Energy Audit Report for HITEC University
HITEC UNIVERSITY TAXILA
ELECTRICAL ENERGY AUDIT
DRAFT REPORT
-
ELECTRICAL ENERGY AUDIT
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SHARIF INTERNATIONAL
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Table of Contents
1
Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 4
2
Executive Summary .............................................................................................................. 5
2.1
Perceived Energy Audit Objectives ...................................................................... 5
2.2
Energy Audit Activities ......................................................................................... 6
2.3
Challenges Encountered ...................................................................................... 7
2.4
Summary of BEA................................................................................................... 7
3 HITEC UNIVERSITY ACADEMIC & SECERTRAITE BLOCK
characteristics and General operational Features.......................................................................... 8
4
Energy Systems in HITEC UNIVERSITY Building ....................................................................... 9
4.1
5
6
Electricity.............................................................................................................. 9
Energy Audit Findings ......................................................................................................... 10
5.1
Energy Efficiency and conservation opportunities ............................................ 10
5.2
Energy utilization ............................................................................................... 10
5.2.1
Luminaries .......................................................................................................... 15
5.2.2
AC Units.............................................................................................................. 18
Energy Conservation & Maintenance Opportunities ............................................................ 20
6.1
Recommendations with Conservation Estimates & ROI ................................... 20
Luminaries .......................................................................................................... 20
6.1.2
AC Units.............................................................................................................. 24
6.1.3
Building Envelope/ventilation............................................................................ 26
6.1.4
Electrical Safety .................................................................................................. 27
6.1.5
General Recommendations ............................................................................... 28
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6.1.1
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Report Layout and Legends utilized therein:
1. This is a sample Chapter Heading.
1.1
This is 2nd Level Heading
1.1.1 This is 3rd Level Heading
1.1.1.1
This is 4th Level Heading
Symbols Utilized to denote:
Areas/situations requiring immediate attention and opportunities for safety or
protection.
Occasions and situations requiring urgent attention that if not handled can
possibly pose hazard to health and/or loss of life and property.
Situations that could potentially pose adverse effects on human health and well-
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being. Their remedial measures should be prioritized.
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1 Introduction
The current shifts in global trends like increase in the greenhouse gases, depletion of
hydrocarbon reserves and instability in energy rich countries of the world has spiraled the
cost of energy manifold. For industries & businesses to survive and be profitable,
incorporation of energy savings technology is a must.
The building model is calibrated against actual utility data to provide a realistic baseline
against which to compute operating savings for proposed measures. Extensive attention is
given to understand not only the operating characteristics of all energy consuming systems,
but also situations that cause load profile variations on short and longer term bases (e.g.
daily, monthly, annual).
Pakistan has limited resources of fossil fuels and is mostly dependent on hydropower
generation for its staple electrical energy requirements. This is one of the major reasons for
witnessing long hours of power outages on top of inefficient devices and processes all
across the country.
There are huge opportunities in the shape of sustainable energy savings in industrial and
commercial sectors, we simply need to identify them and implement Energy Conservation
Measures (ECMs), especially in the industrial and building sectors. This specifically highlights
the importance of implementing energy auditing across the board, initially to identify and
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subsequently to address the low hanging fruit.
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2 Executive Summary
The National Energy Efficiency & Conservation Authority (NEECA) is an attached Department
of Ministry of Water and Power and is the focal federal agency to capture the substantial
economic and environmental benefits available through energy conservation and efficiency
in all sectors of economy. NEECA has been encouraging industries and buildings to conduct
Energy Audits, which not only help in identification of various energy saving opportunities
but also establish a base to develop an organized reporting system pertaining to flow of
energy in the industry/building.
The target building - HITEC University Taxila (Academic and Secretariat Block). HITEC
University commenced its setup in 2007 by the HIT Education Welfare Trust with a vision to
be a bastion of academic excellence and citadel of ideological moorings, national integration
and socio – religious values. The University was granted Charter by the Government of the
Punjab in 2009.
2.1 Perceived Energy Audit Objectives
An energy audit is an inspection, survey and analysis of energy flows in a building, process or
system with the objective of understanding the energy dynamics of the system under study.
Typically, an energy audit is conducted to seek opportunities to reduce the amount of
energy input into the system without negatively affecting the outputs. Detailed Energy Audit
is a major tool for identifying low cost, medium cost and cost intensive energy conservation
opportunities in a facility. The Audit can be performed by an organization's own staff, or by
outside consultants or government organizations specialized in conducting energy audits.
The Detailed Energy Audit is often performed in two sequential phases: The Preliminary
Energy Audit, and the Detailed Energy Audit.
When the object of study is an occupied industry then reducing energy consumption while
maintaining or improving production rate health and safety of workers are of primary
concern. While in building energy audits, the nature of activities carried out in the buildings
and associated building systems are studied in order to enhance the energy efficiency of
different building systems to improve overall energy efficiency of the building and to reduce
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the carbon foot print and the kWh/m2 indicator.
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2.2 Energy Audit Activities
The HITEC University Taxila Building Energy Audit was divided into three phases i.e.
orientation, preliminary energy audit and detailed energy audit. Major activities conducted
in these phases are listed below:
i.
Orientation
Meeting with concerned officials
Briefing the management about Energy Audit
ii.
Preliminary Energy Audit
Familiarization with the work done in the building
Collection of required documents
Taking Brief notes on High Visibility Opportunities
Making a List of low hanging fruit
Highlighting areas requiring extensive study
Detailed Energy Audit
Measurements and Collection of Electrical Data
Luminaries and other Electrical appliances load Data.
Lux deliver test, Load energy consumption and wire insulation test
Analysis of collected data and enactment of useful information.
Recommendations and commentary on investment, low investment and
major investment measures with resultant payback calculations.
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Draft Report Compilation.
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iii.
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2.3 Challenges Encountered
The SI Team faced a few challenges during the course of this Building Energy Audit (BEA),
which are as follows:
Restricted movement due to daily student classes schedule causing delays.
More than one person acting as focal persons created problems in
communication.
The electric utility bills not being accurate in terms of proper units consumed
power factor and MDI were not included in the bills and did not provide an
accurate picture of the inductive energy consumption of the building.
2.4 Summary of BEA
The summarized detail of the energy audit findings and the perceived savings are given
below which will help in development of an effective energy efficient appliance replacement
program.
Floors
Ground
First Floor
Second Floor
Total
Appliances Connected Peak Load in Operational Condition (Watt Hours)
Total FloorTotal FloorAir
IT and Other
wise Load
wise Load
Lighting
Conditioning
Equipment
(Watt Hours) (Watt Hours)
Load
(Watt)
19,150
52,700
70,530
55,436+8,677 291,600+61,800 476,64+2,59,390
(64113)
(353400)
(307054)
142,390
1,281,510
724,567
6,521,103
93,888
10,800
75,328
182,223
1,640,007
168,474.00
355,100.00
146,398.00
444,879.00
4,003,911.00
Table 1: Summary of Total Connected Load of Academic Block
Appliances Connected Peak Load in Operational Condition (Watt Hours)
Ground
6480
First Floor
9409
Second Floor
16,530
Total
32,419.00
Air
Conditioning
Load
IT and Other
Equipment
Total Floor-wise
Load
(Watt Hours)
-,300
30060
Total Floorwise Load
(Watt)
75,140
56,620
108,329
974,961
428,000
14600
459,130
4,132,170
508,900.00
101,280.00
642,599.00
5,783,391.00
Table 2: Summary of Total Connected Load of Secretariat Block
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676,260
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Lighting
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Floors
3 HITEC UNIVERSITY ACADEMIC & SECERTRAITE BLOCK
characteristics and General operational Features
The building namely HITEC University Taxila commenced their setup in 2007 by the
HIT Education Welfare Trust with a vision to be a bastion of academic excellence and citadel
of ideological moorings, national integration and socio – religious values. The University was
granted Charter by the Government of the Punjab in 2009.
The Academic and Secretariat Block have:
1) Ground floor
2) First Floor
3) Second Floor
Load demand for HITEC University increased manifolds due to installation and usage of
additional electrical appliances especially in the office areas such as electric heaters, Coffee
makers, refrigerators, desktops and laptops etc. furthermore, due to increased occupancy
the cooling and heating loads also contributed to an increase of electrical load.
South-east and north-west walls are exposed to the sun in the morning and afternoon
respectively. It is a two story building with longer facades: N-S & E-W and fenestrations
towards N-S & E-W. Building is covered by shaded windows which are protected to some
extent from direct solar radiation.
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Figure 1: HITEC UNIVERSITY TAXILA (Building Perspective from the Aerial View)
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4 Energy Systems in HITEC UNIVERSITY Building
4.1 Electricity
Historical Electricity Bills Analysis
Bill Month (2016-17)
Elec Reading
KWH
Elect Unit
KWH
Elec Amount
Total Cost (Rs)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
-
-
-
-
Table 3: Historical Electrical Bills Analysis Academic Block
Elec Reading
KWH
Elect Unit
KWH
Elec Amount
Total Cost (Rs)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
-
-
-
-
Table 4: Historical Electrical Bills Analysis Secretariat Block
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Bill Month (2016-17)
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Historical Electricity Bills Analysis
5 Energy Audit Findings
As a part of the Energy Audit, the following building systems/areas were surveyed and
findings were recorded:
1.0
Historical Energy Bill Analysis
2.0
Lighting System
3.0
Lighting Controls
4.0
Equipment and Appliances installed in labs
5.0
Air-conditioning Units
5.1 Energy Efficiency and conservation opportunities
Each floor of Hitec University is covered by fluorescent tube lights which can be switched to
most efficient Light Emitting Diodes (LED) lamps.
5.2 Energy utilization
The bulk of electrical energy is consumed by Air-conditioning, office equipment and lighting.
Main applications of electrical energy include air-conditioning units, office equipment
including printers, heaters, photocopiers etc. as well as lighting fixtures. A month-wise table
of estimated electrical bills for the last 12 months and its graphical representation is already
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shared in section 4.1
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A Word on MDI Penalty
PEAK Vs. OFF-PEAK
Power consumption is typically represented by kilowatts or kW. Utility and power
distribution companies typically charge by kW, however, different rates apply to the time of
use – peak demand usage versus off-peak usage.
POWER FACTOR
A very important element in understanding energy use and distribution is the power factor
or, in simple terms, how much effort it takes to push electricity through a building or power
grid. The power factor indicates how efficiently a building accepts and uses electricity.
Power Factor = Active power/Apparent power = kW/kVA
= Active power/ (Active Power + Reactive Power)
= kW/ (kW + kVAr)
Higher kVAr indicates low power factor and vice versa. In electrical terms kW, kVA, and kVAr
are vectors and must be summed.
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Figure 02: Vector Diagram explaining power factor
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Power factor is the ratio of true power or Watts to apparent power or Volt Amps, so the
theoretical best value for a power factor is one (on a scale of zero to one). In an electric
power system, a load with a low power factor draws more current than a load with a high
power factor for the same amount of useful power transferred. The higher currents increase
the energy lost in the distribution system and require larger wires and other equipment.
Because of the costs of larger equipment and wasted energy, electrical utilities will usually
charge a higher cost to industrial or commercial customers where there is a low power
factor.
Based on the above explanation of electricity there are two kinds of loads i.e. Resistive
Loads (lights, water heaters, coil heaters, etc.) and Inductive Loads (anything which has a
motor viz. ceiling fan, water pump, air conditioners, refrigerators and so on). Resistive load
gets what they ask for. But inductive loads need extra current used up to create a magnetic
field which is like “froth” and is not really useful as it is not used for doing actual work. The
ratio between the “actual work” that you get and the total energy supplied by the utility is
called the power factor (PF).
If the power factor was 1 or close to 1 then a one HP motor would take one HP equivalent
power from the utility, but in reality it has to draw more energy from the utility so there is a
penalty for it, which is called Power Factor Penalty. And formula for power factor is defined
as:
PF = kW (kilo Watt)/kVA (kilo Volt Ampere)
Demand Charge and MDI penalty
When you sign up for commercial electricity connection from a utility grid company like
GEPCO, you have to specify the maximum ‘demand’ (in kVA) that you need. During any
given month if maximum demand is exceeded a penalty (or extra price) has to be paid for
the same. That is the MDI penalty that appears on the electricity bills. The MDI is the
maximum power value, usually the average of 15 minutes, reached during the billing period
(this average time may vary depending on the country). Once the value is higher than the
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contracted power, the customer will pay a penalty on the electricity bill
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Maximum Demand Calculation
The maximum demand value is the average from the instantaneous power (in kW or kVA)
during a defined time interval, usually every 15 minutes. There are different methods to
calculate this parameter:
Fixed window (Block window)
This is the maximum demand calculation during a defined interval (usually every 15
minutes). Once the data is obtained, the value is stored and it makes a reset to start a new
calculation for the next 15 minutes. This 4 registers will be measured every hour
Sliding Window
This is the maximum demand calculation during a defined interval (usually every 15
minutes). Once the data is obtained, it will wait one minute to start a new 15 minutes’
calculation. This means that every minute (this time can depend on the meter) it will record
one maximum demand value from the last 15-minute period. This 60 registers will be
measured every hour.
How can MDI penalty be avoided?
If the power factor is less than 1 one can improve the output kW per KVA supplied by
improving power factor as mentioned above. This ensures that you are not wasting
any kVA that is supplied to you by your utility.
Another option of avoiding MDI penalty is by shifting the peak load to a time of day
when other electrical load is lesser.
If more kW or kVA is being used than the grid utility sanctioned load then one either
needs to switch to more efficient appliances (i.e. the ones using less kWhs) so that
the total need matches demand, or if it is felt that already the most efficient
appliances are in use then one can request the utility company to increase the
maximum demand already allotted. If it is felt that increasing the sanctioned load
ceiling is not possible or difficult than Maximum Demand Control Equipment could
be utilised to automatically switch OFF non-essential loads on case based scenarios
for different times of the day. For example, the Circuitor® MDC 4 is perfect for those
installations which need a basic maximum demand control. Following some easy
configuration steps the user will define up to 4 maximum power levels to start
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disconnecting non-critical loads.
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Furthermore, MDC 4 incorporates an internal power analyser for the maximum
demand calculation (it also records electrical parameters such as voltage, current
and power). Every time MDC 4 detects a power excess, this will disconnect several
lines with non-critical loads, reducing automatically the instantaneous power. This
will ensure that the installation will not exceed the maximum demand limit, hence
avo12iding penalties on the next electricity bill
Figure 03: Operation method of MDC 4
Avoids maximum demand penalties
Avoids power peaks due to simultaneity
while connecting loads
Helps to adjust the contracted power to
the real situation
Manages up to 4 relay outputs
Built in power analyser
Internal clock for power synchronization
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Figure 04: MDC 4
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5.2.1 Luminaries
The bulk of illumination is provided by LED lamps, energy savers and Fluorescent Tube Lights
(FTLs).
LED lamp: Light-emitting diodes were the most used luminary in the building and
contributed 36% of total luminaries load. It is presently the most energy efficient luminary
source as its lifespan and electrical efficiency is significantly greater than incandescent and
fluorescent lamps. LED panels were the least used luminary source.
FTLs: Fluorescent Tube Lights (FTL’s) were the most used luminary in the building and
contributed to 57% of the total luminary load. FTLs are a low pressure mercury vapor gasdischarge lamp that use fluorescence to produce visible light. As compared to other
luminaries installed in HITEC University building, FTLs have the lowest lumens to watt ratio
and therefore they are the least energy efficient. FTLs contributing such a significant amount
to the luminary load is an area which requires attention as there is a lot of energy
conservation potential in it specially in trench area.
CFLs: Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) contributed to 8% of the total luminary load. CFL
use a tube which is curved or folded to fit into the space of an incandescent bulb and a
compact electronic ballast in the base of the lamp. Though these are considered quite
energy efficient, the new LED technology is gradually taking over as it is a higher lumen to
watt ratio and therefore it is more energy efficient.
The newer LED Panels come in round, square and rectangular shapes and in different sizes
and power denominations to suit every situation. The best part is that their prices have also
dropped significantly so as to be affordable by almost everyone.
Graphical representation of total installed lamps, luminary quantities vs total load and floor-
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wise summary of total luminary load has been shared below.
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Luminary Detail
Tube with Ballasts (20 Watts)
Tube with Ballasts (40 Watts)
Compact fluorescent light (24
Watts)
LED Light (13 Watts)
Total
SUMMARY - Installed Lamps Detail
Total
Consumption
Quantity Luminaries
per Lamp (W)
Load (W-
Hours
Used/Day
(H)
9.00
9.00
Total
Luminaries
Load (Wh-
28
182
5096.00
9.00
-
14
1640
-,492.00
9.00
-,428.00
Table 5: Summary of Total Installed Lights
TYPES OF LUMINARIES WITH
RESPECT TO LOAD IN WH
Tube with Ballasts (20 Watts)
11%
36%
Tube with Ballasts (40 Watts)
45%
8%
Compact fluorescent light
(24 Watts)
LED Light (13 Watts)
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Figure 05: Daily Energy Consumed by Luminaries (Watt hours)
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LUMINARIES QUANTITIES VS TOTAL
LIGHTING LOAD SUMMARY
Total Luminaries Load (W)
22960
LED Light (13 Watts)
Compact fluorescent light (24 Watts)
Tube with Ballasts (40 Watts)
Tube with Ballasts (20 Watts)
Quantity
-
-
Figure 06: Summary of Lighting Load
A study of the luminaries has been summed up in the following table:
Q No.
Question
1
What is the main technology type of majority of
luminaries installed on site?
2
How old are the luminaries in general?
3
Is natural light utilized?
4
How can natural light utilization be maximized?
Answer
FTLs & LEDs
No info
No
Increasing
Transparency
5
Is signage installed to remind the users to switch off
the lights when they are no longer needed?
6
Does the organisation have programmable lighting
(timers)?
7
How often is the luminary source cleaned?
8
Does the organisation have light dimming devices?
Are the lights connected to photoelectric/daylight
sensors or motion sensors to increase efficiency?
No
No info
No
No
17
Table 6: Summary of Luminary Details
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No
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5.2.1.1 Lighting controls
Lux levels were calculated at various locations where different office activities were being
performed, and results compared to the international standards. The lux levels varied
between 200 and 300 lux which is pretty reasonable and acceptable. However, rooms facing
the southern side had lux levels around 350 lux with the lights switched on and around 200
lux with the lights switched off. This was because the light from the sun directly enters these
rooms. This provides an energy saving opportunity if the lighting in these rooms is used
intelligently.
5.2.2 AC Units
Energy Audit findings show that total 158 ACs were installed. Inverter ACs are most efficient
ACs which can save 40% of the energy they have latest running technology based on soft
start and consume very less power as compare to non-inverter AC.
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.
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A tabular summary of generic questionnaire based on Air Conditioning and Building
Envelope has been collected is given below.
Air Conditioning Questionnaire
Q
No
-
Question
Answer
Is the air conditioning unit older than six years?
Does the AC have an economic cycle?
How often is it used?
How is it controlled?
At what temperature is the thermostat normally
set at?
How is the insulation?
Can the heat producing equipment in the room be
minimized?
In what timeframe does the maintenance of the
AC units take place?
How often service of air conditioning unit is done?
What is the condition of AC Blowers fans
regarding air pressure, directional throw?
When were the ACs last serviced
Are the evaporator fins straight to allow for
maximum air flow
Is the condenser unit free of obstruction to allow
for maximum ambient air flow
Is the condenser unit grills clean and free of dust,
insects etc.?
Mostly
No
dawn to dusk
Remote
22 degree Celsius
perfect
Yes. Electric kettle, Coffee maker and
microwave oven produce heat.
monthly
monthly
perfect
yes
yes
Yes
Table 07: Air Conditioning Questionnaire
Building Envelope Questionnaire
Question
What type of luminaries are installed in building?
How old are luminaries in general?
Is there natural light been utilized?
4
How can natural light utilization be maximized?
5
Is there any programmable lighting (timers)?
Are the light sources connected to multiple switches or a single switch
to control them all?
Table 08: Building Envelope Questionnaire
FTL, LED few CFL
Partially
Increasing
transparency
No
Yes multiple
switches
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Answer
19
Q
No.
1
2
3
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6 Energy Conservation & Maintenance Opportunities
6.1 Recommendations with Conservation Estimates & ROI
6.1.1 Luminaries
As mentioned in the previous chapter, most common luminary used in terms of load were
FTLs. Even though FTLs are energy efficient, they are now being replaced by a more
advanced LED technology is significantly more efficient.
Working regarding the replacement of FTLs is shown in the tables below.
Type of Equipment
Wattage
(Watts)
Qty
Hours
Used
(H)
Power
used
per Day
(kWh)
Electricity
Cost/kWh
(Rs) incl.
taxes &
penalties
Electricity
Cost per
Day (Rs)
Electricity
Cost per
Year (250
days) - (Rs)
FTL with ballasts
(20 W)
26
276
9
64.584
23
1485.43
-
FTL with ballasts
(40W)
60
471
9
254.34
23
5849.82
-
Table 9: Most common luminaries
As a result, such a wide scale usage of FTLs is not recommended during the current times.
However, to keep the budget under control, rather than replacing the entire legacy lighting
at once a policy may be considered whereby all the FTL’s luminaries that fail should be
replaced by a newer technology LED Lights. By this way over a certain period of time all the
luminaries will be replaced. Considering the relatively smaller useful lives of FTLs the change
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Could happen in less than 2 years.
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Replacing FTL Tube Light (20W) with LED Panel
Hours
Wattage
Quantity Used
(Watts)
(H)
Type of Equipment
FTL panel Tube Light (80W)
LED Panel(40W)
100
69
9
42
69
9
Power Electricity
Electricity
used Cost/KWh Electricity
Cost per
per
(Rs) incl.
Cost per
Year (264
Day
taxes &
Day (Rs)
days) - (Rs)
(kWh) penalties
-
Difference
23
1428.3
376,992
23
600.00
158,400
218,592.00
36.02
828
Table 10(a): Replacing FTL Tube Light (18W) with LED Panel light
If all the FTLs Tube Light of 20 watts are being replaced by newer technology LED Lights of
40 watts then a tremendous amount of energy can be conserved as shown in table 10(a).
After calculating the total cost for the procurement and installation of new LED Luminaries it
has been analyzed that return of investment is within 3 years which is a satisfying figure.
Return of Investment
Total Cost for Procurement and Installation of high Quality LED
Panels (Rs)
ROI (Years)
483,000.00
2.20
Table 10(b): ROI Calculation
Graphical Comparison of FTL (18W) vs LED Panel Light has been shown below in figure 44
for an easy and clear understanding of the saving potential.
FTL TUBE LIGHT (20 W) VS LED PANEL
LIGHT
600
Electricity Cost per Day (Rs)
-
Power used per Day (kWh)
-
LED Panel(40W)
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
FTL panel Tube Light (80W)
Figure 07: Graphical Comparison of FTL (18W) vs LED Panel Light
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0
Page
Wattage (Watts)
Replacing FTL Tube light (40W) with LED Tube Light
Power
used
per
Day
(kWh)
Hours
Wattage
Quantity Used
(Watts)
(H)
Type of Equipment
Electricity
Cost/KWh Electricity
(Rs) incl.
Cost per
taxes &
Day (Rs)
penalties
Electricity
Cost per
Year (264
days) - (Rs)
FTL Tube Light (40W)
60
471
9
254.34
23
5850.00
1,544,400.00
LED T-8 Tube Light (22W)
24
471
9
102
23
2346.00
619,344.00
3,504.00
925,056.00
Difference
152.34
Table 11(a): Replacing FTL Tube Light (18W) with LED Panel
Similarly, same can be implemented for all the FTLs Tube Light of 20 watts if they are being
replaced by newer technology LED Tube Lights T-8 of 24 watts then a huge amount of
energy can be well-preserved as shown in table 11(a).
After calculating the total cost for the procurement and installation of new LED Luminaries it
has been analyzed that return of investment is within 2 years which is a substantial figure.
Return of Investment
Total Cost for Procurement and Installation of high Quality LED Panels
(Rs)
ROI (Years)
635,850.00
1.45
Table 11(b): ROI Calculation
For an easy understanding of the saving potential in replacing FTLs of 40 watts a graphical
comparison of FTL (40W) vs LED Light has been shown in figure 45 which is depicting
electricity cost per day and power consumption by both luminaries.
FTL (40W) VS LED TUBE LIGHT
2346
Electricity Cost per Day (Rs)
5850
102
Power used per Day (kWh)
-
Wattage (Watts)
60
2000
LED T-8 Tube Light (22W)
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
FTL Tube Light (40W)
Figure 08: Graphical Comparison of FTL (40W) vs LED Tube Light
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22
1000
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Replacing CFL (24W) with LED Bulb
Type of Equipment
CFL (24W)
LED Bulb (12W)
Wattage
(Watts)
Quantity
Hours
Used
(H)
28
182
9
13
182
9
Difference
Power
used
per
Day
(kWh)
Electricity
Cost/KWh
(Rs) incl.
taxes &
penalties
Electricity
Cost per
Day (Rs)
Electricity
Cost per
Year (264
days) - (Rs)
-
23
1055.00
278,520.00
23
490.00
129,-,160.00
24.57
565.00
Table 12(a): Replacing CFL with LED bulb
Similarly, same can be implemented for all the CFLs of 24 watts if they are being replaced by
newer technology LED bulb of 12 watts then a huge amount of energy can be wellpreserved as shown in table 12(a).
After calculating the total cost for the procurement and installation of new LED Luminaries it
has been analyzed that return of investment is within 2 years which is a substantial figure.
Return of Investment
Total Cost for Procurement and Installation of high Quality LED Panels
(Rs)
ROI (Years)
-
1.41
Table 12(b): Replacing CFL with LED bulb
Graphical Comparison of CFL (24W) vs LED bulb has been shown below in figure 44 for an
easy and clear understanding of the saving potential.
CFL (24W) VS LED BULB
490
Electricity Cost per Day (Rs)
1055
Quantity
-
200
400
LED Bulb (12W)
600
800
1000
1200
CFL (24W)
Figure 09: Graphical Comparison of CFL (24W) vs LED bulb Light
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23
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Power used per Day (kWh)
6.1.2 AC Units
As mentioned in the previous chapter non-inverter type ACs contributed a huge chunk to
the air-conditioning electrical load. The following tables show a technical and financial
comparison between inverter ACs and non-inverters ACs and a working calculating the ROI if
the existing ACs are replaced by inverter type ACs.
1Ton Replacing Split type non Inverter AC's with Split-Type Inverter AC's
Power
Quantity Hours used Electricity Electricity
Wattage
in Terms Used
per
Cost/kWh Cost per
(Watts)
of Ton
(H)
Day
(Rs)
Day (Rs)
(kWh)
Type of AC
Split-Type
(non-inverter)
Split-Type (Inverter)
-
Electricity
Cost per
Year (120
days) - (Rs)
26
6
218.4
23
5,023.2
602,760.00
26
6
156
23
3,588.00
430,560.00
1,435.2
172,200.00
Difference
62.4
Table 13(a): Suggested replacement of split type 1-Ton non-inverter AC’s with split-type
inverter AC’s
Return of Investment
Total Cost for
Installation of SplitType inverter AC's
with split type nonROI (Years)
inverter AC's
Adjusted in Price
(Rs)
1,066,-
Table 13(b): ROI Calculation
1.5Ton Replacing Split type non Inverter AC's with Split-Type Inverter AC's
Split-Type
(non-inverter)
Split-Type (Inverter)
-
Difference
76
6
866.4
23
19927.2
-
76
6
775.2
23
17829.6
-
2097.6
251,712.00
91.2
Table 14(a): Suggested replacement of split type 1.5-ton non-inverter AC’s with split-type
inverter AC’s
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24
Type of AC
Power
Electricity
used Electricity Electricity
Cost per
per
Cost/kWh Cost per
Year (120
Day
(Rs)
Day (Rs)
days) - (Rs)
(kWh)
Page
Quantity Hours
Wattage
in Terms Used
(Watts)
of Ton
(H)
Return of Investment
Total Cost for
Installation of SplitType inverter AC's
with split type nonROI (Years)
inverter AC's
Adjusted in Price
(Rs)
4,408,-
Table 14(b): ROI Calculation
2Ton Replacing Split type non Inverter AC's with Split-Type Inverter AC's
Quantity Hours
Wattage
in Terms Used
(Watts)
of Ton
(H)
Type of AC
Split-Type
(non-inverter)
Split-Type (Inverter)
-
Difference
Power
used Electricity Electricity
per
Cost/kWh Cost per
Day
(Rs)
Day (Rs)
(kWh)
Electricity
Cost per
Year (120
days) - (Rs)
46
6
662.4
23
15235.2
-
46
6
579.6
23
13330.8
-
1,904.4
228,528.00
82.8
Table 15(a): Suggested replacement of split type 2-Ton non-inverter AC’s with split-type
inverter AC’s
Return of Investment
Total Cost for
Installation of SplitType inverter AC's
with split type nonROI (Years)
inverter AC's
Adjusted in Price
(Rs)
3,358,-
Table 15(b): ROI Calculation
Cost for the procurement of 1T inverter AC’s has been calculated of 53,000 PKR and selling
price of non-inverter 1Ton AC’s at price of 12,000 PRPS so the total difference comes out to
be 41,000 PKR.
Cost for the procurement of 1.5 Ton inverter AC’s has been calculated of 75,000 PKR and
selling price of non-inverter 2Ton AC’s at price of 17,000 PRPS so the total difference comes
selling price of non-inverter 2Ton AC’s at price of 22,000 PRPS so the total difference comes
out to be 73,000 PKR.
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Page
Cost for the procurement of 2 Ton inverter AC’s has been calculated of 95,000 PKR and
25
out to be 58,000 PKR.
6.1.3 Building Envelope/ventilation
Thermal insulation in buildings is an important factor to achieving thermal comfort for its
occupants. Insulation reduces unwanted heat loss or gain and can decrease the energy
demands of heating and cooling systems. It does not necessarily deal with issues of
adequate ventilation and may or may not affect the level of sound insulation. In a narrow
sense insulation can just refer to the insulation materials employed to slow heat loss, such
as: cellulose, glass wool, rock wool, polystyrene, urethane foam, vermiculite, perlite, wood
fiber, plant fiber (cannabis, flax, cotton, cork, etc.), recycled cotton denim, plant straw,
animal fiber (sheep's wool), cement, and earth or soil, Reflective Insulation (also known as
Radiant Barrier) but it can also involve a range of designs and techniques to address the
main modes of heat transfer - conduction, radiation and convection materials. Many of the
materials in this list deal with heat conduction and convection by the simple expedient of
trapping large amounts of air (or other gas) in a way that results in a material that employs
the low thermal conductivity of small pockets of gas, rather than the much higher
conductivity of typical solids.
(A similar gas-trapping principle is used in animal hair, down feathers, and in air-containing
insulating fabrics).
The effectiveness of Reflective Insulation (Radiant Barrier) is commonly evaluated by the
Reflectivity (Emittance) of the surface with airspace facing to the heat source.
Page
26
The effectiveness of bulk insulation is commonly evaluated by its R-value, of which there are
two - metric (SI) and US customary, the former being 0.176 times the latter. For attics, it is
recommended that it should be at least R-38 (US customary, R-6.7 metric). However, an Rvalue does not take into account the quality of construction or local environmental factors
for each building. Construction quality issues include inadequate vapor barriers, and
problems with draft-proofing. In addition, the properties and density of the insulation
material itself is critical.
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6.1.4 Electrical Safety
Precautions must be taken to protect workers from electric shock, electrocution, fires and
explosions.
Precautions when using power
Safeguards for electrical supply
Temporary supply switchboards
Electrical equipment inspection
Underground and overhead power lines
Fitting insulation under a suspended floor.
Precautions when using power on a building site include:
Do not overload circuits
Do not used damaged flexible extension cords
Keep flexible extension cords away from sharp edges
Do not use electrical equipment in wet conditions
Use equipment suitable for the working environment, e.g. cordless tools for damp
conditions.
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27
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SHARIF INTERNATIONAL
RENEWABLE ENERGY | ENERGY CONSERVATION | CONSULTING
6.1.5 General Recommendations
The recommendations regarding the general observations mentioned in the previous
chapter are as follows:
The distribution boards should be tagged. This would not only help in identifying the
location of the distribution board but it would save time in troubleshooting process.
Some voltmeter and ammeter of distribution panels are not working properly, in
order to speed up the troubleshooting process these meters should be fixed as soon
as possible.
Solar Geysers should be installed in order to conserve natural gas and attain
maximum from solar energy.
Insulate the building properly by covering leakages so that the heat loss is reduced.
Desktop should set on sleeping mode if it is not in use.
Tint the windows so that it provides protection from heat in summers.
Indoor and outdoor vegetation should be planted to combat the rising temperature
and also to provide much needed fresh air for the labour.
Regularly have the walls whitewashed as it increases light refraction and also helps
in fending off heat.
Set cut-off dates for the use of AC’s. This would ensure that AC’s are not used.
Educate the employees regarding energy conservation by setting up a formal energy
conservation plan.
Install signage boards in halls reminding the staff to use energy more intelligently.
Make a committee of energy management staff assigning them the task of energy
saving.
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