Adegoke Musa Olatunji

BARRIERS TO SAFETY PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION IN AEROSPACE INDUSTRY Chapter 4: Results and Analysis 4.1 Introduction This chapter presents the findings of the survey conducted to explore barriers to safety program implementation in aerospace industry from the perspectives of industry professionals. The analysis encompasses various forms of barriers such as technical barriers/obstacles, human barriers/obstacles, management commitment, safety training, and supply chain management. 4.2 Participant Demographics Before delving into the survey results, it is essential to provide an overview of the demographic characteristics of the participants. Table 4.2 summarizes key demographic variables such as education level, years of field experience, work place and safety position. Table 4.2 shows the participants demographics. It indicated that with reference to educational qualification, majority of the respondents 107(35.7%) were holders of Bachelor and Diploma Degrees. Very few 8(2.7%) had Ph.D. As for the year of field experience, majority of the respondents 110(36.7%) had 7-10 years of field experience, followed by 75 (25%) who had Above 10 years of experience, only few 48(16%) had 3-5 years of field experience. The table shows further the places of work of the respondents. It indicated that most of the respondents 106 (35.3%) were from Southern Province, followed 98(32.7%) who work Eastern Province among others. Lastly, the table shows the safety position of the respondents and revealed that about two-third 195(65%) were Technicians, 26(8.7%) were Safety Consultant and 23(7.7%) were Senior Managers among others. 4.2 Participant Demographics VARIABLES SUB-VARIABLES FREQUENCY PERCENT Education level: مستوى التعليم PhD 8 2.7 Master Degree 39 13.0 Bachelor Degree 107 35.7 Diploma Degree 107 35.7 Other Degree 39 13.0 Total- Field Experience: الخبرة الفعلية 3-5 years (3 level) 48 16.0 5-7 years (5 level) 32 10.7 7-10 years (7 level ) 110 36.7 Above 10 years (9 level) 75 25.0 Maintenance Officer 35 11.7 Total- Work place: مكان العمل Central Province 28 9.3 Eastern Province 98 32.7 Northern Province 21 7.0 Southern Province 106 35.3 Western Province 21 7.0 Other 26 8.7 Total- Safety Position: منصب السلامة Director of Safety 21 7.0 Safety Consultant 26 8.7 Safety Project Manager 16 5.3 Senior Manager 23 7.7 Site Engineer 19 6.3 Technician 195 65.0 Total- Safety Awareness: المعرفة بإجراءات السلامة Table 4.3 showed the knowledge of safety procedure among the respondents. It indicated that about half of the respondents 156 (52%) had high knowledge of safety procedure, 90(30%) had moderate knowledge while only 2(0.7) had no knowledge of safety procedure. Table 4.3: Knowledge of Safety Procedure Variables Frequency Percent Total 47 15.7 High 156 52.0 Moderate 90 30.0 Low 5 1.7 None 2 0.7 Total- Research Question One: What are the technical barriers that impede the implementation of safety programs in the aerospace industry? Table 4.4 revealed the perception of the respondents on the technical barriers that impede the implementation of safety programs in the aerospace industry. Out of the 300 respondents, 36 and 126 strongly agreed and agreed that modern aircraft and airport systems are complex, making it challenging to ensure every component is fail-safe. 56 and 165 out of the 300 respondents equally strongly agreed and agreed that different manufacturers might use different technologies or standards, which may not always be compatible. Last, of the respondents 65 and 135 supported that not all aviation stakeholders have access to or can afford the latest technology, leading to gaps in safety measures. Table 4.4 Technical Barriers: العوائق التقنية S/N Statement SD D N A SA 1 Do you agree that modern aircraft and airport systems are complex, making it challenging to ensure every component is fail-safe? هل توافق على أن الطائرات وأنظمة المطارات الحديثة معقدة، مما يجعل ضمان سلامة اجراءات الصيانة (تغيير القطع) تحديا ؟- Do you agree that different manufacturers might use different technologies or standards, which may not always be compatible? هل توافق على أن الشركات المصنعة المختلفة قد تستخدم تقنيات أو معايير مختلفة، والتي قد لا تكون دائما متوافقة؟- Do you agree that not all aviation stakeholders have access to or can afford the latest technology, leading to gaps in safety measures? هل توافق على أنه لا يستطيع جميع أصحاب المصلحة في مجال الطيران الوصول إلى أحدث التقنيات، أو أنهم غير قادرين على تحمل تكاليفها، مما يؤدي إلى وجود ثغرات في إجراءات السلامة؟- Research Question Two: What are the human factors contributing to challenges in safety program implementation within aerospace operations? Table 4.5 showed the human factors contributing to challenges in safety program implementation within aerospace operations. It revealed that out of the 300 respondents in this study, 120 and 104 were in support of the position that regardless of how advanced technology becomes, the potential for human error remains due to misjudgment, fatigue, poor decision-making, or lack of training. Of the respondents 57 and 89 respondents agree that once certain safety measures are in place, there can be a tendency to become complacent and believe that no further action or vigilance is necessary. Similarly, 65 and 172 respondents were of the view that that people can be resistant to new procedures or technologies, especially if they don’t understand the benefits or if it complicates their routines. Lastly, majority of the respondents 192 and 92 accepted that miscommunication between departments, crews, or with air traffic control (ATC) can pose significant risks. Table 4.5: Human Barriers: العوائق البشرية S/N Statement SD D N A SA 1 Do you agree that regardless of how advanced technology becomes, the potential for human error remains due to misjudgment, fatigue, poor decision-making, or lack of training? هل توافق على أنه بغض النظر عن مدى تقدم التكنولوجيا، فإن إمكانية حدوث أخطاء بشرية لا تزال قائمة بسبب الخطأ في التقدير، التعب والاجهاد ، اتخاذ قرارات سيئة ،أو نقص التدريب؟- Do you agree that once certain safety measures are in place, there can be a tendency to become complacent and believe that no further action or vigilance is necessary? هل توافق على أنه بمجرد توفر بعض إجراءات السلامة، قد ينشأ توجه للرضا الذاتي والاعتقاد بأنه لا حاجة لاتخاذ إجراءات إضافية كالحيطة والحذر والمتابعة اللازمة؟- Do you agrees that people can be resistant to new procedures or technologies, especially if they don’t understand the benefits or if it complicates their routines? هل توافق على أن الأشخاص قد يكونون مقاومين للإجراءات أو التقنيات الجديدة، خاصةً إذا لم يتم فهم الفائدة المرجوة من ذلك أو سبب لهم تغيير في الاجراءات التي تم التعود على العمل بها ؟- Do you agree that miscommunication between departments, crews, or with air traffic control (ATC) can pose significant risks? هل توافق على أن عدم التواصل الفعال بين الأجنحة والأقسام ،الأطقم الجوية والفنية، السيطرة الجوية (البرج و الرادار)، يمكن أن يشكل مخاطر كبيرة؟- Research Question Three: What management-related obstacles hinder the effective implementation of safety programs in the aerospace sector? Table 4.6 showed the management-related obstacles that hinder the effective implementation of safety programs in the aerospace sector. The table revealed that out of the 300 respondents, 60 and 149 strongly agreed and agreed respectively that comprehensive safety programs can be expensive, and some organizations might prioritize short-term financial gains over long-term safety investments. Of the respondents, 72 and 148 also supported that introduction of new safety measures might be slowed by red tape or internal politics in large organization. Lastly, 71 and 160 respondents accepted that there might exist a culture that doesn’t prioritize safety or that discourages reporting or addressing safety in industry, Tabe 4.6: Management Commitment: إدارة الإلتزام S/N Statement SD D N A SA 1 Do you agree that comprehensive safety programs can be expensive, and some organizations might prioritize short-term financial gains over long-term safety investments? هل توافق على أن البرامج الشاملة للسلامة يمكن أن تكون مكلفة، وقد تعطي بعض المؤسسات الأولوية للمكاسب المالية على المدى القصير على حساب الاستثمارات في السلامة على المدى الطويل؟- Do you agree that in large organizations, the introduction of new safety measures might be slowed by red tape or internal politics? هل توافق على أنه في المؤسسات الكبيرة، قد يتم تأخيرتنفيذ إجراءات السلامة الجديدة بسبب الإجراءات الإدارية المعقدة أو السياسات الداخلية؟- Do you agree that in some organizations, there might exist a culture that doesn’t prioritize safety or that discourages reporting or addressing safety issues? هل توافق على أنه في بعض المؤسسات قد تكون هناك ثقافة لا تعطي الأولوية للسلامة أو تقديم التقارير أو معالجة قضايا السلامة؟- Table 4.7 revealed the safety training in the aerospace industry. It showed that all the statements were strongly supported by majority of the respondents. 71 and 150 out of the 300 respondents affirmed that comprehensive safety training often requires significant financial, time, and personnel investments, and organizations may be hesitant to allocate sufficient resources, particularly if they don't immediately see the ROI. Out the respondents, 173 and 107 testified that rapid evolution of aerospace technology means that training content must be continuously updated, and there's a risk of training employees on outdated practices or technologies if not updated. Majority of the respondents, 164 and 113 strongly agreed that shortage of expert trainers can impede safety training, and operational pressures can face resistance from management or team leads for training. Lastly, significant number of the respondents, 78 and 172 confirmed that in environments driven by tight schedules and performance metrics, taking employees out of their regular tasks for training can face resistance from management or team leads. Research Question: What challenges are associated with safety training in the aerospace industry? Tabe 4.7: Safety Training: تدريب السلامة S/N Statement SD D N A SA 1 Do you agree that comprehensive safety training often requires significant financial, time, and personnel investments, and organizations may be hesitant to allocate sufficient resources, particularly if they don't immediately see the ROI? هل توافق على أن التدريب الشامل على السلامة يتطلب غالباً استثمارات مالية وزمنية وبشرية كبيرة، وقد تكون المؤسسات مترددة في تخصيص موارد كافية ، خاصة إذا لم ترى عائد الاستثمار على الفور؟- Do you agree that the rapid evolution of aerospace technology means that training content must be continuously updated, and there's a risk of training employees on outdated practices or technologies if not updated? هل توافق على أن التطورالسريع لتكنولوجيا الطيران والفضاء يعني أن محتوى التدريب يجب أن يتم تحديثه بشكل مستمر، وأن هناك إمكانية حدوث خطرإذا تم تدريب الموظفين على ممارسات أو تقنيات قديمة لم يتم تحديثها؟- Do you agree that a shortage of expert trainers can impede safety training, and operational pressures can face resistance from management or team leads for training? هل توافق على أن نقص المدربين المتخصصين (ذوي الكفاءة العالية) يمكن أن يعرقل تدريب السلامة، وأن الضغوط التشغيلية يمكن أن تواجه مقاومة من الإدارة أو قادة الفرق بالنسبة للتدريب؟- Do you agree that in environments driven by tight schedules and performance metrics, taking employees out of their regular tasks for training can face resistance from management or team leads? هل توافق على أنه في البيئات التي تتسم بالجداول الزمنية الضيقة ومعاييرالأداء، قد يواجه إبقاء الموظفين بعيدين عن مهامهم العادية للتدريب مقاومة من الإدارة أو قادة الفرق؟- Supply Chain Management | إدارة سلاسل الإمداد Research Question: How do supply chain management practices impact the implementation of safety programs in the aerospace sector? S/N Statement SD D N A SA 1 Do you agree that fostering strong partnerships with suppliers and subcontractors, ensuring they have a robust safety management system in place, is crucial for supply chain safety? هل توافق على أن تعزيز الشراكات القوية مع الموردين والمقاولين الفرعيين، وضمان وجود نظام قوي لإدارة السلامة لديهم، أمر حاسم لسلامة سلسلة التوريد؟- Do you agree that it is important to clearly communicate safety requirements and expectations to suppliers, providing them with the necessary information and resources to meet those requirements? هل توافق على أنه من المهم أن نوضح متطلبات السلامة وتوقعاتها للموردين، وتزويدهم بالمعلومات والموارد اللازمة لتلبية تلك المتطلبات؟- Do you agree Overstocking or understocking of safety-critical parts can impact maintenance schedules and the timely implementation of safety programs. هل توافق على أن وجود مخزون زائد أو ناقص لقطع الغيار الحرجة يمكن أن يؤثر على جداول الصيانة وتنفيذ برامج السلامة في الوقت المناسب؟- Do you agree that the aerospace supply chain often involves many tiers of suppliers, each with their own quality standards, safety cultures, and practices, making it challenging to ensure consistent safety standards across such a varied group? هل توافق على أن سلسلة التوريد في مجال الطيران غالباً تشمل عدة طبقات من الموردين، وكل طبقة لديها معايير جودة وثقافات وممارسات سلامة خاصة بها، مما يجعل من التحدي ضمان توفر معايير سلامة متسقة عبر هذه المجموعة المتنوعة؟- Do you agree that measuring the effectiveness of safety training isn't always straightforward, and continuous learning opportunities, refresher courses, and updates are crucial but might be overlooked? هل توافق على أن قياس فعالية التدريب على السلامة ليس دائماً بسيطًا، وأن فرص التعلم المستمر والدورات التحديثية والتحديثات الدورية ضرورية ولكن قد يتم تجاهلها؟- Do you agree that a lack of continuous learning opportunities, including refresher courses and updates, can be overlooked but is crucial for effective training? هل توافق على أن غياب فرص التعلم المستمر، بما في ذلك الدورات التحديثية والتحديثات، قد يتم تجاهله ولكنه ضروري لتحقيق تدريب فعال؟- Table: 1.2.3 shows the pairwise comparison matrix of a ll Dimensions provided by each expert. T1 DM1 TB HB MC ST SCM Eigen value TB 1 2 1/- HB 1/2 1 1/- MC- ST 1/3 1/2 1/- SCM 1/8 1/4 1/9 1/- Λ max =- CR =- CI =- RI =1.24 DM 1: Decision Maker 1; TB: Technical Barriers; HB: Human Barriers; MC: Management Commitment; ST: Safety Training; SCM: Supply Chain Management T2: pairwise comparison matrix of all Dimensions provided by each expert. DM2 TB HB MC ST SCM Eigen value TB 1 2 1/- HB 1/2 1 1/5 1/- MC- ST 1/3 2 1/- SCM 1/9 1/4 1/9 1/- 2 4 1/- Λ max =- CR =0.04191 CI = 0.05254 RI =1.24 DM 2: Decision Maker 2; TB: Technical Barriers; HB: Human Barriers; MC: Management Commitment; ST: Safety Training; SCM: Supply Chain Management T3: pairwise comparison matrix of all Dimensions provided by each expert. DM3 TB HB MC ST SCM Eigen value TB 1 2 1/- HB 1/2 1 1/5 1/- MC- ST 1/3 2 1/- SCM 1/8 1/4 1/8 1/- Λ max =- CR =0.04388 CI =- RI =1.24 DM 3: Decision Maker 3; TB: Technical Barriers; HB: Human Barriers; MC: Management Commitment; ST: Safety Training; SCM: Supply Chain Management Table 4,5,6,7 shows the Synthesize values of Pairwise Comparison for main Dimension by all three Decision Makers T4: Synthesizing of pairwise comparison of SCM dimension SCM1 SCM2 SCM3 SCM4 Eigen value Rank SCM- SCM2 1/- SCM3 1/2 1/- SCM-/- Λ max = 4.12 CR =- CI = 0.04 RI =0.9 Table 4,5,6,7 shows the Synthesize values of Pairwise Comparison for main Dimension by all three Decision Makers T5: Synthesizing of pairwise comparison of MC dimension MC1 MC2 MC3 Eigen value Rank MC1 1 1/- MC- MC3 ½ 1/- Λ max =- CR =- CI =- RI =0.58 Table 4,5,6,7 shows the Synthesize values of Pairwise Comparison for main Dimension by all three Decision Makers T6: Synthesizing of pairwise comparison of ST dimension ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 ST5 Eigen value Rank ST1 1 ¼ 1/2 1/- ST2 4 1 3 2 ½- ST3 2 1/3 1 1/2 1/- ST4 2 1/2 2 1 1/- ST- Λ max =- CR =- CI =- RI =1.12 Table 4,5,6,7 shows the Synthesize values of Pairwise Comparison for main Dimension by all three Decision Makers T7: Synthesizing of pairwise comparison of TB dimension TB1 TB2 TB3 Eigen value Rank TB- TB2 1/- TB3 1/2 1/- Λ max =- CR =- CI =- RI =0.9 Aggregation of Judgement Table 8,9 shows the aggregated synthesize value of main Dimensions after calculating using geometric mean method. T8: Synthesizing of dimensions after aggregation Dimension Eigen value TB- HB- MC- ST- SCM- Λ max = 6.19 CR =- CI = 0.03874 RI = 1.24 Table 9 shows the aggregated synthesize value of main Dimensions after calculating using geometric mean method. Dimension Factors Local weight Consistency indicator Consistency Check Value HB HB- Λ 4.12 HB- CR 0.0444 HB- CI 0.04 HB- RI 0.9 MC MC- Λ- MC- CR- MC- CI- RI 0.58 ST ST- Λ- ST- CR- ST- CI- ST- RI 1.12 ST- TB TB- Λ- TB- CR- TB- CI- RI 1.12 SCM SCM- Λ- SCM- CR- SCM- CI- SCM- RI 0.9 Ranking Table 10: The overall weights and rankings are shown in Dimension Dimension Wt Factors Local weight Global weight Rank HB - HB- HB- HB- HB- MC- MC- MC- MC- ST- ST- ST- ST- ST- ST- TB - TB- TB- TB- TB- SCM- SCM- SCM- SCM- SCM-