situations that could potentially pose adverse effects on human health and well- Page 3 being. Their remedial measures should be prioritized. HITEC UNIVERSITY TAXILA – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net 1 Introduction The current shifts in global trends like increase in the greenhouse gases, depletion of hydrocarbon reserves and instability in energy rich countries of the world has spiraled the cost of energy manifold. For industries & businesses to survive and be profitable, incorporation of energy savings technology is a must. The building model is calibrated against actual utility data to provide a realistic baseline against which to compute operating savings for proposed measures. Extensive attention is given to understand not only the operating characteristics of all energy consuming systems, but also situations that cause load profile variations on short and longer term bases (e.g. daily, monthly, annual). Pakistan has limited resources of fossil fuels and is mostly dependent on hydropower generation for its staple electrical energy requirements. This is one of the major reasons for witnessing long hours of power outages on top of inefficient devices and processes all across the country. There are huge opportunities in the shape of sustainable energy savings in industrial and commercial sectors, we simply need to identify them and implement Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs), especially in the industrial and building sectors. This specifically highlights the importance of implementing energy auditing across the board, initially to identify and Page 4 subsequently to address the low hanging fruit. HITEC UNIVERSITY TAXILA – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net 2 Executive Summary The National Energy Efficiency & Conservation Authority (NEECA) is an attached Department of Ministry of Water and Power and is the focal federal agency to capture the substantial economic and environmental benefits available through energy conservation and efficiency in all sectors of economy. NEECA has been encouraging industries and buildings to conduct Energy Audits, which not only help in identification of various energy saving opportunities but also establish a base to develop an organized reporting system pertaining to flow of energy in the industry/building. The target building - HITEC University Taxila (Academic and Secretariat Block). HITEC University commenced its setup in 2007 by the HIT Education Welfare Trust with a vision to be a bastion of academic excellence and citadel of ideological moorings, national integration and socio – religious values. The University was granted Charter by the Government of the Punjab in 2009. 2.1 Perceived Energy Audit Objectives An energy audit is an inspection, survey and analysis of energy flows in a building, process or system with the objective of understanding the energy dynamics of the system under study. Typically, an energy audit is conducted to seek opportunities to reduce the amount of energy input into the system without negatively affecting the outputs. Detailed Energy Audit is a major tool for identifying low cost, medium cost and cost intensive energy conservation opportunities in a facility. The Audit can be performed by an organization's own staff, or by outside consultants or government organizations specialized in conducting energy audits. The Detailed Energy Audit is often performed in two sequential phases: The Preliminary Energy Audit, and the Detailed Energy Audit. When the object of study is an occupied industry then reducing energy consumption while maintaining or improving production rate health and safety of workers are of primary concern. While in building energy audits, the nature of activities carried out in the buildings and associated building systems are studied in order to enhance the energy efficiency of different building systems to improve overall energy efficiency of the building and to reduce Page 5 the carbon foot print and the kWh/m2 indicator. HITEC UNIVERSITY TAXILA – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net 2.2 Energy Audit Activities The HITEC University Taxila Building Energy Audit was divided into three phases i.e. orientation, preliminary energy audit and detailed energy audit. Major activities conducted in these phases are listed below: i. Orientation  Meeting with concerned officials  Briefing the management about Energy Audit ii. Preliminary Energy Audit  Familiarization with the work done in the building  Collection of required documents  Taking Brief notes on High Visibility Opportunities  Making a List of low hanging fruit  Highlighting areas requiring extensive study Detailed Energy Audit  Measurements and Collection of Electrical Data  Luminaries and other Electrical appliances load Data.  Lux deliver test, Load energy consumption and wire insulation test  Analysis of collected data and enactment of useful information.  Recommendations and commentary on investment, low investment and major investment measures with resultant payback calculations. 6  Draft Report Compilation. Page iii. HITEC UNIVERSITY TAXILA – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net 2.3 Challenges Encountered The SI Team faced a few challenges during the course of this Building Energy Audit (BEA), which are as follows:  Restricted movement due to daily student classes schedule causing delays.  More than one person acting as focal persons created problems in communication.  The electric utility bills not being accurate in terms of proper units consumed power factor and MDI were not included in the bills and did not provide an accurate picture of the inductive energy consumption of the building. 2.4 Summary of BEA The summarized detail of the energy audit findings and the perceived savings are given below which will help in development of an effective energy efficient appliance replacement program. Floors Ground First Floor Second Floor Total Appliances Connected Peak Load in Operational Condition (Watt Hours) Total FloorTotal FloorAir IT and Other wise Load wise Load Lighting Conditioning Equipment (Watt Hours) (Watt Hours) Load (Watt) 19,150 52,700 70,530 55,436+8,677 291,600+61,800 476,64+2,59,390 (64113) (353400) (307054) 142,390 1,281,510 724,567 6,521,103 93,888 10,800 75,328 182,223 1,640,007 168,474.00 355,100.00 146,398.00 444,879.00 4,003,911.00 Table 1: Summary of Total Connected Load of Academic Block Appliances Connected Peak Load in Operational Condition (Watt Hours) Ground 6480 First Floor 9409 Second Floor 16,530 Total 32,419.00 Air Conditioning Load IT and Other Equipment Total Floor-wise Load (Watt Hours) -,300 30060 Total Floorwise Load (Watt) 75,140 56,620 108,329 974,961 428,000 14600 459,130 4,132,170 508,900.00 101,280.00 642,599.00 5,783,391.00 Table 2: Summary of Total Connected Load of Secretariat Block HITEC UNIVERSITY TAXILA – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net 676,260 7 Lighting Page Floors 3 HITEC UNIVERSITY ACADEMIC & SECERTRAITE BLOCK characteristics and General operational Features The building namely HITEC University Taxila commenced their setup in 2007 by the HIT Education Welfare Trust with a vision to be a bastion of academic excellence and citadel of ideological moorings, national integration and socio – religious values. The University was granted Charter by the Government of the Punjab in 2009. The Academic and Secretariat Block have: 1) Ground floor 2) First Floor 3) Second Floor Load demand for HITEC University increased manifolds due to installation and usage of additional electrical appliances especially in the office areas such as electric heaters, Coffee makers, refrigerators, desktops and laptops etc. furthermore, due to increased occupancy the cooling and heating loads also contributed to an increase of electrical load. South-east and north-west walls are exposed to the sun in the morning and afternoon respectively. It is a two story building with longer facades: N-S & E-W and fenestrations towards N-S & E-W. Building is covered by shaded windows which are protected to some extent from direct solar radiation. Page 8 Figure 1: HITEC UNIVERSITY TAXILA (Building Perspective from the Aerial View) HITEC UNIVERSITY TAXILA – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net 4 Energy Systems in HITEC UNIVERSITY Building 4.1 Electricity Historical Electricity Bills Analysis Bill Month (2016-17) Elec Reading KWH Elect Unit KWH Elec Amount Total Cost (Rs) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total - - - - Table 3: Historical Electrical Bills Analysis Academic Block Elec Reading KWH Elect Unit KWH Elec Amount Total Cost (Rs) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total - - - - Table 4: Historical Electrical Bills Analysis Secretariat Block HITEC UNIVERSITY TAXILA – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page Bill Month (2016-17) 9 Historical Electricity Bills Analysis 5 Energy Audit Findings As a part of the Energy Audit, the following building systems/areas were surveyed and findings were recorded: 1.0 Historical Energy Bill Analysis 2.0 Lighting System 3.0 Lighting Controls 4.0 Equipment and Appliances installed in labs 5.0 Air-conditioning Units 5.1 Energy Efficiency and conservation opportunities Each floor of Hitec University is covered by fluorescent tube lights which can be switched to most efficient Light Emitting Diodes (LED) lamps. 5.2 Energy utilization The bulk of electrical energy is consumed by Air-conditioning, office equipment and lighting. Main applications of electrical energy include air-conditioning units, office equipment including printers, heaters, photocopiers etc. as well as lighting fixtures. A month-wise table of estimated electrical bills for the last 12 months and its graphical representation is already Page 10 shared in section 4.1 HITEC UNIVERSITY TAXILA – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net A Word on MDI Penalty PEAK Vs. OFF-PEAK Power consumption is typically represented by kilowatts or kW. Utility and power distribution companies typically charge by kW, however, different rates apply to the time of use – peak demand usage versus off-peak usage. POWER FACTOR A very important element in understanding energy use and distribution is the power factor or, in simple terms, how much effort it takes to push electricity through a building or power grid. The power factor indicates how efficiently a building accepts and uses electricity. Power Factor = Active power/Apparent power = kW/kVA = Active power/ (Active Power + Reactive Power) = kW/ (kW + kVAr) Higher kVAr indicates low power factor and vice versa. In electrical terms kW, kVA, and kVAr are vectors and must be summed. Page 11 Figure 02: Vector Diagram explaining power factor HITEC UNIVERSITY TAXILA – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Power factor is the ratio of true power or Watts to apparent power or Volt Amps, so the theoretical best value for a power factor is one (on a scale of zero to one). In an electric power system, a load with a low power factor draws more current than a load with a high power factor for the same amount of useful power transferred. The higher currents increase the energy lost in the distribution system and require larger wires and other equipment. Because of the costs of larger equipment and wasted energy, electrical utilities will usually charge a higher cost to industrial or commercial customers where there is a low power factor. Based on the above explanation of electricity there are two kinds of loads i.e. Resistive Loads (lights, water heaters, coil heaters, etc.) and Inductive Loads (anything which has a motor viz. ceiling fan, water pump, air conditioners, refrigerators and so on). Resistive load gets what they ask for. But inductive loads need extra current used up to create a magnetic field which is like “froth” and is not really useful as it is not used for doing actual work. The ratio between the “actual work” that you get and the total energy supplied by the utility is called the power factor (PF). If the power factor was 1 or close to 1 then a one HP motor would take one HP equivalent power from the utility, but in reality it has to draw more energy from the utility so there is a penalty for it, which is called Power Factor Penalty. And formula for power factor is defined as: PF = kW (kilo Watt)/kVA (kilo Volt Ampere) Demand Charge and MDI penalty When you sign up for commercial electricity connection from a utility grid company like GEPCO, you have to specify the maximum ‘demand’ (in kVA) that you need. During any given month if maximum demand is exceeded a penalty (or extra price) has to be paid for the same. That is the MDI penalty that appears on the electricity bills. The MDI is the maximum power value, usually the average of 15 minutes, reached during the billing period (this average time may vary depending on the country). Once the value is higher than the Page 12 contracted power, the customer will pay a penalty on the electricity bill HITEC UNIVERSITY TAXILA – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Maximum Demand Calculation The maximum demand value is the average from the instantaneous power (in kW or kVA) during a defined time interval, usually every 15 minutes. There are different methods to calculate this parameter: Fixed window (Block window) This is the maximum demand calculation during a defined interval (usually every 15 minutes). Once the data is obtained, the value is stored and it makes a reset to start a new calculation for the next 15 minutes. This 4 registers will be measured every hour Sliding Window This is the maximum demand calculation during a defined interval (usually every 15 minutes). Once the data is obtained, it will wait one minute to start a new 15 minutes’ calculation. This means that every minute (this time can depend on the meter) it will record one maximum demand value from the last 15-minute period. This 60 registers will be measured every hour. How can MDI penalty be avoided?  If the power factor is less than 1 one can improve the output kW per KVA supplied by improving power factor as mentioned above. This ensures that you are not wasting any kVA that is supplied to you by your utility.  Another option of avoiding MDI penalty is by shifting the peak load to a time of day when other electrical load is lesser.  If more kW or kVA is being used than the grid utility sanctioned load then one either needs to switch to more efficient appliances (i.e. the ones using less kWhs) so that the total need matches demand, or if it is felt that already the most efficient appliances are in use then one can request the utility company to increase the maximum demand already allotted. If it is felt that increasing the sanctioned load ceiling is not possible or difficult than Maximum Demand Control Equipment could be utilised to automatically switch OFF non-essential loads on case based scenarios for different times of the day. For example, the Circuitor® MDC 4 is perfect for those installations which need a basic maximum demand control. Following some easy configuration steps the user will define up to 4 maximum power levels to start Page 13 disconnecting non-critical loads. HITEC UNIVERSITY TAXILA – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Furthermore, MDC 4 incorporates an internal power analyser for the maximum demand calculation (it also records electrical parameters such as voltage, current and power). Every time MDC 4 detects a power excess, this will disconnect several lines with non-critical loads, reducing automatically the instantaneous power. This will ensure that the installation will not exceed the maximum demand limit, hence avo12iding penalties on the next electricity bill Figure 03: Operation method of MDC 4  Avoids maximum demand penalties  Avoids power peaks due to simultaneity while connecting loads  Helps to adjust the contracted power to the real situation  Manages up to 4 relay outputs  Built in power analyser  Internal clock for power synchronization Page 14 Figure 04: MDC 4 HITEC UNIVERSITY TAXILA – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net 5.2.1 Luminaries The bulk of illumination is provided by LED lamps, energy savers and Fluorescent Tube Lights (FTLs). LED lamp: Light-emitting diodes were the most used luminary in the building and contributed 36% of total luminaries load. It is presently the most energy efficient luminary source as its lifespan and electrical efficiency is significantly greater than incandescent and fluorescent lamps. LED panels were the least used luminary source. FTLs: Fluorescent Tube Lights (FTL’s) were the most used luminary in the building and contributed to 57% of the total luminary load. FTLs are a low pressure mercury vapor gasdischarge lamp that use fluorescence to produce visible light. As compared to other luminaries installed in HITEC University building, FTLs have the lowest lumens to watt ratio and therefore they are the least energy efficient. FTLs contributing such a significant amount to the luminary load is an area which requires attention as there is a lot of energy conservation potential in it specially in trench area. CFLs: Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) contributed to 8% of the total luminary load. CFL use a tube which is curved or folded to fit into the space of an incandescent bulb and a compact electronic ballast in the base of the lamp. Though these are considered quite energy efficient, the new LED technology is gradually taking over as it is a higher lumen to watt ratio and therefore it is more energy efficient. The newer LED Panels come in round, square and rectangular shapes and in different sizes and power denominations to suit every situation. The best part is that their prices have also dropped significantly so as to be affordable by almost everyone. Graphical representation of total installed lamps, luminary quantities vs total load and floor- Page 15 wise summary of total luminary load has been shared below. HITEC UNIVERSITY TAXILA – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Luminary Detail Tube with Ballasts (20 Watts) Tube with Ballasts (40 Watts) Compact fluorescent light (24 Watts) LED Light (13 Watts) Total SUMMARY - Installed Lamps Detail Total Consumption Quantity Luminaries per Lamp (W) Load (W- Hours Used/Day (H) 9.00 9.00 Total Luminaries Load (Wh- 28 182 5096.00 9.00 - 14 1640 -,492.00 9.00 -,428.00 Table 5: Summary of Total Installed Lights TYPES OF LUMINARIES WITH RESPECT TO LOAD IN WH Tube with Ballasts (20 Watts) 11% 36% Tube with Ballasts (40 Watts) 45% 8% Compact fluorescent light (24 Watts) LED Light (13 Watts) Page 16 Figure 05: Daily Energy Consumed by Luminaries (Watt hours) HITEC UNIVERSITY TAXILA – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net LUMINARIES QUANTITIES VS TOTAL LIGHTING LOAD SUMMARY Total Luminaries Load (W) 22960 LED Light (13 Watts) Compact fluorescent light (24 Watts) Tube with Ballasts (40 Watts) Tube with Ballasts (20 Watts) Quantity - - Figure 06: Summary of Lighting Load A study of the luminaries has been summed up in the following table: Q No. Question 1 What is the main technology type of majority of luminaries installed on site? 2 How old are the luminaries in general? 3 Is natural light utilized? 4 How can natural light utilization be maximized? Answer FTLs & LEDs No info No Increasing Transparency 5 Is signage installed to remind the users to switch off the lights when they are no longer needed? 6 Does the organisation have programmable lighting (timers)? 7 How often is the luminary source cleaned? 8 Does the organisation have light dimming devices? Are the lights connected to photoelectric/daylight sensors or motion sensors to increase efficiency? No No info No No 17 Table 6: Summary of Luminary Details Page 9 No HITEC UNIVERSITY TAXILA – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net 5.2.1.1 Lighting controls Lux levels were calculated at various locations where different office activities were being performed, and results compared to the international standards. The lux levels varied between 200 and 300 lux which is pretty reasonable and acceptable. However, rooms facing the southern side had lux levels around 350 lux with the lights switched on and around 200 lux with the lights switched off. This was because the light from the sun directly enters these rooms. This provides an energy saving opportunity if the lighting in these rooms is used intelligently. 5.2.2 AC Units Energy Audit findings show that total 158 ACs were installed. Inverter ACs are most efficient ACs which can save 40% of the energy they have latest running technology based on soft start and consume very less power as compare to non-inverter AC. Page 18 . HITEC UNIVERSITY TAXILA – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net A tabular summary of generic questionnaire based on Air Conditioning and Building Envelope has been collected is given below. Air Conditioning Questionnaire Q No - Question Answer Is the air conditioning unit older than six years? Does the AC have an economic cycle? How often is it used? How is it controlled? At what temperature is the thermostat normally set at? How is the insulation? Can the heat producing equipment in the room be minimized? In what timeframe does the maintenance of the AC units take place? How often service of air conditioning unit is done? What is the condition of AC Blowers fans regarding air pressure, directional throw? When were the ACs last serviced Are the evaporator fins straight to allow for maximum air flow Is the condenser unit free of obstruction to allow for maximum ambient air flow Is the condenser unit grills clean and free of dust, insects etc.? Mostly No dawn to dusk Remote 22 degree Celsius perfect Yes. Electric kettle, Coffee maker and microwave oven produce heat. monthly monthly perfect yes yes Yes Table 07: Air Conditioning Questionnaire Building Envelope Questionnaire Question What type of luminaries are installed in building? How old are luminaries in general? Is there natural light been utilized? 4 How can natural light utilization be maximized? 5 Is there any programmable lighting (timers)? Are the light sources connected to multiple switches or a single switch to control them all? Table 08: Building Envelope Questionnaire FTL, LED few CFL Partially Increasing transparency No Yes multiple switches Page 6 Answer 19 Q No. 1 2 3 HITEC UNIVERSITY TAXILA – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net 6 Energy Conservation & Maintenance Opportunities 6.1 Recommendations with Conservation Estimates & ROI 6.1.1 Luminaries As mentioned in the previous chapter, most common luminary used in terms of load were FTLs. Even though FTLs are energy efficient, they are now being replaced by a more advanced LED technology is significantly more efficient. Working regarding the replacement of FTLs is shown in the tables below. Type of Equipment Wattage (Watts) Qty Hours Used (H) Power used per Day (kWh) Electricity Cost/kWh (Rs) incl. taxes & penalties Electricity Cost per Day (Rs) Electricity Cost per Year (250 days) - (Rs) FTL with ballasts (20 W) 26 276 9 64.584 23 1485.43 - FTL with ballasts (40W) 60 471 9 254.34 23 5849.82 - Table 9: Most common luminaries As a result, such a wide scale usage of FTLs is not recommended during the current times. However, to keep the budget under control, rather than replacing the entire legacy lighting at once a policy may be considered whereby all the FTL’s luminaries that fail should be replaced by a newer technology LED Lights. By this way over a certain period of time all the luminaries will be replaced. Considering the relatively smaller useful lives of FTLs the change Page 20 Could happen in less than 2 years. HITEC UNIVERSITY TAXILA – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Replacing FTL Tube Light (20W) with LED Panel Hours Wattage Quantity Used (Watts) (H) Type of Equipment FTL panel Tube Light (80W) LED Panel(40W) 100 69 9 42 69 9 Power Electricity Electricity used Cost/KWh Electricity Cost per per (Rs) incl. Cost per Year (264 Day taxes & Day (Rs) days) - (Rs) (kWh) penalties - Difference 23 1428.3 376,992 23 600.00 158,400 218,592.00 36.02 828 Table 10(a): Replacing FTL Tube Light (18W) with LED Panel light If all the FTLs Tube Light of 20 watts are being replaced by newer technology LED Lights of 40 watts then a tremendous amount of energy can be conserved as shown in table 10(a). After calculating the total cost for the procurement and installation of new LED Luminaries it has been analyzed that return of investment is within 3 years which is a satisfying figure. Return of Investment Total Cost for Procurement and Installation of high Quality LED Panels (Rs) ROI (Years) 483,000.00 2.20 Table 10(b): ROI Calculation Graphical Comparison of FTL (18W) vs LED Panel Light has been shown below in figure 44 for an easy and clear understanding of the saving potential. FTL TUBE LIGHT (20 W) VS LED PANEL LIGHT 600 Electricity Cost per Day (Rs) - Power used per Day (kWh) - LED Panel(40W) 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 FTL panel Tube Light (80W) Figure 07: Graphical Comparison of FTL (18W) vs LED Panel Light HITEC UNIVERSITY TAXILA – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net 21 0 Page Wattage (Watts) Replacing FTL Tube light (40W) with LED Tube Light Power used per Day (kWh) Hours Wattage Quantity Used (Watts) (H) Type of Equipment Electricity Cost/KWh Electricity (Rs) incl. Cost per taxes & Day (Rs) penalties Electricity Cost per Year (264 days) - (Rs) FTL Tube Light (40W) 60 471 9 254.34 23 5850.00 1,544,400.00 LED T-8 Tube Light (22W) 24 471 9 102 23 2346.00 619,344.00 3,504.00 925,056.00 Difference 152.34 Table 11(a): Replacing FTL Tube Light (18W) with LED Panel Similarly, same can be implemented for all the FTLs Tube Light of 20 watts if they are being replaced by newer technology LED Tube Lights T-8 of 24 watts then a huge amount of energy can be well-preserved as shown in table 11(a). After calculating the total cost for the procurement and installation of new LED Luminaries it has been analyzed that return of investment is within 2 years which is a substantial figure. Return of Investment Total Cost for Procurement and Installation of high Quality LED Panels (Rs) ROI (Years) 635,850.00 1.45 Table 11(b): ROI Calculation For an easy understanding of the saving potential in replacing FTLs of 40 watts a graphical comparison of FTL (40W) vs LED Light has been shown in figure 45 which is depicting electricity cost per day and power consumption by both luminaries. FTL (40W) VS LED TUBE LIGHT 2346 Electricity Cost per Day (Rs) 5850 102 Power used per Day (kWh) - Wattage (Watts) 60 2000 LED T-8 Tube Light (22W) 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 FTL Tube Light (40W) Figure 08: Graphical Comparison of FTL (40W) vs LED Tube Light HITEC UNIVERSITY TAXILA – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net 22 1000 Page 0 Replacing CFL (24W) with LED Bulb Type of Equipment CFL (24W) LED Bulb (12W) Wattage (Watts) Quantity Hours Used (H) 28 182 9 13 182 9 Difference Power used per Day (kWh) Electricity Cost/KWh (Rs) incl. taxes & penalties Electricity Cost per Day (Rs) Electricity Cost per Year (264 days) - (Rs) - 23 1055.00 278,520.00 23 490.00 129,-,160.00 24.57 565.00 Table 12(a): Replacing CFL with LED bulb Similarly, same can be implemented for all the CFLs of 24 watts if they are being replaced by newer technology LED bulb of 12 watts then a huge amount of energy can be wellpreserved as shown in table 12(a). After calculating the total cost for the procurement and installation of new LED Luminaries it has been analyzed that return of investment is within 2 years which is a substantial figure. Return of Investment Total Cost for Procurement and Installation of high Quality LED Panels (Rs) ROI (Years) - 1.41 Table 12(b): Replacing CFL with LED bulb Graphical Comparison of CFL (24W) vs LED bulb has been shown below in figure 44 for an easy and clear understanding of the saving potential. CFL (24W) VS LED BULB 490 Electricity Cost per Day (Rs) 1055 Quantity - 200 400 LED Bulb (12W) 600 800 1000 1200 CFL (24W) Figure 09: Graphical Comparison of CFL (24W) vs LED bulb Light HITEC UNIVERSITY TAXILA – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net 23 - Page Power used per Day (kWh) 6.1.2 AC Units As mentioned in the previous chapter non-inverter type ACs contributed a huge chunk to the air-conditioning electrical load. The following tables show a technical and financial comparison between inverter ACs and non-inverters ACs and a working calculating the ROI if the existing ACs are replaced by inverter type ACs. 1Ton Replacing Split type non Inverter AC's with Split-Type Inverter AC's Power Quantity Hours used Electricity Electricity Wattage in Terms Used per Cost/kWh Cost per (Watts) of Ton (H) Day (Rs) Day (Rs) (kWh) Type of AC Split-Type (non-inverter) Split-Type (Inverter) - Electricity Cost per Year (120 days) - (Rs) 26 6 218.4 23 5,023.2 602,760.00 26 6 156 23 3,588.00 430,560.00 1,435.2 172,200.00 Difference 62.4 Table 13(a): Suggested replacement of split type 1-Ton non-inverter AC’s with split-type inverter AC’s Return of Investment Total Cost for Installation of SplitType inverter AC's with split type nonROI (Years) inverter AC's Adjusted in Price (Rs) 1,066,- Table 13(b): ROI Calculation 1.5Ton Replacing Split type non Inverter AC's with Split-Type Inverter AC's Split-Type (non-inverter) Split-Type (Inverter) - Difference 76 6 866.4 23 19927.2 - 76 6 775.2 23 17829.6 - 2097.6 251,712.00 91.2 Table 14(a): Suggested replacement of split type 1.5-ton non-inverter AC’s with split-type inverter AC’s HITEC UNIVERSITY TAXILA – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net 24 Type of AC Power Electricity used Electricity Electricity Cost per per Cost/kWh Cost per Year (120 Day (Rs) Day (Rs) days) - (Rs) (kWh) Page Quantity Hours Wattage in Terms Used (Watts) of Ton (H) Return of Investment Total Cost for Installation of SplitType inverter AC's with split type nonROI (Years) inverter AC's Adjusted in Price (Rs) 4,408,- Table 14(b): ROI Calculation 2Ton Replacing Split type non Inverter AC's with Split-Type Inverter AC's Quantity Hours Wattage in Terms Used (Watts) of Ton (H) Type of AC Split-Type (non-inverter) Split-Type (Inverter) - Difference Power used Electricity Electricity per Cost/kWh Cost per Day (Rs) Day (Rs) (kWh) Electricity Cost per Year (120 days) - (Rs) 46 6 662.4 23 15235.2 - 46 6 579.6 23 13330.8 - 1,904.4 228,528.00 82.8 Table 15(a): Suggested replacement of split type 2-Ton non-inverter AC’s with split-type inverter AC’s Return of Investment Total Cost for Installation of SplitType inverter AC's with split type nonROI (Years) inverter AC's Adjusted in Price (Rs) 3,358,- Table 15(b): ROI Calculation Cost for the procurement of 1T inverter AC’s has been calculated of 53,000 PKR and selling price of non-inverter 1Ton AC’s at price of 12,000 PRPS so the total difference comes out to be 41,000 PKR. Cost for the procurement of 1.5 Ton inverter AC’s has been calculated of 75,000 PKR and selling price of non-inverter 2Ton AC’s at price of 17,000 PRPS so the total difference comes selling price of non-inverter 2Ton AC’s at price of 22,000 PRPS so the total difference comes out to be 73,000 PKR. HITEC UNIVERSITY TAXILA – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net Page Cost for the procurement of 2 Ton inverter AC’s has been calculated of 95,000 PKR and 25 out to be 58,000 PKR. 6.1.3 Building Envelope/ventilation Thermal insulation in buildings is an important factor to achieving thermal comfort for its occupants. Insulation reduces unwanted heat loss or gain and can decrease the energy demands of heating and cooling systems. It does not necessarily deal with issues of adequate ventilation and may or may not affect the level of sound insulation. In a narrow sense insulation can just refer to the insulation materials employed to slow heat loss, such as: cellulose, glass wool, rock wool, polystyrene, urethane foam, vermiculite, perlite, wood fiber, plant fiber (cannabis, flax, cotton, cork, etc.), recycled cotton denim, plant straw, animal fiber (sheep's wool), cement, and earth or soil, Reflective Insulation (also known as Radiant Barrier) but it can also involve a range of designs and techniques to address the main modes of heat transfer - conduction, radiation and convection materials. Many of the materials in this list deal with heat conduction and convection by the simple expedient of trapping large amounts of air (or other gas) in a way that results in a material that employs the low thermal conductivity of small pockets of gas, rather than the much higher conductivity of typical solids. (A similar gas-trapping principle is used in animal hair, down feathers, and in air-containing insulating fabrics). The effectiveness of Reflective Insulation (Radiant Barrier) is commonly evaluated by the Reflectivity (Emittance) of the surface with airspace facing to the heat source. Page 26 The effectiveness of bulk insulation is commonly evaluated by its R-value, of which there are two - metric (SI) and US customary, the former being 0.176 times the latter. For attics, it is recommended that it should be at least R-38 (US customary, R-6.7 metric). However, an Rvalue does not take into account the quality of construction or local environmental factors for each building. Construction quality issues include inadequate vapor barriers, and problems with draft-proofing. In addition, the properties and density of the insulation material itself is critical. HITEC UNIVERSITY TAXILA – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net 6.1.4 Electrical Safety Precautions must be taken to protect workers from electric shock, electrocution, fires and explosions.       Precautions when using power Safeguards for electrical supply Temporary supply switchboards Electrical equipment inspection Underground and overhead power lines Fitting insulation under a suspended floor. Precautions when using power on a building site include: Do not overload circuits Do not used damaged flexible extension cords Keep flexible extension cords away from sharp edges Do not use electrical equipment in wet conditions  Use equipment suitable for the working environment, e.g. cordless tools for damp conditions. Page 27     HITEC UNIVERSITY TAXILA – Energy Audit | www.sharifinternational.net SHARIF INTERNATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY | ENERGY CONSERVATION | CONSULTING 6.1.5 General Recommendations The recommendations regarding the general observations mentioned in the previous chapter are as follows:  The distribution boards should be tagged. This would not only help in identifying the location of the distribution board but it would save time in troubleshooting process.  Some voltmeter and ammeter of distribution panels are not working properly, in order to speed up the troubleshooting process these meters should be fixed as soon as possible.  Solar Geysers should be installed in order to conserve natural gas and attain maximum from solar energy.  Insulate the building properly by covering leakages so that the heat loss is reduced.  Desktop should set on sleeping mode if it is not in use.  Tint the windows so that it provides protection from heat in summers.  Indoor and outdoor vegetation should be planted to combat the rising temperature and also to provide much needed fresh air for the labour.  Regularly have the walls whitewashed as it increases light refraction and also helps in fending off heat.  Set cut-off dates for the use of AC’s. This would ensure that AC’s are not used.  Educate the employees regarding energy conservation by setting up a formal energy conservation plan.  Install signage boards in halls reminding the staff to use energy more intelligently.  Make a committee of energy management staff assigning them the task of energy saving. HEAD OFFICE: No 151-A, STREET NO. 8, CHAKLALA SCHEME III, RAWALPINDI, PAKISTAN 46000 TEL: (-,-,- | FAX: (-,- WEB: HTTP://SHARIFINTERNATIONAL.NET | MAIL:-