A Dhanya Mohanen

KERALA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY VELLANIKKARA, THRISSUR-680656 KERALA, INDIA 2017 Mission KERALA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY VELLANIKKARA, THRISSUR- COLLEGE OF CO-OPERATION, BANKING AND MANAGEMENT B.SC. (HONS.) CO-OPERATION BANKING AND MANAGEMENT REPORT ON WEP 4101-WORK EXPERIENCE PROGRAMME IN CO-OPERATION, BANKING AND MANAGEMENT Theme: Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development (Funded by: State Planning Board, Kerala & ICAR, New Delhi) KERALA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY VELLANIKKARA, THRISSUR- FOREWARD The final semester of B.Sc. (Hons.) Co-operation and Banking is earmarked exclusively for work experience program. As part of this each student had undergone an Orientation Programme, Entrepreneurial Development Programme, Field Training ,Village Stay Programme and in-depth project work on an organizational/ managerial/ operational problem of a leading institution in the agribusiness/ cooperative/rural development/ banking/financial services sector and submitted a project report under the guidance of a faculty. The programme enabled the students to acquire the skills of conceptualizing a research problem, formulating a research design, collecting, analyzing and interpreting data and organizing the findings in the form of a report. It comprises of important implications and policy suggestions. I am sure that it will serve the purpose well and the students, teachers and the beneficiaries will find it quite useful and informative. Associate Dean CCBM KAU PREFACE The Work Experience Programme of B.Sc.(Hons.) C&B is unique by design and it is usually conducted in the final semester. The WEP of 2013 admission is funded by the State Planning Board, Kerala and ICAR, New Delhi. The entire WEP is designed in such a way that focusing on the theme “Sustainable Agricultural and Rural Development.” Accordingly it comprises of five modules viz. Orientation Programme, Entrepreneurial Development Programme, Field Training, Village Stay Programme and Project Module. In all the said modules sincere and honest attempt has been made to explore the linkages, co-ordination, barricades in all the verticals of value chain along with possible solutions and brought out in the form of report. Village Stay Programme module is one of the direct hands on field experience to the students. The VSP conducted in Pattithara Panchayat, Palakkad. Students experimented Participatory Rural Appraisal methods, Socio-economic survey and came out with participants led suggestions to strengthen the value chain of agricultural commodity and very specifically focused on paddy and vegetables. The students have also done individual project on Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development, Value chain of different agricultural commodities, financial performance of co-operatives and financial inclusion. The report on this module comprised of brief summary along with prescribed policy suggestions. We strongly believe that the report will greatly serve as valuable inputs for the State Planning Board on devising future agriculture policy of the State and Preparation of location specific, clientele specific schemes at the micro level. We have also been very fortunate to have our esteemed contributors of this report, all the faculty of CCBM, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara. We willingly give them credit for this, but we also hold them blameless for any shortcomings. To bring out this report many more people helped us and the list is endless. To them all, we give our big thanks. At last but not the least we would also thank The Vice Chancellor, The Director of Research, The Director of Extension, The Dean (Faculty of Agriculture), The Comptroller, Kerala Agricultural University and State Planning Board, Kerala and ICAR, New Delhi for giving us this great opportunity and we also expect the same in near future batches too. Dr. R. Sendil Kumar RAWE Officer ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Firstly we bow with infinite gratitude before the Almighty GOD for all his blessings and graces showered upon us throughout our academic life. The Zenith of our dream in achieving the culmination of our Work Experience Programme owes to State Planning Board without which our project might not have reached the targeted success. We bestow our abyssal indebtedness and gratefulness to our respective guides, for their valuable guidance, tremendous support and valueless patience during the course of project work, even in the midst of their busy schedules. Though words cannot express our utmost gratefulness to them, we feel heaven to place our boundless gratitude unreserved for them always. We reckon our deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to all the institutions such as Panchayat, Krishi Bhavan, Non-Governmental Organisations, Commercial banks, Co-operative institutions, Agri-business Organisations, Commodity board, VFPCK of selected districts and project specific & various research institutions under KAU for providing us with nutritious in formations which were relevant throughout our WEP. We express our heart full thanks to all the officials & residents of Pattitthara Panchayat for their tremendous support given during our Village Stay programme. Students of 2013 Admission CONTENTS SL. CONTENTS PAGE NO: NO MODULE 1 1 1-4 ORIENTATION PROGRAMME MODULE 2 2 5-24 EDP MODULE3 3 25-111 FIELD TRAINING MODULE4 4 112-134 VILLAGE STAY PROGRAMME MODULE 5 5 135-193 PROJECT REPORT ANNEXURES ORIENTATION PROGRAMME – - TO-) DAY 1:-(WEDNESDAY) The registration of eighth semester –‘The RAWE Programme’ was conducted on 28th December 2016 at 10am to 1 pm. The afternoon section was arranged as a buzz session in which RAWE reports of previous batches were discussed. The Orientation, EDP, field training, project and villages stay programme of 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012 batches were presented by each group members. The presentations helped the students to get a frame work of entire RAWE programme. DAY 2:- (THURSDAY) Second day on wards the orientation programme of RAWE was started from the morning session was handled by Dr. R Sendilkumar, the RAWE co-ordinator on the topics of briefing the programme: Review and Instructions to students, Value chain concept: An Orientation and Value chain analysis. An overview of field training, institutions to be visited, guidance for EDP preparation and project were discussed by him and he provided a bird view picture of project topics related to value chain aspects. The session was ended at 12.30 pm. The afternoon session was on the topic of ‘A March towards Cashless Society- Hands on Experience’ by Mr. Arun S Nair, the Vice Principal of Staff Training College of Dhanalaxmi Bank, Thrissur and his team. It was an interactive session in which we discussed about the cashless Society, importance of e wallet, ATM card, Debit card and credit card. There was a demonstration of POS (point of sale) machine, net Banking and mobile Banking. Session Name of the Resource Person Topic Morning 9.00-9.30 am Dr. R. Sendilkumar Briefing the programme :Review and Instructions to students - am Value chain Orientation Tea break 1 concept: An - am 11.15 to 1.00 Dr. R. Sendilkumar Value chain analysis Lunch-pm Mr.Arun. S. Nair and Team A March towards Cashless Society Vice Principle Staff Training College Dhanalaxmi Bank T: - M: - e-mail:- Tea break 3.30-3.45pm 3.45-5.15pm Arun. S. Nair and Team A March towards Cashless SocietyHands on Experience 5.15 pm Mr. Jacob Thomas and Guide allotment Dr. R. Sendilkumar DAY 3:- (FRIDAY) The second day of orientation programme was started by Dr. R Sendilkumar by giving a review and instructions. The remaining morning session was carried out by Mr. Sijin B T, Alumni of CCBM on the topic of assertiveness training and practical session. It was an interactive session and lots of games were imparted in this session for practical awareness. A bundle of opportunities and uniqueness of our course were discussed by the trainer. The afternoon session of second day orientation programme was handled by RAWE Officer and the session was on ‘Role of Institutions in Value Chain Management- In basket Exercise’. Students cleared about the collections and queries regarding the institutional visit. Session Name of the Resource Person Topic Morning 9.00-9.30 am Dr. R. Sendilkumar - am Mr. Sijin Trainer Review and Instruction B.T, Assertiveness Training 2 Tea break- am 11.15 to 1.00 Mr. Sijin B.T Assertiveness Training: Practical Session Dr. R. Sendilkumar Role of Institutions Management Lunch 1.00 pm-2.00 pm 2.00-3.30pm in Value Chain Tea break 3.30-3.45pm Value chain Management – In basket Exercise 3.45-5.15pm DAY 4:- (SATURDAY) The last day of 2016, orientation programme was conducted in central library of KAU and the session on ‘e-sources- search techniques: Hands on Experience’ handled by Dr. A.T Francis and Team. The classes were related to the e resources of reference and their opportunities and importance. We were familiarized with the various advance technologies such as OPAC, CAB Abstract, and CERA etc. of Central Library in the field of resource mapping. The afternoon session was arranged by the student’s team for the preparation of interview schedule. Session Name of the Resource Topic Person Morning 9.00-9.30 am Dr. R. Sendilkumar Review and Instruction - am Dr. A.T. Francis and Team, Librarian, Central Library, KAU E-sources Tea break- am 11.15 to 1.00 Dr. A.T Francis Team and E-sources- search techniques :Hands on Experience Lunch 3 -pm Student Team Presentation of Interview Schedule /questionnaire- Value chain perspective Student Team Presentation of schedule/questionnaire – perspective Tea break 3.30-3.45pm 3.45-5.15pm Interview Value chain DAY 5:- (THURSDAY) The last day of orientation module was on the topic of Communicative English for the Professionals’ by Mr. Biju Francis, Trainer (Communicative English). In this session he discussed about the interview techniques and exercises on group discussion .The session was very interesting and he imparted many exercises related to interview. The session was ended at 5.00 pm. Session Name of the Resource Person Topic Morning 9.00-9.30 am Dr. R. Sendilkumar Review and Instruction - am Mr. Biju Francis, Trainer, Communicative English Communicative Professionals English for Tea break- am 11.15 to 1.00 Interview Techniques and tips Lunch 1.00 pm-2.00 pm 2.00-3.30pm Tips for Group Discussion Tea break Group Discussion Exercise 3.45-5.15pm Collection of Introduction letter for Institutional visit from Associate Dean and ‘Meet your Guide’ 4 PRIYADARSHINI TEA ESTATE PREAMBLE EDP is an in-house programme to develop the entrepreneurial skills of the students and enable to take up employment ventures in their professional field with adequate self-confidence. As a part of our EDP, We 38 students of Speranza 2013 visited Manathavady Tribal Plantation Corporation, Ltd. (MTPC), Pancharakolli. ‘Priyadarshini Tea Environs’ is a community tourism initiative by the Kerala State Government under the MTPC. The Priyadarshini Tea Estate runs by a Co-operative Society for the rehabilitation of tribe’s people in the Wayanad district. It has tea estate, tea factory, tea museum, forest reserve and nature resorts all rolled into one thrilling package. Priyadarshini also boasts a significant amount of forest cover, making it a great location for travellers looking for an offbeat experience. Much of the development in and around the area has been done in accordance with the principles of responsible tourism. GENESIS The ‘Mananthavady Plantation Co-operative Society’ popularly known as “Priyadarshini Tea Estate” is a Society formed in 1984, for the rehabilitation of bonded tribal labourers from one of the most backward tribes of Wayanad viz., paniya and adiya. Society has come a long way from cultivating tea to manufacturing tea as pure as the intentions of the tribal people. Out of the total area of 992 acres, the tea plantations covered around 330 acres across 6 divisions and Close to 400 tribal people were rehabilitated from different parts of the district. Government has got this land as es-cheat due to death of British land lord without any legal heirs. Government wanted to put the lands at Pancharakolly to best use and hence MTPC was formed in 1986 to rehabilitate tribals freed from the clutches of bonded labour at various places across the district. MTPC was formed on the lines of farming Cooperative Society which was formed at Valery for rehabilitation of tribal’s. Farming Society at Valery was merged with MTPC. Formation of a Co-operative Society for provision of selfemployment to tribals and its sustenance was a daunting task. The Sub Collectors and District Collectors took a lot of interest in the activities of the Society and as a result Society now has 5 become a source of employment and a happy livelihood to hundreds of people from most backward tribes. By 90s A classes membership was given to members and expansion was done to Kunhome, Kanhirangad and Ambukutty, lakkidy. The Name Priyadarshini was proposed by Late Prime Minister of India Mrs Indira Gandhi and MTPC was the 16th Program among the 20 announced during her period. After 2000 due to lack of IAS Officers the whole firm dipped down and a situation came that even salary of workers was not able to meet. People started leaving the estate in search of job in outside. In later stages Priyadarshini face severe poverty and hungers deaths caught media attraction. The factory was shutdown in 2005. In 2006, the Government started the renovation of estates and the pruning which was stopped for long time was restarted by moving towards diversification into other agriculture based activities, value addition and also farm tourism in a big way. Society is taking steps to expand the membership by bringing more and more people into the fold of the Society so as to realize the full potential of Society. The Society envisages for the creation of model farms in the district by starting the Tourism named ‘Priyadarshini Tea Environs’ so that profit can be used to provide lunch for workers. Priyadarshini Tea Environs are a unique responsible tourism project created to provide unique experience of beautiful tea plantations, tea manufacturing and the rich tribal culture. Tribal dropout youth are selected from the community and are inducted into this project as employees after providing necessary training. A tea museum called "teaism" is another initiative made by the Society. DETAILS OF UNITS VISITED We reached by 11 am on 5th January 2017 and there welcomed by Mr. Sreelal V.C, Assistant Manager. He explained about the genesis and various activities undertaken by the Society. Major activities undertaken in the estate are production, processing, grading, branding and marketing of tea. He guided us to ‘Priyadarshini Tea Estate’ and near-by tea factory. We 6 got exposure of tea manufacturing process. It was a nice experience and got an opportunity to pluck tea leaves using implements. PRODUCT The branded tea of MTPC called ‘VISHWAS GOLD’. Both tea leaves and tea powder are sold by them in packed quantities of 250g, 500g and 1kg etc. PROCESS FLOWCHART Fig 2.1 The processes of production of tea powder Withering It removes moisture from the leaves which makes it less brittle, rolled well and takes a twist. It is generally done by spreading the leaves on withering trough. Rotovane The leaf while passing through this machine is crushed and the juices extracted. CTC Machine The leaves is crushed, twisted and curled when it passes through these toothed, high speed stainless steel rollers, which run in opposite direction. Fermenting Drum The leaves cuts into tiny particles and facilitates the granulation of tea particles, increases bulk density. Fluid Bed Drier The hot air produced by a heater keeping the tea appeal as a liquid. The drying process takes 16 minutes. 7 Fibromat Helps in removing the fibre content in the dried tea powder come out of the fluid bed drier Sifter It separates the tea particles in to various grades according to their size. CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS The crisis in tea market and other factors have been challenging for MTPC. Though the Society is successful in providing a steady income and comfortable living conditions for its members, it has fallen short of empowering them, inculcating in them a sense of ownership . KEY LEARNINGS The ‘Mananthavady Plantation Co-operative Society’ set up to rehabilitate the tribal communities lived in the wayanad district. The Society is successful in providing stable income for its members. Tourism initiative and tea estate started under MTPC is able to improve the livelihood of tribal belt in that area. So it is the best model of Co-operatives, which realise the opportunities into real story of success. MTPC is by and large unaffected by the labour problems common in plantation industry. The entire revenue of the Society is used for the development of members. It makes the Society, a rare organization in the management oriented tea industry. Structure of the organization and the social welfare measures taken up in the Society provide standards for other plantations, which are the main reason for Co-operation of employees. MTPC is the only organization in which members didn't participate in the recent strike which had shaken the tea industry. In MTPC, pluckers and all other labourers are "owners and not workers". INTERACTIVE SESSION WITH THE RESOURCE PERSON Mr. Sreelal V.C Assistant Manager, Marketing &Transport, MTPC, PD 8 QUESTIONS AND ANSWER FORUM 1. How long the tea plants are pruned by the Society? The plants will be pruned once in every 15 days. 2. Who are the buyers of the produce? Major part of the produce manufactured in the factory sold at Cochin auction. Remaining sold in the local market. 3. What are the quality specifications of the produce? ‘Priyadashini’ market their produce without adding any kind of additives. So it is good for health and capable of creating high demand in the market. 4. What are the problems faced by the Society during initial stage? In the initial stage, training of the women employees found quite a problem. Recently marketing of the brand ‘Vishwas Gold’ arises as the challenge for the Society. 5. Who are the real beneficiaries of the Society? Pluckers and all other labourers are the beneficiaries and owners of the Society. The profit is divided among the members of the Society itself. 6. What are the future plans of the Society? In future, Society plans to provide various welfare measures like mid-day meal (which is already operational), scholarships for students who want to pursue higher education, medical aid for the members and safety nets from the revenue generated out of this project. 7. How the Society is maintaining the quality of the tea powder? For making quality tea only the first three leaves should be picked. If fourth leaf is falls it will be separated from the leaves before going into ‘rotovane’. 8. How the leaves are kept during rainy season? It is generally done by spreading the leaves on ‘withering trough’. It removes moisture from the leaves which makes it less brittle, rolled well and takes a twist. 9. In which season the Society got better production? 9 During rainy season, the growth of plants will be higher. In turn it will improve the production in the factory. 10. What are the other income generating activities of the Society? MTPC is commenced a responsible tourism initiative called ‘Priyadarshini Tea Environs’, with the Government support to improve livelihood opportunities in this tribal belt. A tea museum called "teaism" is another initiative made by the Society. 11. What is the strength of the Society? Members are the real strength. Their Co-operation with the management makes the initiatives success to a greater extent. SWOC ANALYSIS Strength  Weakness  Better support from the Kerala State Government, Tourism and Department District of The Society has fallen short of empowering Tourism the members and inculcating in them a sense of Promotion Council ownership  High demand for their produce in the market  Co-operation of employees to the management  Profit is divided among the members itself and shared. Opportunities Challenges  Expansion of tourism promotion  The crisis in tea market and activities in the Society will improve other factors have been challenging the livelihood of members on long for MTPC. term basis  Planned for welfare services for the members from the revenue generated out of this project. 10 SUGGESTIONS The Society is facing the challenge of crisis in the tea market and several external factors for their existence. Adoption of suitable strategy will help the Society to cope up with the price fluctuations in the near future. More over the Society should take care of empowering members and inculcating in them a sense of ownership through incorporating more member-oriented activities. 11 SUBICSHA (Sustainable Business Development of Innovative Coconut Based Micro-Enterprises for Holistic Growth and Poverty Alleviation) PREAMBLE EDP is an in-house programme to develop the entrepreneurial skills of the students and enable to take up employment ventures in their professional field with adequate self-confidence. As a part of our EDP, we 38 students of Speranza 2013 had visited SUBICSHA food producer company .SUBICSHA is an agriculture service support institution which portraits social empowerment of women and got national award as the best venture in the Co-operative sector. It is a great practical exposure for us to experience new areas of women entrepreneurship. GENESIS SUBICSHA, an innovative Coconut based value added products venture, was developed jointly by Perambra Block Panchayat and Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode, with basic intention of providing employment opportunities to the members of 522 SHGs belongs to\ Perambra Block Panchayat. The projects proposals envisage development of micro enterprises that could be effectively managed by women self-help groups from BPL families active in the project area. All these micro enterprises are limited to dependence on coconut, the most abundant resource available in the area. The project aims to attain the novel objectives of poverty alleviation, women empowerment, and social development and Farmer friendliness. The innovative coconut based products number to around 24, out of which 20 are developed and marketed. The people in the area feel much enthusiastic about the project, which is evident from the rapidly progressing turnover of the company from less than a lakh 5 years ago to more than 1.25 crores in 2010-11. A remarkable feature of this achievement is that this could be gained without the application of modern marketing techniques or publicity 12 campaigns. It is worth mentioning here that the social and economic objectives of the project are being steadily met with in the recent years. SUBICSHAs intervention in the market has been instrumental in reducing exploitation of Farmers by business community. TIMELINE OF THE COMPANY The project preparation team was constituted in the year 2000 under the aegis of Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode and the detailed project report was submitted to Govt. of India in 2002. The main objectives of the project are as follows:- To create micro economic enterprises - To eradicate poverty - To generate employment opportunities for ‘BPL’ families - To empower women self-help groups by intensive training and financial assistance for starting self-employment ventures. The Detailed Project Report (DPR) submitted to the Government of India was duly approved with a special status under SGSY scheme. The herculean task of organizing more than 512 SGSY units were completed within a short spell of time fulfilling the required formalities under the scheme, and inauguration of the project was done on 31 st October 2003 by the then Honorable Minister of Rural Development Sri C.F Thomas. Starting with house centered production units manufacturing and selling Soaps & pickles. ‘SUBICSHA’ SGSY units slowly and steadily entered the local market. It was not so easy to capture the market, which was already flooded with similar products with which the poor women folks had to encounter with. Mustering full courage and facing the odds in the marketing arena, unsupported by scientific publicity techniques or media support, the production and marketing groups could present a wonderful performance. During this time, the architects of the project were deeply engaged in setting up Of ‘Virgin Coconut Oil’ production units in 5 of the 7 Panchayats under Perambra Block. Three copra dryer units which were established by Perambra Block Panchayat as a part of women development programmes earlier were, in the meantime, transferred to SUBICSHA. Situated at Cheruvannur, Nochad, and 13 Kayanna and these units revamped and production of copra was taken over by SUBICSHA SHGs. In the meantime, 2 Oil extraction units one at Cheruvannur and the other at Nochad were also put in to operation. The next venture to come to production stream was the Virgin Coconut Oil units which were established with technical guidance from an Australian company. RUBCO arranged collaboration, technology transfer, import of machines and equipment’s from Australia. The marketing arrangements were made under agreement with RUBCO .An agreement was made in the year 2006 between ‘SUBICSHA’ and ‘RUBCO’ in respect of marketing of Virgin Coconut Oil under which the entire products could be taken over by them. This was one of the greatest milestones in the history of SUBICSHA. The year 2005, is one of the most important period in the history of the Company. The firm registered itself as a ‘Producer Company’ under the companies Act, 1956 on 12 April 2005. This paved the way for ‘SUBICSHA’ to attain autonomous status and the responsibilities vested in the Governing body increased to a greater extent. Though it had independent status under the Government, the financial support was slowly withdrawn and it had to generate sufficient revenue to run the business. The company steadily increased its production, sales and resultant profit to make it stand on its own feet. The necessity for establishing a quality control lab was felt at this stage, but the finance aspect posed the biggest problem. The Coconut Development Board, as in the past came to the rescue of company and a full-fledged laboratory was set up at the headquarters of ‘SUBICSHA’. This was later instrumental in awarding ‘AGMARK’ registration to the Company by Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. SUBICSHA was awarded as best Co-operative Society, in the year 2006 and 2011 by Coconut Development Board. OBJECTIVES AND ACTIVITIES  To empower ‘Kudumbasree’ units to achieve the objectives of SUBICSHA project.  To procure and distribute the raw materials required by the production units according to demand  To purchase on wholesale products from production units and to market them collectively.  To design packaging and advertisements ideal for the products.  To ensure the quality of the products and to establish common quality control laboratories. 14  To obtain ‘EPCG’, ‘FPO’, ‘AGMARK’, ‘Barcode’, and HACCP licenses and certifications commonly.  To enter into contracts with Government and private agencies for the supply of raw materials, marketing of furnished products and advertisement.  To design new projects to fortify the backward and forward linkages of the project and submit them to Government and quasi-govt. Agencies for financing.  To start new industrial enterprises in collaboration with Government and private agencies.  To serve as a center for training, testing and acquisition and transfer of technology.  To develop an own Research and Development division.  To assist self-employed women to carry forward their ventures and to extend loans to members of the company to take up self-employment  To raise the company into a model organization of poor self-employed women in the country. DETAILS OF UNITS VISITED We had visited SUBICSHA’s coconut processing unit at perambra, Kozhikode. We reached there by 10.45 AM on 4th January 2017. Mrs.Shiny, Director of SUBICSHA processing unit gave general outline of working of processing unit. We got practical exposure regarding the processing of copra into various value-added products. She explained steps of processing, importance of each step, packing, distribution channels for marketing etc for us. Other than coconut oil, the company is also producing large number of value added products such as tender coconut oil, coconut pickle, coconut jam, coconut squash, chutney powder, natural vinegar, sandal turmeric soap, hair care oil, SUBICSHA skin care and pickles etc. PRODUCT RANGE ‘SUBICSHA’ is a project exclusively for developing 43 value-added products from coconut. These can be divided in to 4 categories such as food, cosmetics, fertilizer and industrial products. Coconut based pickles, jam, coconut powder, chutney powder, are a few other products manufactured in the concern. Virgin coconut oil is the most important revenue earning product. Certain items with lesser shelf life, such as snowball, have also taken place in the product list. The food processing facility can be used by the units under SUBICSHA to process 15 and package food based on Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP). HACCP is a tool used by the global food industry to manage risks to food safety and quality. The product ranges of SUBICSHA are: Virgin Coconut Oil  Coconut Jam  Gooseberry Pickle  Natural Vinegar  Chutney Powder  Mango Pickle  Lemon Pickle  Turmeric Sandal Soap  Hair Care  Skin Care Oil  Baby Oil  Coconut Oil  Coconut Squash  Dates Pickle  Chips, Sweets  Toilet Soaps  Shell Charcoal  Coir Fiber, Coir &Coir Pith Fertilizer etc 1. Virgin Coconut Oil (100 ml, 500ml Pet Bottle, 200 ml Pet Bottle, 15kg Plastic Cans) Traditional Virgin Coconut Oil that provides complete nourishment to hair care and body care. 16 2. Coconut Jam (200 gm) Coconut Jam is highly rich in nutrients and comes with a natural and refreshing taste of coconut. 3. Gooseberry Pickle (150gm Standing Pouch, 250 gm) Coconut Pickle with advanced quality coconuts and ingredients are used to formulate these pickles to ensure purity. . 4. Natural Vinegar (500ml Pet Bottle) Comprehensive range of quality assured natural vinegar which is non-toxic and has long shelf life 17 5. Chutney Powder (150gm Packet) Chutney powder is processed by using top quality ingredients, hygienically packed. These chutney powders are formulated as per latest industry norms. 6. Pickles The company is proficient handling in the formulation of Mango Pickle (250 gm), Mango Pickle (Stand Pouch) and Lemon Pickle (250gm Pet Bottle), Lemon Pickle (Standing Pouch-150gm) using high quality mangoes and lemon. 18 7. Turmeric Sandal Soap (per 80 gm) Turmeric Sandal Soap formulated under the direction of skilled professionals employing advanced methods, quality-proven ingredients. 8. Hair Care (100 ml Pet Bottle) Hair Care oil which improves hair growth and prevents premature hair loss and hair greying. 9. Skin Care Oil (100 ml Pet Bottle) Excellent quality skin care oil which provides nourishment to the skin and makes it soft and supple. This oil is processed with the help of latest technology from superior quality ingredients. 10. Baby Oil (100 ml) Baby oil is wonderful product formulated for baby’s sensitive skin. Light soothing blend of oil leaves skin silky and nourished for baby soft and glowing skin. 19 11. Coconut Oil (500 ml Pouch, 500 ml Bottle, 1 liter, Bottle, 1 liter Pouch) Coconut Oil offered by us is white and creamy in texture. It has a typical coconut flavour and is extensively used in South India. It is high in saturated fats and saturated Fats. 12. Coconut Squash (200 ml) Coconut Squash offered by SUBICSHA is a hygienic, nourishing, thirst quenching health drink. The pure coconut possesses huge therapeutic properties and is a refreshing health drink for all age groups. It is laden with natural sugars, vitamins, salts etc. PROCESS FLOWCHART Production process of Virgin Coconut Oil:-Virgin Coconut Oil is produced directly from farm fresh 10 month old coconuts. The stage in the production of virgin coconut oil is the selection of ripe coconuts. The Virgin Coconut Oil production units are supplied the best quality coconuts procured in bulk from the Farmers. 20 Fig 2.2 Process flow chart of virgin coconut oil Grading & selection of matured farm fresh coconut Grating of coconut kernel (Malaysian Graters) Roasting of coconut meat at 30-40 degree (Australian Dryer) Pressing of roasted meat (Australian Press) Storing oil for natural purification (7-10 days) CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS  The main problem encountered by the company is related to the publicity aspects.  The firm is not in a position to go for large scale advertisement in visual media without which in modern times, products cannot be marketed effectively due to heavy financial implications. INTERACTIVE SESSION WITH RESOURCE PERSON  Sri. M. Kunhammmad Master, Chairman of ‘SUBICSHA’  Sri. Balakrishnan, CEO of ‘SUBICSHA’ QUESTIONS ASSESSED AND REPLY GIVEN 1. What are the problems faced during initial stage? 21 Integration of SHG’S at the initial stage and providing training to them. 2. How SUBICSHA meet competition in the market? Quality products are the strength of SUBICSHA. So known people in the local market will buy the products without any doubt. 3. How SUBICSHA determine the procurement price of copra? Pricing is usually done on the basis of market price existed in the Kozhikode local market. 4. What is the difference made by the SUBICSHA in the life of copra Farmers in the area of operation? Copra Farmers have got the opportunity to sell their produce for a stable income. So other private traders in the area are forced to procure copra at almost same price. Thus Farmers are escaped from the fear of lowering price for the seasons. 5. What was the status of coconut Farmers in that area? The number of coconut Farmers increased in that area .so that they get enough copra in the offseason too. 6. How SUBICSHA achieved the social empowerment of women? SUBICSHA Coconut Producer Co Ltd is a federation of active women groups engaged in food and allied processing units mostly based on Coconut. The projects envisage the development of women self-help groups from BPL families active in the project area. So it makes the women community employable and socially active. 7. How the quality of products is ensured? The food processing facility can be used by the units under SUBICSHA to process and package food based on Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP). HACCP is a tool used by the global food industry to manage risks to food safety and quality. 8. What is the main advantage of Farmer Producer Company over a Co-operative Society? SUBICSHA as a FPC is devoid of political intervention is the main advantage over Cooperative Society. 22 9. How SUBICSHA could generate profit without opting inorganic method of cultivation? Efficient monitoring system of SUBICSHA is the backbone of success of without going for any kind of adulteration. SWOC ANALYSIS Strength  Weakness ‘SUBICSHA’ is supported by the wide  Lack of interest in advertisement variety of institutions such as CFTRI,  High transportation cost KILA, KFRI, Spices Board, NIT, IRTC  500 member SHG’S are not Palakkad, KITCO and CPCRI  active Coconut Development Board in bringing  Lack of storage facilities up SUBICSHA in marketing the products  Short shelf life of products  Wide product range  Stable demand for quality products at reasonable price  Good brand image among local people  Federation of active women groups  Got national acclaim as best venture under Co-operative sector  Mouth-mouth communication  No political intervention  Profit shared among members itself Opportunities Challenges  Proposal for food park as future project  Competition from private market  Planned for marketing bottled coconut  High water  procurement price of coconut Marketing of value added products of jack  fruit in the future Seasonal variation affects processing  Lack of awareness about organic products among people Source:-Primary Data 23 SUGGESTIONS The main problems of production were identified in the course of visit and discussion including non-availability of raw-materials, high labor cost, lack of promotional activities and high transportation cost. Effort is required for promoting their product through advertisements. Efforts aimed at strengthening linkages within the value chains, collective marketing, penetration into high-value chains and improved processing techniques may provide a potential avenue for enhancing coconut value chains in Perambra Block. And also interventions to raise marketable supply of products will moot the market share of company from existing conditions. KEY LEARNINGS  SUBICSHA has been able to make rapid strides in the areas of procuring raw materials, group production of a wide range of products, acquiring technology, assuring quality of the products, branding the products and group marketing of the products.  Quality is one of the differentiating factors of the ‘SUBICSHA’ products in comparison with the products generated by similar micro enterprises. Even for products like Coconut water sip up, for which the demand is focused on the local area the quality of the products will be maintained at the highest possible levels. Quality is thus taken as a common philosophy for all the SUBICSHA units.  First Producer Company established in Kerala and India’s first Women self-employment enterprise as well. * SUBICSHA provides employment for members of SHGs * Plays a vital role in poverty alleviation * Support rural development * Provide training and development * Helps in conducting academic project works * Brand building activity * Product Standardization * Packaging Improvement and Standardization * Raw material procurement and Supply * All types of hand holding activities 24 AUDIT WING As part of our field training programme we placed in the Department of Co-operation for the practical orientation about the practices of Co-operative Department .We were placed for 10 days each in Audit wing as well as General wing of the Department. We have opted 4 Assistant Registrar’s Office in different taluks of the State, which are located in Thrissur, Alathur, Chavakkad and Irinjalakkuda. In audit wing as per the direction of Assistant Director of Co-operative Audit, we were attached to different Service Co-operative Banks along with the Auditor. The intension was to observe and practice the things that are taking place in a Co-operative Audit. We have observed and did many things under the instructions of the respective auditors, we got exposures regarding matters such as different types of audit, vouching and checking of transactions, assessment of bad and doubtful debts ,verification of assets, verification and valuation of liabilities, certification of the balance sheet and profit and loss account, verification of NPAs, publication of audit certificate ,audit memorandum, audit classification, assessment and levy of audit fees, preparation of final accounts . Sl. Name and Address Observations Made no 1  Assisted auditors by writing & verifying operative Audit, Muthuvattoor,  Audit memorandum Chavakkad P.O-680506  Prepared general ledger and trial balance Assistant Director of Co- Ph.: 0487 - Of chavakad school Co-operative store  Studied the verification and valuation of  Stock in trade in Co-operatives  Vouching of purchase of Neethi medicals  Vouching of receipt of old age pension  Comparison of vouchers with daybook Assistant director of audit  Read bye-laws and minutes book SPT Building, Opposite Bus  Compare the vouchers with day book stand,  Compare the day book with general ledger Palakkad  Compare the general ledger with R & D Ph.: 0492 -  Verification of stock register Id:- 2 Alathur- 678 541, 25 Id:-3 4  Physical verification of cash operative Audit,  Read bye laws and minutes book Mukundapuram P.O,  Compare the vouchers with day book Iringalakuda-680121  Compare the day book with general ledger Ph.: 0480 - 282673  Compare the general ledger with R&D Id:  Trading and profit & loss account -  Audit finalization Assistant Co-  Physical verification of cash Audit,  Read bye laws and minutes book Saharanabhavan,  Compare the vouchers with day book Ayyanthol Trissur P.O-680003  Compare the day book with general ledger Ph.: 0487 -  Compare the general ledger with R&D Id:--  Trading and profit & loss account  Audit finalization Assistant director director operative of of Co- 26 GENERAL WING As per the request made to the Assistant Registrar of Co-operative Societies, we placed for 10 days in general wing of the Department of Co-operation .There we acquire practical exposure on main activities of the general wing such as registration of Co-operative society, amendment of byelaws, election, arbitration, award and execution, inquiry and inspection, winding up of Co-operative Societies etc. We have referred many cases that actually took place in different types of Co-operative Societies in those areas where we have visited. SI. Name & Address Activities No 1. Cases Referred /Events Assistant Registrar Co- Registration Chavakad operative Society(General), of Muthuvattoor, operative Chavakad Chavakkad P.O-680506 Society Society Taluk Women Welfare Co- Co- operative Society Multi-Purpose Co-operative Ph.: 0487 - Manaloor Eco Tourism Development Co- Id:- operative Society Amendment Pavarty Service Co-operative Bank Ltd.3918 of byelaw Thiruvatra Service Co-operative Bank Ltd.889 Election Pavarty Service Co-operative Bank Ltd.3918 Arbitration, Chitatukara Award, Ltd.1642 Service Co-operative Bank Execution Winding up Chavakad Dispensary Co-operative Society Of Society Chavakad Toddy Producer Co-operative Society 2 Assistant Registrar Office of Registration Co-operative Societies, SPT of Co- sangam (file no. 304/16) Building, Opposite Bus stand, operative Alathur- 678 541, Palakkad Kairamkulam vyapari vyavasayi sahakarana Society 27 Ph.: 0492 - Amendment Puthucode Service Co-operative Bank Ltd Id:- of byelaw No.1145 Election Perigotukurishi Service Co-operative Bank Ltd No.519 Arbitration, Erimayoor Service Co-operative Bank Ltd Award, No.841 Execution Winding up Alathur Taluk Motor Transport Co-operative 3 Of Society Society Ltd No. P 988 Assistant Registrar Office of Registration Chalakudy taluk labour Co-operative Co-operative Societies, of Mukundapuram P.O, operative Iringalakuda-680121 Society Ph.: 0480 - 282673 Amendment Id: of byelaw Co- Society, chalakkudy Padukkad service Co-operative Bank no.580 -Election 4 Arbitration, Varandharappilly service Co-operative Bank Award, Mukundhapuram taluk rural development Execution Co-operative Society R-1427 Assistant Registrar Office of Registration Co-operative Societies(general) of Thrissur fish and meat producing& Co- processing marketing Co-operative Society Saharanabhavan, operative Ltd No: R. 1472 Ayyanthol Trissur P.O-680003 Society Ph.: 0487 - Amendment Ollukara block poultry and goat Farmers Id:-- of byelaw development Co-operative Society Ltd No R.1294 28 Election Ayyapankavu Grameena non-agricultural Co-operative Society Ltd No.R 1304 Arbitration, Nadathara Farmers service Co-operative Award, Bank Ltd No.R 3499 Execution CONCLUSION Our field training programme in the Department of Co-operation lasted for 20 days in the General wing and Audit wing. The training, which we have undergone, enlightened us with the practical knowledge of the working of audit as well as the general wing. All of us got a chance to verify the books and accounts maintained in a Co-operative Society such as day book, ledgers, receipts and disbursement Statement, cash balance etc. During the placement period in general wing we familiarised with the different matters that took place in Co-operatives in relation with the registration, election, arbitration, awards and execution etc. Some of the students have got a chance to accompany with the inspectors in the real field. In short the training in the Department of Co-operation provided us a good exposure in the affairs of Cooperative Societies. 29 1. PANCHAYAT RAJ INSTITUIONS Panchayat Raj (Rule of Village committee), Panchayat Raj system is a three-tier system in the State with elected bodies at the village, block and district levels. It ensures greater participation of people and more effective implementation of rural programmes. Panchayat institutions are the vehicles of political empowerment of people at the grass root level for shaping their own destiny. A vast majority of people are living at the grass root level in the rural and remote areas without any touch of modern day. A large section of such deprived people belongs to scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other backward casts as also women in general at the grass root level. Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayat subject to the provisions of this constitution, the Legislature of the State may, by law, endow the Panchayats with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as institutions of Self-Government and such law may contain provisions for the devolution of powers and responsibilities upon Panchayat at the appropriate level, subject to such conditions as may be specified therein, with respect to: (a) The preparation of the plans for economic development and social justice; (b) The implementation of the schemes for economic development and social justice as may be entrusted to them including those in relation to the matters listed in Eleventh Schedule 243H. powers to impose taxes by, and funds of, the Panchayat- The Legislature of a State may, by law,(a) Authorize a Panchayat to levy, collect and appropriate such taxes, duties, tolls and fees in accordance with such procedure and subject to such limits; (b) Assign to a Panchayat such as taxes, duties, and tolls and fees levied and collected by the State Government for such purposes and subject to such conditional limits; (c) Provide for making such grants-in-aid to the Panchayat from the consolidated fund of the State; and (d) Provide for the constitution of such funds for crediting all such funds received, respectively, by or on behalf of the Panchayats and also for the withdrawal of such moneys there from, as may be specified in the law. 30 Financial Flows from upper tiers to PRI’s Gram Panchayat are given financial aids on the recommendations of Union and State Finance Commission and Central Ministries. Financial flows from upper tiers of Governments are given for various purposes, which includes the following. Panchayats are: a) Drinking water supply, cleaning and maintenance facilities. b) Maintenance of public lamp posts, roads, drainage system, cleanliness programs, primary schools and maintenance of other public assets. c) Construction of Panchayat Bhavans for meeting halls and for the residence of secretary of Grama Panchayat. d) Construction of Gramin Kisan Bazaar and livestock markets. e) Construction of underground water drainage system for the objective of environmental cleanliness. Responsibilities of Panchayats Following are the responsibilities of Panchayats: a) Periodic meeting of Grama Sabha in order to communicate the functioning of Panchayats. b) Monthly meeting of Grama Panchayat to communicate the related information to the elected members. c) Monthly meetings of samithies for the completion of predetermined functions with the coordination of 6 samithies. 31 SL Name No: Panchayat of the Institutional Schemes undertaken Observation made Value chain perspective Agricultural Schemes, Infrastructure is the major Wage subsidy, Samagra land Krishi Vikasana Linkage &Address 1 Ambalavayal Grama Banks, Panchayat schools, Krishi Housing schemes, activity of the Panchayat. Ambalavayal(P.O) Bhavan, educational Schemes, Schemes are equitably divided Wayanad Anganwadis Health Schemes, Women among 20 Panchayats PIN:673593 Hospitals and Child development Schemes, Sanitation Schemes and Infrastructural development Schemes. 2 Anthikkad Grama Krishi Bhavan, Agricultural and animal Anthikkad Grama Panchayat is Grama Sabha meetings are conducted Panchayat, Schools, husbandry schemes, functioning well and they have mainly for informing members about Anthikkad(P.O), Hospitals, poverty reduction many schemes for the well- the major development programs and schemes, welfare schemes, being of the people. activities Thrissur 680641 PIN- Villages that are going to be health schemes, education implemented by the Panchayat and for schemes, infrastructural the selection of beneficiaries etc. It is schemes. rooted through Krishi Bhavan 32 3 4 Athirampuzha Grama Krishi Bhavan, Agricultural and animal They are functioning well. They Input supplier: various schemes for Panchayat Veterinary husbandry scheme, are equipped with many agriculture and allied sectors through Athirampuzha(P.O) Hospital, housing scheme, women schemes under various sectors. Krishi Bhavan in terms of subsidy. Kottayam Schools, and child development Grama Sabha identifies the Facilitator of market twice in a week- PIN:686562 Homoeo scheme, health scheme, beneficiaries for different to help the Farmers to market their hospital self-employment scheme. projects. agricultural produce. Agricultural and Animal The Panchayat is functioning Supports the overall development well and they are providing through production, processing, and marketing sectors Avanur Panchayat Grama Krishi Bhavan, Veterinary and husbandry schemes, Avanur(P.O) Thrissur Ayurveda Education schemes, various schemes for the welfare PIN:680504 Housing schemes, Women of the people hospital, etc. and child development schemes, Sanitation schemes, Infrastructural development programs, Health programs. 5 Chazhur Grama Krishi Bhavan, Agriculture and animal Chazhur Grama Panchayat is The Panchayat encourage the paddy Panchayat Veterinary husbandry schemes, self- functioning well. They have lot cultivation by providing 100% subsidy Pazhuvil(P.O) hospital, employment schemes, of schemes for agriculture and to fertilizers. They also provide 85% PIN:680564 Community women and child allied activities. The major subsidy 33 to encourage vegetable Health Center, development schemes, crops cultivated in the cultivation. Panchayat took efforts to Homeo sanitation and waste Panchayat are paddy and provide Dispensery, management schemes, coconut. The Panchayat have seedlings, fertilizers etc. to Farmers Schools, service schemes. several schemes for the through different schemes via Krishi Anganawadis, development of coconut and Bhavan. Co-operative paddy cultivation. They have a Banks, strong panel of 18 elected Dairy Co-operatives. inputs such as seeds, representatives. The beneficiaries of the schemes are identified through Grama Sabha. 6 Edathiruthy Grama Veterinary Agricultural and animal They are functioning well. They They provide financial assistance to Panchayat hospital, husbandry scheme, have lot of schemes under Farmer Society by providing many Edathiruthy(P.O) schools housing scheme, industrial agricultural and around 40% of schemes to agriculture Thrissur scheme, women and child their schemes are meant for PIN: 680687 development scheme, agriculture health scheme, selfemployment scheme 7 Erumapetty Panchayat Grama Krishi Bhavan, Agricultural and animal Ayurveda husbandry schemes, Erumapetty Grama Panchayat is They provide financial assistance to one of well performing 34 Farmer Society by providing many kottapuram(P.O) hospital, Housing schemes, Health Panchayat in Thrissur district. It schemes to agriculture to support Manghad Homeo schemes, Women and is an Internationally recognized production, procurement PIN:680584 dispensary, Child Development Panchayat for the production processing. Ph:- Veterinary program and other and exporting of the variety hospital, schemes Chenghalikkodan. They got Schools, Geographical Indication (GI) Village for the cultivation of extension Chenghalikkodan in Kariyanoor Office etc. village of the Panchayat. Water and also scarcity is one of the major problems faced by the Panchayat nowadays. 8 Karukutty Grama Krishi Bhavan, Food nutrient distribution, 1.The Panchayat belongs to The Panchayat has many schemes to Panchayat, Schools, vegetable seeds grade A encourage Karukutty(P.O) veterinary, distribution, sanitation, 2. Support Kudumbasree by women cultivators Ernakulum Hospitals, Health scheme, women arranging training sessions and Assistant and child development establishment of JLGs Engineer’s office, Village Extension 35 cultivation especially office, Aganawadis 9 Kavasserry Grama Krishi Bhavan, Agricultural And Animal Kavasserry Grama For the development of production, Panchayat Educational Husbandry Schemes, Panchayat is processing and marketing sectors, Kavasserry(P.O) Institution, Housing & Electricity Functioning well & The Panchayat is encouraging rice Alathur Hospitals, Schemes, They are equipped Cultivation Drinking Water Schemes, With many schemes Educational & Self- For the well-being. Palakkad PIN:678543 Anganwadis, Ration Shops, NGOs, Banks, Employment Schemes Co-operatives, Industries 10 Maniyur Grama Krishi Bhavan, Food nutrient distribution 1.They support agriculture 1. Kudumbasree units in the Panchayat, Homeo scheme, vegetable seeds sector rather than other Panchayat are working in different Maniyur(P.O) dispensary, distribution scheme, 2. Candle making, copra fields of agriculture production and Vadakara, Kozhikode Veterinary sanitation scheme, Health making unit, Bag making unit, marketing. PIN:673523 dispensary, scheme, women and child mat making unit are found in 2. Ayurveda development scheme. this Panchayat facilities to the unemployed people for dispensary, 3. Support Kudumbasree by starting business enterprise. Kurunthody arranging training sessions and Co-operative establishment of JLGs 36 Providing training and loan Bank, PHC 11  Nedumbassery Grama Panchayat, 15 Krishi 1. Labour Bank Bhavan 2.Pain and palliative center 2. Panchayat is going to entrepreneurship employment scheme. Kariyad,  L P schools 3.sanitation Mekkad(P.O),  Veterinary 4.Health schemes hospital 5. Women and Child Ayurveda Development Dispensary 6.Housing schemes Ernakulum PIN:683589   1.The main revenue is from tax implement Green Protocol The Panchayat encourages through self- Public Health Centre  Village Extension Office  12 Panancheri Aganawadis Grama Krishi Bhavan, Agricultural and animal Pananchery Grama Panchayat is For the development of production of Panchayat Veterinary husbandry schemes, functioning well and they are rice Pattikkad(P.O) Hospital, Housing schemes, Health equipped with many schemes encourage the paddy Farmers and PIN:680652 Homeo schemes, Infrastructural for the well development of the banana Farmers Hospital, development schemes area of operation of the 37 and banana cultivation to Schools 13 Paralam Panchayat. Grama Krishi Bhavan, Housing schemes, Paralam Grama Panchayat is For the development of production, Panchayat Homeo Education schemes, functioning excellent and they processing and marketing sectors of Ammadam(P.O) dispensary, Agriculture and animal are providing many schemes for the paddy and coconut, the Panchayat Paralam Veterinary husbandry schemes, good life of poor community. is hospital, Health schemes, Ayurveda Infrastructural hospital, development encouraging through various channels and schemes. schools, libraries, Co-operative Societies 14 Poomangalam Grama Krishi Bhavan, MGNREGS, Housing Poomangalam Grama In-order Panchayat Primary health schemes Panchayat is functioning well Panchayat Poomanglam(P.O) care but limited number of schemes schemes Irinjalakuda Ayurveda are undertaken by the dispensary, Panchayat center, Homeo 38 to improve undertakes rural poor housing dispensary, Veterinary dispensary, schools 15 Thamarakulam Krishi Bhavan, Coconut development Encourage agriculture and, 1. Providing grants for agricultural Grama Panchayat Thamarakulam rural development, poverty development. Mavelikkara(P.O) Service alleviation and upliftment of 2. Upliftment of women and children, Alappuzha operative Kudumbasree.They play a employment, health etc. significant role in the 3. Strengthening of SHG towards enterprising. Bank, 16 Thakur scheme, Agricultural and Co- animal husbandry schemes, Women and Post child development office, schemes, Social welfare development of Thamarakulam Hospitals and poverty alleviation. village. Schemes, Sanitation There is proper implementation schemes. of schemes for development. Grama Krishi Bhavan, Development of backyard farming, vegetable Thakur Grama Panchayat has For the development of production, gained “Nirmal Puraskar” from processing and marketing sectors the Central Government for Panchayat Panchayat schools, Parappur(P.O), Ayurveda Thrissur veterinary reviving houses, financing complete sanitation. It is one of cultivation, coconut cultivation & PIN:680552 hospital, SC women for marriage, the best Panchayats working in banana Assistant palliative care unit, the Thrissur Taluk and model importance to poultry and veterinary Engineer’s developing Ayurveda for the better project sectors. & farming, apiculture, 39 is to cultivation. encourage Provide rice more office, C.H.C hospital, developing Parappur, veterinary hospital, Village developing homeo sub Extension centre, project for office implementation by choosing eligible persons. and providing egg laying hens Aganawadis for women community, Nutrient food for aganwadi children & project for waste management. 17 Vallachira Grama SBI, Paddy cultivation The Panchayat is equipped with They establish many schemes for agriculture and allied sectors. Panchayat Krishi Bhavan, expenditure subsidy many schemes for the well- Chathakudam Post office, Pump sets for irrigation being of the Society. The major Vallachira(P.O) Vallachira GUPS computerization problem faced by the Panchayat PIN: 680562 Service Co- Education ,health schemes operative Public work Bank, Primary Health Centre Source: compiled from students visit report. 40 is the lack of owned fund. CONCLUSION Grama Panchayat Institutions are the lowest tier close to the people. They are the vehicles of economic empowerment of people at the grass root level for shaping their own destiny. These institutions are implementing many schemes for the betterment of the people. Value chain management refers to the full range of activities that are required to bring raw material as products, through the different phases of production, to deliver to final customers and disposal after use. Further a value chain exists when all the actors in the chain operate in a way that maximizes the generation of value along the chain. Grama Panchayat institutions are carrying out many such activities for the development of agriculture there by promoting the value chain. 41 2. KRISHI BHAVAN Krishi Bhavan is playing a great role in providing training and awareness programmes to the farmers, technical advices and guidance are being provided whenever the need arises. The Krishi Bhavan will identify the beneficiaries for the implementation of various schemes and help in the arrangement of loans to farmers. They are also conducting extension programmes to the farmers including field inspectors and help in marketing agriculture commodities. Krishi Bhavan also plays an important role in the value chain of agricultural commodities as an input supplier through giving financial assistance to purchase agricultural implements such as weeder, sprayer, HYV seeds, plant protection chemicals, pump sets and several other schemes for development of agricultural production. It is also arranging training programmes, skill development classes and seminars for the benefit of the farmers with the help Of KVK. Krishi Bhavan is acting as an agency between the farmers and input supplier institutions for the supply of fertilizers and chemicals. The major marketing channel of paddy is through SUPPLYCO, vegetables through VFPCK and local market and coconut through local market and private traders. Agricultural Development Schemes Carried out are: Paddy : Sustainable Development of Rice, RKVY, Rice Development Programmes, Samagra Nel krishi Vikasanam  Pepper : Pepper Development Programme, Area expansion schemes  Coconut : Assistance to coconut clusters, Coconut Rejuvenation Scheme, Kerala Karshaka  Ginger : Ginger Development Programme  Turmeric : Turmeric Development Programme, S.H.M Turmeric Area Expansion  Cocoa : Cocoa Development Programme 42 Procedure for Implementation of Major Schemes Criteria for selection of beneficiaries under different schemes  RKVY – Minimum 25 cent of cultivatable land  Banana cultivators should have- banana plants  Vegetable Development Scheme – each vegetable cluster should have minimum 5 hector land Identification of beneficiaries  Farmers should produce tax receipt to avail subsidy  Farmers should purchase ISI marked implements  Purchase should be made from authorized dealer  All the beneficiaries are selected only after the field visit by Agricultural Officer and the target beneficiaries should produce tax receipt to avail those services Arrangement of loan and There is no loan facility provided by the krishi Bhavan. subsidy Subsidiaries are varying according to various schemes As per the target fixed by the ADA all the programmes are Technical Guidance Extension Programmes and conducted by the Krishi Bhavan Training is provided to the Farmers under the guidance of ATMA, KVK, KAU institutions. 43 Several Krishi Bhavans were visited by groups of student during the RAWE programme and the consolidated reports of the visit are given below: SL. Name NO. Address and Institutional of Schemes Undertaken Observations Made Value Chain the Linkage Perspective Institution 1 Panancheri Krishi Panancheri Grama Bhavan Panchayat, P.O.Pattikkad Panancheri Service PIN:680652 Co-operative Bank,   Development of Rice agriculture development and the farmers along with Farm encouraging the school level technical assistance. Small Mechanization vegetable cultivation  ATMA through different schemes. Department,  RKVY Mechanization Krishi Bhavan has started a Kudumbasree, soil  S.H.M  Vegetable Development appropriate varieties crops in their area. Schemes  Kerala Karshaka and soil conservation Department. Athirampuzha Panchayat krishi Bhavan ATMA Athirampuzha(P O) Co-operative Bank 686562 (pin) It places a major role in Providing fertilizers to Irrigation survey 2 Sustainable Chaithanya and soil testing lab which helps Banana Area Expansion the Farmers for cultivating  Vegetable Turmeric of development Major crops are rubber, They provide inputs like vegetables, programme coconut  Area expansion schemes banana. Pepper, Padskharasamiti (Banana, 44 and seeds, fertilizers and machineries to farmers at and subsidized rates. Kottayam (NGO) Pineapple, karshikakarma Padasekharasamiti Nutmeg,Cocoa,Ginger,Tur efficiently working in the programmes to the meric) Panchayat.  sena are Arrange training farmers. Sustainable development of rice  3 Thakur Grama Panchayat, Krishi NABARD, Bhavan, P.O.  Samagra KERAFED, KAU, Parappur, HORTICORP Nelkrishi Haritha sangham and 10 Providing technical, padashekhara samithis are advisory service and Vikasanam  Purayida Thakur SHM, Thrissur RKVY projects & Krishi working successfully. Major financial assistance to crop cultivated is paddy. Vikasanam  Organic Co-operative Society. paddy, banana & coconut Vegetable cultivation etc. They Cultivation Project  Ginger collect coconuts from Saplings Distribution Distribution Implements Farmers and sold to & of Farm KERAFED and conduct and marketing of KERAFED products. equipment. 4 Thamarakulam  Krishi Bhavan Mavelikkara Alappuzha health 1.Majority of Farmers are Provide proper guidance Crop management  Farmers, promoting marginal Farmers and training to the Vegetable development 2.Major crops cultivated are Farmers, Supply of input, programme 45 paddy, banana, tuber crops and Helps in the  Karshika pension &vegetables  Crop insurance 3.Different beneficiaries are  Good agricultural selected and schemes are made available to them practice programme  marketing of the produce. Micro irrigation schemes  ATMA  Sustainable development of rice  SHM  RKVY  Sustainable development of rice. 5 Erumapetty Krishi Panchayat, Bhavan Erumapetty service , Erumapetty(P.O), Co-operative Bank, PIN:680584  Kudumbasree RKVY, SHM, agriculture development and guidance to Farmers. IVDP,  SDR, It plays a major role in They provide technical irrigation, encourages organic farming. They also provide Micro ATMA, Biogas, SFM, It CDB(Training also undertakes & production of climber), Tuber fallow, chenghalikodan Fallow paddy, cultivation. the seedlings to the Farmers. The banana main problem faced by them is 46  Development of spices, water scarcity. Kerasamridhi, 1lakh youth,  Soil ameliorants, Crop insurance. 6  Poomangalam Poomangalam P.O Edakkulam service Irinjalakkuda operative Thrissur Poomangalam development of Grama Panchayat,  RKVY agricultural Co- development of agriculture. advisory service to of rice in agriculture Bank,  Kudumbasree Sustainable development It plays important role in Providing technical, Sustainable fallow land It encourages more number Farmers, promoting persons to the paddy and field. Vegetable cultivation.  State horticulture mission Encouraging the school level vegetable cultivation schemes  Scheme for development through different schemes. of vegetables  Comprehensive rice development project 7 Kavasserry Panchayat, Krishi Bhavan Kudumbasree, Kavasserry P.O PNB,  SHM schemes  Banana area expansion  Sustainable Rice It plays a major role in Ensure quality of inputs Cultivation Scheme, kazhany agricultural development to the farmers and guide and ensuring the quality of them through technical 47 Palakkad-678543 service  RKVY, LSGD Scheme, Co-operative Bank  SFM, inputs assistance and appropriate training NFSM, Pulses,MSME,  ATMA, Youth Programe etc. 8  Maniyur Panchayat Krishi Bhavan, 9 2.Major crops cultivated are subsidies. ATMA Kozhikode  Crop  armed Technical and financial force of agricultural laborers support through  -, ,an mission scheme Maniyur, Ph.:-0496- horticulture 1.karmasena State health banana, coconut and paddy Training and management Scheme demonstration Agri. clinic programmes Paralam Panchayat Panchayat,  RKVY Krishi Bhavan, Co-operative  Sustainable Kodannur P O Banks, commercial Thrissur Banks, SHM It plays important role in Providing technical, rice development of agriculture. advisory service and development scheme It encourages more number financial assistance to  grow bag maintenances, of organic farming, persons to the Farmers, promoting agricultural field. it gives paddy, coconut &  school gardens, loan & subsidy for needy Vegetable cultivation.  development of spices, people  crop insurance, Haritha Sangam’  seedling distribution 48 and promotes ‘ 10 Chazhur Panchayat  Panchayat Krishi Bhavan,  Land P O Chazhur development Pin:-680571 Bank, Thrissur  Service Thrissur  Crop health management The major crops cultivated Krishi Bhavan distributes in the Panchayat are paddy inputs to the Farmers schemes  Development vegetables schemes of and coconut; minor crops such as seedlings, are banana, arecanut, fertilizers, agricultural  Integrated pest pepper, nutmeg, tuber crops equipment etc. They also and vegitables. There are help to market the management schemes Co- operative Banks  VFPCK  Banana area expansion 5400 farm families in the organic produces at Panchayat.in the Panchayat higher price through the schemes  Padasekhara  State horticulture mission 1050 hectors is paddy scheme “GAP”. cultivation. There are 6853 schemes Samithis  Farmers  Rasrtiya krishi vignyan marginal Farmers in the Panchayat. There are 8 yojana extension organization  Construction of vermin Padasekhara Panchayat; compost schemes Anthikkad block Samithis they in are functioning well by helping the Farmers in agricultural activities. 11 Ambalavayal Panchayat Panchayat,  Krishi Padasekhara Bhavan, samithis, Ambalavayal (P O) Kurumulak  Local food Major crops are Coffee, They provide technical security scheme, pepper, Arecanut, coconut and financial assistance HADA Crop Insurance Scheme, and banana. SHM Scheme, 49 to Farmers. 67533 (pin) Samrakshana Wayanad Samithies,  Kera Sustainable development of rice, Samrakshana  Micro Nutrient for paddy, Samithies  Whole farm development of pepper,  Karshaka Pension, RKVY seed kit. 12 Vallachira Vallachira grama  Panchayat Krishi Panchayat RKVY Major crops cultivated are Providing technical ,  RSGP paddy, coconut, and banana. advisory service and SBI  SHM Krishi Bhavan providing all financial assistance to vallachira Soil conservation  ATMA kind of technical support to Farmers , promoting Bhavan, p. o pin;680562 board Thrissur Coconut Sustainable development the Farmers. They are paddy and coconut etc. facing the problem of of rice development board  School garden schemes technical Contract farming because of the work load.   13 Nedumbassery Panchayat Krishi Bhavan,, Mekkad P O, 683589  Comprehensive Development imperfection Padasekhara samithis and Develop the habit of Of Farmer clusters are working cultivation through efficiently. Rice(CDR)  RKVY efficient working of Major crops cultivated are clusters and Padasekhara  Operational Support To banana, 50 coconut, paddy, samithis, Providing Padasekhara Samiti pepper, nutmeg etc. agricultural inputs  Vegetable Development Programme  Seed Nuts Collection  ATMA  Area Expansion Of Different Crops  Karmasena 14  Sustainable development Agro clinics, Padasekhara Develop a habit of Karukutty Panchayat Krishi Samithi, of rice Farmers Field cultivation through the Bhavan, Karukutty  ATMA school are working very working of padasekhara P.O  SHM scheme efficiently. Karukuty ,  Crop 683576, Ernakulum management samithies. Health Major crops cultivated are Provide advisory service banana, coconut and paddy to Farmers.  PMKSY  Vegetable development programme 15 Co-  Avanur Panchayat Panchayat, Krishi Bhavan, P.O operative Bank, Avanur, Kudumbasree,  rice Major crop cultivated is Providing technical, Sustainable development scheme Paddy, It encourage paddy advisory service and RKVY cultivation 51 by providing financial assistance to Thrissur Agriculture  SHM subsidies, Department  ATMA demonstration assistance through RKVY, paddy, and coconut  Public participation & It encourages organic farming, etc.  Vegetable development farming Financial Farmers encourage programme 16 Edathiruthy Panchayat Panchayat,  School garden scheme  IPM  Biogas development  Banana area expansion Major Krishi Padasekhara Samithis, Co-  Chendrapinni (P O) operative Bank,  Bhavan, 680687 (pin) kusumbasree units scheme coconut and banana. Mechanization scheme Promotion of agriculture by Farmers. Tissue seeds and fertilizers to banana giving inputs like seeds culture fertilizer etc. distribution  Thrissur crops are paddy, They provide inputs like Poly house construction scheme  Banana niravu  Pepper cuttings distribution 17 Anthikkad  krishi Panchayat, Bhavan, Anthikkad VFPCK, Co- Rice development It plays a major role in Providing technical, schemes agriculture 52 development. advisory service and P.O,Thrissur-680 operative 641 seed Banks,  farm, Vegetable development major crops cultivated are financial assistance to programme rice, coconut and vegetables Farmers. And also commercial Banks,  Crop health provides seedlings to NSC management them  Rain shelter  SHM-SFM  Tissue culture  Pension schemes  Seed kit  Biogas development programme Source: compiled from students visit report. CONCLUSION As part of the institutional visit, students visited 17 Krishi Bhavan situated in different parts of Kerala. The table elucidate that all the Krishi Bhavan have institutional linkages to Panchayat, NABARD, KAU, Co-operative Societies, Kudumbasree etc. The major persisting problems of these institutions are lack of financial assistance and professionalism. These organizations have an important role on value chain prospective. This institution is providing technical, advisory service and financial assistance to Farmers and also provides seedlings to them. 53 3. NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION (NGO) A Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) is a non-profit, citizen-based group that functions independent of Government. NGOs, sometimes called civil Societies, are organized on community, national and international levels to serve specific social or political purposes, and are Co-operative, rather than commercial, in nature. In India non –profit, nonGovernmental or public charitable organizations can be registered under NGO registration system as trusts, Societies ,or a private limited non-profit company, under section-25 companies .Registered Non-profit organizations in India:(1) Operate independently of the State; (2) Are self-governed by a board or a group of trustees or managing committee or governing council, comprising people, who generally serve in a fiduciary limit; (3) Create benefits for others, basically outside the membership of the organization; and (4) Are non-profit making, in as much as they are prohibited from distributing a monetary left over to their own organization members. NGO registration of Indian Non-Governmental organizations (NGOs) can be done under various Indian laws, and the different legal entities under which civil Society organizations can register themselves are: 1. Registered Societies 2. Public Trusts 3. Private Trusts 4. Non Profit Companies (Section 25) 5. Co-operative Societies 6. Multi-State Co-operative Societies (MACTS) 7 .Trade Unions NGO registration of all types of NGOs in India requires various registration forms to be filled and submitted to various NGO registration offices across India. During our work experience 54 programme we had visited various Non-Governmental Organizations in different districts of the State .All the students were made the visit individually in order to have a good number of institutions for our experience. We had visited NGOs, which were running in different sectors such as Agriculture, Social services, Education, Arts, Culture, Consumer problems and charitable trusts etc. The details of NGOs are shown below. 55 Sl Name & Address of Objectives no. institution and Institutional linkage Observations and problems Value chain perspective  Well-functioning, with They provide tractors and functions/schemes/business provided to members 1. Manalppuzha-Kannoth  Scheme for inter cultivation Padasekhara  Scheme for fish farming Samithi  Scheme Reg.No 96/92 Mullassery (P O ) Thrissur-680509 (Pin) for  Bhavan banana  cultivation  Scheme for duck farming Panchayat and krishi  They are machine for hitting to the  VFPCK  Punctual in their work. group farming along with  Kerala Department of  They have satisfied audit trained driver.  Pananchery combined harvesting SUPPLYCO Irrigation 2. good Board of Directors. Koal Development report.  They have problems like Authority lack of transportation  Akshaya e-centre facility and high wage to  Co-operative Bank engine driers  SBI Farmer’s Marketing and value addition  Producer Company Ltd, of products All Kerala Farmer’s It organizes Farmers into a Conducts auctions to get Organisation collective to facilitate fair price to the Farmers for their produces. Dream city  ATMA empowerment of Farmers Pattikkad , Thrissur  Kerala Gramin Bank through various assistances. Pattikkad  Panchayat  Markets 56 3. Apex Voluntary Agency  We are with you scheme  NABARD  for Rural Development  AKSHYA project  Catholic Health many charitable activities poor in their area of (AVARD)  Desam  operation. AVARD is a Chalakudy P.O, Thrissur- 680307 Development Society Assessment Association of India  Ministry of Social AVARD undertakes Reach out to the They are helping many unreached for the social organization  Goat distribution Justice & realization of a just Society working with several  JLG formation Empowerment by facilitating changes for sectors and the the integral development of fundamental issues of  Monsoon kit distribution  Kerala Rural Water  Baseline surveys Supply and Sanitation the differently abled poor poverty, unemployment,  Jalanidhi project Agency and marginalized families. social insecurity etc. are  Group insurance programme  Home appliance scheme  Community programmes  Brain Magic organization  Stiching Liliance still on increasing scale. Fonds (SLF) AVARD upholds Netherlands human values where  Western Ghat Development Cell  The New India Assurance Co.Ltd people have equal opportunity for the ownership and utilization of resources  LIC for integrated  Forest Department development.  Tribal Department  PRI  Agricultural 57 Departments & NGO 4. Kottayam Social Service Society, Chaithanya  Agricultural development  Panchayat and Krishi and animal husbandry Thellakomp.o, Kottayam 686630  Community Bhavan based  Government  Well-functioning. They provide seeds and  Focused on the seedlings. empowerment and Providing resources and training to Farmers rehabilitation programmes Departments (Depts. improvement in the for the differently abled of biotechnology, quality of the poor and science and other vulnerable sections technology) in the Society.  Natural resource management  Educational support  National agencies programmes  Basic amenities development Programmes  Promotion of grass root (CAPART, NABARD level organizations, etc.) watershed development  International agencies(World Bank, German govt, Carithas Italy) 5.  COSTFORD Center of Science and Technology for Rural communities  Development Ayyanthole 680003 (pin) Empowering the poor Research development  and  Commercial Banks  Good financial They concentrated on  SHGs support from Government encouraging organic  Co-operative and other agencies. farming Banks  Well organized and Multi-disciplinary efficient management and technical support administrative setup. 58  Thrissur Human  Resource development They have problems like lack of funds, shortage of experts, on repayment of loans and labour issues 6. SEID (Society for Education and Integral Agriculture development Programmes  Subsidiary Development) Kupakolly,  Sustainable Nenmeny, Ambalavayal, Wayanad 673593 Livelihood  Panchayat   Development programmes  IT Education- wings Computer centers  Human resource  development programmes  Integrated Conservation of trinity NABARD Thiruvananthapuram was like soil, water and Western Ghats constructed by them. biomass. Thiruvananthapuram and educational Ministry of youth programmes is affairs and sports remarkable Nehru yuva Kendra and  Kerala State youth development programmes. Their activities in agricultural development  management activities  I-Tec watershed development  Gender The largest watershed in Development cell   Welfare Board  Kaval  Rural and agriculture Departments  7. Kerala vikas Kendra  Free medical camp chiyyaram PO,  Coaching class MNREGA  KVK undertakes many SBT charitable activities 59 They are helping many poor and promote other  Vanitha Thrissur  It is a non-profit voluntary entrepreneur program development organization  Self-employment schemes  Training for the charitable institution by giving financial assistance AIDS effected peoples 8 Niravu organic village  Organic farming  Grama Panchayat Vengeri(P.O)  Waste management  Krishi Bhavan Kozhikode  Energy  NABARD  State Agricultural towards the scheme is Department impressive. conservation by producing LED bulbs  Sale of organic vegetables through outlets  Canara Bank  First resident association to register as an NGO.  Attitude of Government  Vengeri village is transformed into ZERO pesticide organic village  sale of organic vegetables through the outlet  seeds and plants are sold through their nursery called krishipura  Expansion of their activities to many other districts 9 Anthikad kole padavu  Scheme for pisciculture in  Grama, Block, District padasekhara samithi Anthikad kole rainy season padavu  Scheme for inter cultivation Padasekhara  Distribution of seedlings Samithi(NGO)REG  Construction of watersheds NO:286/91 Panchayats  Andhikad, chazhur krishi bhavan  Anthikad kole padavu Padasekhara Samithi is an inputs to the Farmer NGO deals mainly with such as seeds, the activities of paddy fertilizers  Manaloor Krishi Bhavan cultivation for about 679  SUPPLYCO hector of land in 3 60  The NGO provides  They provide facilities for P.O Anthikad  VFPCK  Kerala Department of irrigation  THRISSUR district kole karshaka sangham Panchayats.  The NGO provides  They also helps to irrigation facilities, market the products at seedlings of paddy, reasonable price fertilizers etc.  They also provide combine harvesters on rental bass for the Farmers.  They also undertake pisciculture in the kole land.  The major problem faced by NGO is natural calamities and lack of professionalism. 61 harvesting the paddy. 10 Kerala rural development agency  Japan fund for poverty   reduction Kerala Rural  Ambedkar hastashilp  Grama Panchayat Banks Hospitals Main Motto:  Social intelligence  Central Government  Empowerment of people K.S Purim P O  Suraksha  State Government  Conduct seminars and Karunagappally  International Kollam are engaged in for social change yogana Development Agency  Forms SHG which income generating activities  Helps for the development of rural workshop labour  Community radio plays a organization  Western major role in the Ghats development programme  Jalanidhi women and children  Give training on awareness of members in handicrafts and the local area related activities  Community radio 11 Federation of  Fishery Organisations for projects research & development , Rural Extension centre development  Land water and biomass management Kidangoor P.O  Local self-Government  Apex organization  KINFRA  Doing welfare activities  NABARD all over State through  SAMI various institutions  Kudumbasree mission Research projects Angamaly 12 National Ecological Training Centre(NETI) Kidangoor P  Fishery development projects O  Land water and Biomass  Local Self Government  Central Planning 62  Undertaking various  Resource watershed development mapping is done projects through research Angamaly Management Board  Research projects  Doing welfare activities all  NABARD over State through various  CAPART institutions projects  Department of science and technology  KUSAT  CWDRM(Centre for water development and resource management) 13 ESAF  Health care services  Health Bridge Canada Mannuthy (p.o)  Disaster  Water.org Thrissur mitigation  Govt. Departments &management  Natural resource  Financial institutions management  ESAF is the official organ for social action.  It undertakes many making quality healthcare accessible needy people. and affordable to the development organization and it is working excellent. 63 healthy Society by charitable activities for the  It is a non-profit voluntary Source: compiled from students visit report. It seeks to build a rural and semi urban communities. CONCLUSION The study was conducted to find out the activities of NGO, and the role of NGOs with respect to value chain management .We could find that, irrespective of the field, most of the NGOs were functioning very well which were able to serve the purpose of its formed.Like many other institution, NGOs had some problems associated with their day to day operations, but that did not make them pull down. Many of them were having linkage with other Governmental and non-Governmental welfare organizations and other supporting agencies etc. It is estimated that 40000 NGO’s are working internationally and more than 1million NGOs are in India. Our visit restricted to 12 NGOs. NGOs are coming under different categories like religious centers, marketing centers etc. Main objectives for establishing NGO are to reduce poverty, increase employment and support to poor children. 64 4. CO-OPERATIVES, BANKING & OTHER SECTORS The Co-operative credit structure comprises of short term and long term credit in India .The short term Co-operative credit structure which is federal having a three tier structure comprising the Primary Agricultural Credit Societies at the grass root level, the District Co-operative Banks at the middle level and the State Co-operative Bank at the apex level. The long term credit structure consists of Primary Co-operative Agricultural and Rural Development Banks and State Co-operative Agricultural Rural Development Bank which is two tier structures. The PACS/LAMPS/FSCS are the bottom tier of Short Term Credit Structure functioning at the grassroots level (Gram Panchayat).These are primary Societies owned by Farmers ,rural artisans etc. and intended to promote thrift and mutual help among the members; cater to their credit requirements and provide credit-linked services like input supply, storage and marketing of agricultural produce etc. Objectives  To cater the credit need mostly farm credit and income generation activities of Farmers, artisans and other members.  To extend selected Banking services to members.  To implement Kisan credit card scheme for providing timely and adequate farm credit to members.  To take up marketing of agricultural produce of member Farmers.  To cater consumer needs mostly essential needs of member.  To reach Up to the unprivileged section of the community through SHGs, JLGs and TFGs.  To create awareness among Farmers to adopt improved farming practices. 65 Sl. Name And No Address 1 Ammadam Service Co- Neethi Medical Stores, Providing RUBCO, operative Bank Ltd. Freezer facility. The Society also NAFED,TD Farmers. Arrange festival markets No.533, Chennam conducted festival marketing CB for the Farmers. 2 Business Activities Poomangalam Service  To provide loans for Co-operative Bank, R 712, Arippalam P.O Irinjalakkuda Thrissur Institutiona Observation And l Linkage Problems Delay in repayment Value Chain Perspective Provide agriculture loan to the Poomangala Provides best services Society provides financial support agriculture and non- m to the members. to the Farmers to purchase agri- agriculture purposes Panchayat, Lack of finance and inputs. SHG publicity  To encourage thrift, savings, self-help and Co-operation among members.  To purchase and distribute agricultural inputs such as fertilizers, seeds, machineries, feed pesticides, etc.  To provide gold loans  To mobilize funds for the fulfillment of the objectives from institutions and individuals. 66 3 Kizhakkencherry Short term & medium term Palakkad Lack of publicity Society provide financial support Service Co-operative Loans to members. District to the farmers as well as inputs Society Purchase & distribute Co- through their retail outlets Kizhakkencherry P.O Agricultural inputs to farmers. operative Palakkad-678684 Prepare and Implement Bank, agricultural Production Krishi programmes. Bhavan, SHG 4 Ollukkara Service Co- Sale of agricultural inputs such Krishi Absence of Operating Neethi store. Helping operative Bank Ltd. as manures and fertilizers, Bhavan professionals the Farmers by selling agricultural 544, P.O. Mannuthy Sale of consumer goods through Panchayat inputs. Conducting various PIN:680651 margin free Society super DCB activities like Onachandha, Vishu market, Neethi store 5 Chandha. Erumapetty Service Co- DCB Provide short term and Society runs a Neethi medical store operative Bank ltd. SHGs medium term loans to at Erumapetty ,it also owns a Reg No 206 Mangad Commercial members godown, it under take the activity P O kottapuram Banks To provide loans to of gas distribution and vegetables Thrissur Co- SHG and self- sales throughout the Panchayat 680584 operative governing bodies Bank mobilize funds for the 67 fulfillment of individuals and institutions 6 Thrissur Service Co- Currently, the Bank is running TDCB, Bank finds a little Act as an input supplier for the operative Bank Ltd two Neethi medical stores. The Hero Honda difficulty to pay its members, providing extension No.R.1097, Bank is collecting 44 MDS from etc. interest, current services like storage facility, M.V.Raghavan the members. The Bank is liability & utilizing Neethi medicals etc. Help the Memorial Co-operative offering locker facilities to the shareholder’s fund to Farmers by providing timely credit Mandiram, members. Bank provides credit make better working facilities. Thirivambadi P.O, facilities to the members capital turn over. Patturakkal, Thrissur-22 especially gold loan, mortgage loan, vehicle loan, mahila sakthi self-employment loan, business loan, housing loan and interest free loans for paddy cultivation etc. 7 Pananchery Co- Accepting deposits, providing Thrissur Society has been They develop & implement new operative Bank LTD different types of loans and District Co- running successfully & strategies for agri. Products. Other Pattikad P.O,680652 advances. operative provides quality business activities, Sale of agri. Bank, services to the people Inputs, Fertilizer depot, Neethi Panchayat, in pananchery store, Onam Chanda etc. 68 Krishi Panchayat. Their major Bhavan constraints Limited capital, Lack of management competency, Lack of coordination, Lack of secrecy. 8 9 Vellimon Service Co- Accepting deposits and DCB Restrictions from the The Society providing loan and operative Bank providing loans are the major Other Co- Government inputs to agricultural sector ltd no:2456 business activities of the operatives competition from the They used to conduct some market Perinad half organization .apart from that they commercial Banks fares in relation with some Kollam Taluk conduct fair markets political influence festivals Nattakom Service Co- Provide agriculture loan, gold National Delay in loan Act as input supplier operative Bank loan, housing loan, daily Seed repayment Lending credit to Farmers Ltd.No.3839 collection loan, interest free loan, Corporation Overdue of loans Providing non-Banking facilities Pakkil P.O SHG loan etc. Krishi Kottayam Runs a Neethi medical store and Bhavan Maveli store DCB like Neethi store and Maveli store Procure and sale of paddy seeds 10 Thriuvambadi service Accepting deposits and NABARD Loan overdue by Providing financial support in Co-operative Bank providing loans are the main NCDC members on agri-loans terms of credit and technical 69 No.L.56 business activity Kozhikode assistance by distributing inputs Thrivambadi,kozhikode, Fertilizer sale through district Co- through KARSHAKA MITHRA. 673580 KARSHAKA MITHRA store. operative Consumer store 3)Neethi supermarket Bank Neethi medical store 4)Neethi medical shop RUBCO 5)GDS and chits 6)Agri-inputs through karshaka Mithra 11 Ambalavayal Service To provide short term Loans to Panchayat Loans outstanding is Sale of agricultural inputs. Co-operative Bank Ltd members. DCB increasing Procurement of Agricultural Ambalavayal P.O To introduce agricultural related Unable to grab commodities 673593 schemes attention of the Wayanad customers compared to new generation. 12 Peringottukara service As part of encourage thrift and DCB The NPA level of the Co-operative Bank self-help among the members in Panchayat Society is much high Reg.No-110 the area of operation of the Krishi and is mainly due to Peringottukara (P O) Society, they provides deposit Bhavan the failure of 680565(pin) facilities (both SB & FD) and repayment of loans Thrissur also extend credit facilities to over persons. And this their members especially for leads to the situation of 70 13 agricultural purpose. It includes undistributed dividends Medium and Long term loans for to the respective agri purpose, Mortgage loans, shareholders. And now Gold loan, and Loan for shgs at the Society is having a lower rate. Bank also collects loss of Rs.90 lakhs. But MDS from their members and the interesting thing is arranges a platform to their that the members are members for the sale of their satisfied with the work produce with the help of SHG’s of Society due to their during Onam season and is good rapport among named as Onamchandha. the members. Varadiam Service Co- Neethi Medical store and Panchayat, Delay in problems Help the Farmers by providing operative Bank providing credit facilities to Krishi solving timely credit facilities and also Ltd No:575 individuals , SHG etc. Bhavan, extension services like Neethi P.O Avanur, Varadiam District Co- medical store. pin:680541 operative Bank 14 Chazhur service Co- Provide short term and medium District Co- Society is working well The Society provides short term operative Bank Ltd term loans to members. operative with their limited agricultural loans to the Farmers. No.R106 Accept deposits from members. Bank resources. And the area They also distribute fertilizers and P O Chazhur Provide storage facilities for Krishi of operation of Society pesticides to Farmers at reasonable 71 Thrissur fertilizers, seeds, pesticides, and pin :680641 Bhavan is chazhur Panchayat price. They conduct festival agriculture implements. with a membership Of markets to market the agricultural Market the seeds, fertilizers, 8274 members. And produce of Farmers and to control agriculture implements as an the Society is running price inflation. agent. textiles outlet, Special schemes for agriculture fertilizers & pesticide are implemented for members. depots, Jonathan store, Neethi Store and onam market. Society is having excess of deposit over loan amount. This is the major reason for running in loss. Another problem faced by Society is 17.8 overdue percentages. The Society is having a future plan to start a trading complex with the aim of helping 72 Society as a whole. 15 Avinissery service Co- Neethi store ,consumer store, Panchayat operative Ration shop, Provide credit Krishi timely credit facilities and other Society.Ltd:no.400 facilities to the Farmers Bhavan facilities like Neethi store, ration FACT shop and consumer store, and Rubber agricultural inputs. Trissur Poor recovery of loans Help the Farmers by providing Marketing Federation 16 17 Angamaly Service Co- Accept deposits and provide DCB, Legal suits related to Providing finance to agriculture, operative loans Ernakulum supersession of and agricultural inputs. BankLtdNo:714 Sale of fertilizers ,seeds, committee Angamaly P.O , pesticides through depots Effect of Pin:683572 Neethi store demonetization. Karayamparambu, Accept deposits and provide DCB, Over dues, Provide finance to agriculture service Co-operative loans. Ernakulum Demonetization activities. Bank No.1573 Sale of fertilizers , seeds, Other Banks Karukutty P O pesticides through depots storage facility 683576 Neethi stores. Act as an input supplier. Mobile freezer &ambulance service. Source: compiled from students visit report 73 provide extension services like CONCLUSION The Primary Agricultural Credit Co-operative Societies are working in good manner .They play an important role in the field of agri-business such as input supply for agriculture, providing storage facility, marketing of agri-products etc. They are also providing Neethi store for the public. It helps the Farmers in getting credit facilities in proper time. Non repayment by members and decrease in credit deposit ratio are the major problems they are facing. Most of the PACs are having linkages with DCB, SCB, Panchayat, Krishi Bhavan etc. They are one of the main actors in the value chain of pre and post production of agriculture. 74 5. CONSUMER CO-OPERATIVES Consumer Co-operatives are enterprises owned by consumers and managed democratically which aim at fulfilling the needs and aspirations of their members. They operate within the market system, independently of the State, as a form of mutual aid, oriented toward service rather than pecuniary profit. Consumers' Co-operatives often take the form of retail outlets owned and operated by their consumers, such as food co-ops. However, there are many types of consumers' Co-operatives, operating in areas such as health care, insurance, housing, utilities and personal finance (including credit unions). Consumers' Co-operatives may, in turn, form Co-operative federations. These may come in the form of Co-operative wholesale Societies, through which consumers' Co-operatives collectively purchase goods at wholesale prices and, in some cases, own factories. Alternatively, they may be members of Co-operative unions. Consumer Co-operatives utilize the Co-operative principle of democratic member control, or one member/one vote. Most consumer Cooperatives have a board of directors elected by and from the membership. The board is usually responsible for hiring management and ensuring that the Co-operative meets its goals, both financial and otherwise. Democratic functions, such as petitioning or recall of board members, may be codified in the bylaws or organizing document of the Co-operative. Most consumer Co-operatives hold regular membership meetings (often once a year). As mutually owned businesses, each member of a Society has a shareholding equal to the sum they paid in when they joined. Large consumers' co-operatives are run much like any other business and require workers, managers, clerks, products, and customers to keep the doors open and the business running. In smaller businesses the consumer/owners are often workers as well. Consumers' Co-operatives can differ greatly in startup and also in how the co-op is run but to be true to the consumers' Co-operative form of business the enterprise should follow the ‘Rochdale Principles’. 75 Sl. Name And No Address 1 Ammadam Service Co- 2 Business Activities Institutional Observation And Linkage Problems Neethi Medical Stores, Providing RUBCO, Delay in repayment operative Bank Ltd. Freezer facility. The Society also NAFED,TDCB No.533, Chennam conducted festival marketing Value Chain Perspective Provide agriculture loan to the Farmers. Festival markets for the Farmers. Poomangalam service Co- To provide loans for agriculture Poomangalam Provides best services to Society provides financial support to operative Bank, R 712 and non-agriculture purposes Panchayat,, SHG the members. the Farmers as well as inputs. Arippalam P.O To encourage thrift, savings, self- Lack of finance and Irinjalakkuda help and Co-operation among publicity Thrissur members. To purchase and distribute agricultural inputs such as fertilizers, seeds, machineries, feed pesticides, etc. To provide gold loans To mobilize funds for the fulfillment of the objectives from institutions and individuals. 3 Kizhakkencherry Short term & medium term Loans Palakkad District Service Co-operative to members. Co-operative Bank, the farmers as well as inputs through Society Purchase & distribute Agricultural Krishi Bhavan, their retail outlets 76 Lack of publicity Society provide financial support to Kizhakkencherry P.O inputs to farmers. Palakkad-678684 Prepare and Implement SHG agricultural Production programmes. 4 Ollukkara Service Co- Sale of agricultural inputs such as Krishi Bhavan Absence of professionals Operating Neethi store. Helping the operative Bank Ltd. 544, manures and fertilizers, Panchayat Farmers by selling agricultural P.O. Mannuthy Sale of consumer goods through DCB inputs. Conducting various activities PIN:680651 margin free Society super market, like Onachandha, Vishu Chandha. Neethi store 5 Erumapetty Service Co- DCB Provide short term and Society runs a Neethi medical store operative Bank ltd. SHGs medium term loans to at Erumapetty ,it also owns a Reg No 206 Mangad Commercial Banks members godown, it under take the activity of P O kottapuram Co-operative Bank To provide loans to SHG gas distribution and vegetables sales Thrissur and self-governing bodies throughout the Panchayat 680584 mobilize funds for the fulfillment of individuals and institutions 6 Thrissur Service Co- Currently, the Bank is running TDCB, Hero Honda Bank finds a little Act as an input supplier for the operative Bank Ltd two Neethi medical stores. The etc. difficulty to pay its members, providing extension No.R.1097, Bank is collecting 44 MDS from interest, current liability & services like storage facility, Neethi 77 M.V.Raghavan Memorial the members. The Bank is utilizing shareholder’s medicals etc. Help the Farmers by Co-operative Mandiram, offering locker facilities to the fund to make better providing timely credit facilities. Thirivambadi P.O, members. Bank provides credit working capital turn over. Patturakkal, Thrissur-22 facilities to the members especially gold loan, mortgage loan, vehicle loan, mahila sakthi self-employment loan, business loan, housing loan and interest free loans for paddy cultivation etc. 7 Pananchery Co-operative Accepting deposits, providing Thrissur District Society has been running They develop & implement new Bank LTD different types of loans and Co-operative Bank, successfully & provides strategies for agri. Products. Other Pattikad P.O,680652 advances. Panchayat, Krishi quality services to the business activities, Sale of agri. Bhavan people in pananchery Inputs, Fertilizer depot, Neethi store, Panchayat. Their major Onam Chanda etc. constraints Limited capital, Lack of management competency, Lack of coordination, Lack of secrecy. 8 Vellimon Service Co- Accepting deposits and providing DCB Restrictions from the 78 The Society providing loan and 9 operative Bank loans are the major business Other Co-operatives Government inputs to agricultural sector ltd no:2456 activities of the organization .apart competition from the They used to conduct some market Perinad half from that they conduct fair commercial Banks fares in relation with some festivals Kollam Taluk markets political influence Nattakom Service Co- Provide agriculture loan, gold National Seed Delay in loan repayment Act as input supplier operative Bank loan, housing loan, daily Corporation Overdue of loans Lending credit to Farmers Ltd.No.3839 collection loan, interest free loan, Krishi Bhavan Providing non-Banking facilities like Pakkil P.O SHG loan etc. DCB Neethi store and Maveli store Kottayam Runs a Neethi medical store and Maveli store Procure and sale of paddy seeds 10 Thriuvambadi service Co- Accepting deposits and providing NABARD Loan overdue by members Providing financial support in terms operative Bank No.L.56 loans are the main business NCDC on agri-loans of credit and technical assistance by Thrivambadi,kozhikode, activity Kozhikode district distributing inputs through 673580 Fertilizer sale through Co-operative Bank KARSHAKA MITHRA. KARSHAKA MITHRA store. RUBCO Consumer store 3)Neethi supermarket Neethi medical store 4)Neethi medical shop 5)GDS and chits 6)Agri-inputs through karshaka Mithra 79 11 Ambalavayal Service Co- To provide short term Loans to Panchayat Loans outstanding is Sale of agricultural inputs. operative Bank Ltd members. DCB increasing Procurement of Agricultural Ambalavayal P.O To introduce agricultural related Unable to grab attention of commodities 673593 schemes the customers compared to Wayanad 12 new generation. Peringottukara service As part of encourage thrift and DCB The NPA level of the Co-operative Bank self-help among the members in Panchayat Society is much high and Reg.No-110 the area of operation of the Krishi Bhavan is mainly due to the failure Peringottukara (P O) Society, they provides deposit of repayment of loans over 680565(pin) facilities (both SB & FD) and also persons. And this leads to Thrissur extend credit facilities to their the situation of members especially for undistributed dividends to agricultural purpose. It includes the respective Medium and Long term loans for shareholders. And now the agri purpose, Mortgage loans, Society is having a loss of Gold loan, and Loan for SHGs at Rs.90 lakhs. But the lower rate. Bank also collects interesting thing is that the MDS from their members and members are satisfied with arranges a platform to their the work of Society due to members for the sale of their their good rapport among produce with the help Of SHGs the members. 80 during Onam season and is named as Onamchandha. 13 Varadiam Service Co- Neethi Medical store and Panchayat, Krishi operative Bank providing credit facilities to Bhavan, timely credit facilities and also Ltd No:575 individuals , SHG etc. District Co- extension services like Neethi operative Bank medical store. P.O Avanur, Varadiam Delay in problems solving Help the Farmers by providing pin:- Chazhur service Co- Provide short term and medium District Co- Society is working well The Society provides short term operative Bank Ltd term loans to members. operative Bank with their limited agricultural loans to the Farmers. No.R106 Accept deposits from members. Krishi Bhavan resources. And the area of They also distribute fertilizers and P O Chazhur Provide storage facilities for operation of Society is pesticides to Farmers at reasonable Thrissur fertilizers, seeds, pesticides, and chazhur Panchayat with a price. They conduct festival markets pin :680641 agriculture implements. membership Of 8274 to market the agricultural produce of Market the seeds, fertilizers, members. And the Society Farmers and to control price agriculture implements as an is running textiles outlet, inflation. agent. fertilizers & pesticide Special schemes for agriculture depots, Jonathan store, are implemented for members. Neethi Store and onam market. Society is having excess of deposit over loan amount. This is the major 81 reason for running in loss. Another problem faced by Society is 17.8 overdue percentages. The Society is having a future plan to start a trading complex with the aim of helping Society as a whole. 15 Avinissery service Co- Neethi store ,consumer store, Panchayat operative Ration shop, Provide credit Krishi Bhavan timely credit facilities and other Society.Ltd:no.400 facilities to the Farmers FACT facilities like Neethi store, ration Rubber Marketing shop and consumer store, and Federation agricultural inputs. Trissur 16 17 Angamaly Service Co- Accept deposits and provide loans operative BankLtdNo:714 DCB, Ernakulum Poor recovery of loans Help the Farmers by providing Legal suits related to Providing finance to agriculture, and Sale of fertilizers ,seeds, supersession of committee agricultural inputs. Angamaly P.O , pesticides through depots Effect of demonetization. Pin:683572 Neethi store Karayamparambu, service Accept deposits and provide loans DCB, Ernakulum Over dues, Provide finance to agriculture Co-operative Bank Sale of fertilizers , seeds, Other Banks Demonetization activities No.1573 pesticides through depots provide extension services like Karukutty P O Neethi stores storage facility 82 683576 Mobile freezer &ambulance Act as an input supplier. service Source: compiled from students visit report. CONCLUSION A consumer's Co-operative Society is a combination of persons whose aim is to economize by buying in common and retain their profits by selling in common. The Societies started to help lower and middle class and protect these sections from the clutches of profit hungry businessman. The Societies are maintaining books and accounts necessary for its proper functioning such as purchase register, stock register, sales register, cash book, day book, general ledger etc. The Societies usually suffer from inadequacy of finances as majority of the members of the Societies are from middle class or low income group people. Most of the members do not have proper managerial ability and training. So they cannot manage the affairs of the Society properly. Another major problem is that there is lack of advertising and salesmanship which results in lesser sales. The main advantages of the consumer Co-operative Society is that the control and management of Society is democratic. And these Societies lead to the elimination of middlemen. Since the control and management of the Society is in the hands of the members, it ensures better quality of goods to the members. The advertising expenses are limited is another main advantage. The consumer co-operatives facilitate its members in getting pure and unadulterated goods at a reasonable price. Even though they face some problems they have their own strengths to withstand and have won the acceptance by the people in the area of operation. 83 6. DIARY CO-OPERATIVES India is the one of the largest milk and milk products producing countries in the world. The country’s milk production increased from around 20 million tons in 1960s to 121.50 million tons in 2011. Annual milk production in India has more than tripled in the last 3 decades. The rapid growth and modernization is largely credited to the contribution of dairy Co-operatives and the operation flood project. Co-operatives in India have three tier of structure which consists of State level federation, district milk unions and dairy Co-operatives Societies at the village level respectively. As a result dairy Co-operative Societies have been formed to meet local demand for milk and to eradicate the existing malpractices in the milk marketing. 84 Sl. Name and Address Facilities provided to the Institutional No. members 1 Value chain Observation Made linkages Parappur Ksheera Cattle feed at subsidized rate. MILMA, Dairy It acts as an input Society running on profit. Vyavasaya Sahakarana Collects supplier as well as Engaged in processing and value Sangham Ltd No.R.74(D) members in the morning and TDCB marketing agent to added products such as curd, ghee, evening makes local sales and the processing unit Milk Ladu, Peda, Sip Up, Milk Cream milk from the Department & excess will be sent to MILMA. & Chocolate etc Price of the milk fixed as per the price chart provided by MILMA based on the fat and SNF content 2 3 Engandiyur dairy Co- Procurement and local sale of Service Co- operative Society Reg.No-R milk at reasonable price. operative Bank, 70 D (APCOS) Sale of cattle feed. MILMA, Kerala Engandiyur (P O) Society 680616 location, rubber sheet and cane Thrissur to Farmers. provides Provide inputs like Lack of good facilitated building and cattle feed storage facilities for storage of inputs cleaning feed ltd Puthuruthy milk .Guide and assist members to Service producers Co-operative produce quality milk. Society Reg.No-R 203 D .Act as an intermediary for MILMA Co-  It acts as input operative Bank, 85 supplier (cattle feed) as well as Society covers maximum number of dairy Farmer (APCOS) marketing and sale of milk. marketing agent. Mundathicode (P O) .Purchase and distribute cattle 680623 feeds. collecting Thrissur .Artificial insemination from the Farmers  It acts as agent for milk and providing it to the MILMA. 4 5 Panancheri Supply of cattle feed price to Ksheerolpadana reasonable Sahakarana Sangam Ltd members, procurement of milk, Service No.R.8(D)APCOS make local sale and excess will operative Bank, providing it to the be send to MILMA. MILMA. It acts as an agent for the Panancheri collecting milk from Panchayat milk the Farmers Vyavasaya supply Sahakarna Sangam reasonable price to members Farmers No.R 38 (D) P.O and providing 680541 technical Avanur artificial insemination, national markets food supplement, and supply of play major role in calcium value non-members inputs powder. feed at Panchayat provide such as members in rearing cattle and milk production is decreasing. Society running on profit Society collecting milk from engaged in just procurement of milk and it and and to local also chain management of milk. 86 is increasing and It act as agent for Milma Help Production cost and Procurement cattle and Milma Co- Avanur Ksheera of of at MILMA constructing shed themselves 6 Anthikad Milk Supply  Help members to purchase MILMA Co-operative good milk, animal & to Anthikad Society Ltd.R.255 protect them. service Anthikad,P.O  Procurement of milk from Thrissur operative Members, produce value Society Dairy added Product & market.  Purchase equipment needed development Act as an intermediary Co- for between sales and Price of milk is fixed with the help Of consumers. The milk analyser. The major constraints dairy Co-operatives of Society are they have to provide help high price to Farmers and low price to to milk the milk. They also members After producers milk products. to milk. remaining milk is stored in the chiller. producers to market supply collecting milk for storage of milk and board  Purchase cattle feed and The Society having collection centres consumers. process the excess milk and sold to at consumer. reasonable price They provide inputs such as cattle feed Farmers to at reasonable price. 7 Panthallor, KUCS, Ltd.  Provide 234(D) APCOS members Nellai members. cattle and feeds to MILMA, non- Dairy Department 87 It act as agent for Society is running on profit. Society collecting milk from does not engage in any other business Farmers activities. and  Collect milk provides it to Milma. from members 8 Avinissery producers  Cattle feed at subsidized Milma, It acts as agent for The Society provides milk producer collecting milk from bonus to members. dairy Co-operative rate, collects milk from Avinissery Society ltd, 34 the service (D),Thrissur morning members and in the evening Co- operative Bank the Farmers supply to and Milma. .makes local sales and Giving financial excess will be sent to support to the cattle Milma. Farmers.  Price of milk fixed as per Milma 9 Puthuruthy milk Producers  Guide and assist to produce Co-operative Society members Reg.No-R 203 D quality milk. Puthuruthy Service It acts as input supplier Co- (cattle feed) as well operative as marketing agent.  Act as an intermediary Bank, It acts as agent for Mundathicode (P O)- for marketing and sale of Milma collecting milk from 680623, Thrissur milk. (APCOS), the  Purchase and distribute Farmers and providing it to the MILMA. cattle feeds.  Artificial insemination 88 Society covers maximum number of dairy Farmers 10 Kodenchery  Providing cattle feeds. MILIMA, Act as input supplier Having a chilling plant and collection Ksheerolpadaka  Procuring of milk. Kodenchery (cattle feeds) centers  Make Local sales and service Providing No.F.1770(APCOS) excess will be given to operative classes, Subsidies, Pulikkayam, MILMA Bank, Pension through Computerised testing of Kerala feeds, Banks. milk Palazhi cattle Sangam Kozhikode  Co- training Less number of active members feeds, Dairy Development Department. 11 Ambalavayal Dairy Co-  To undertake activities and operative Ltd. 1961 provide guidance to Onneyar (P.O) member producers for Ambalavayal increasing production and 673581 Wayanad MILMA To undertake To facilitate the production of value Additional storage capacity to store milk in an emergency situation added products.  quality of milk.   Provide inputs like cattle feed under the the name of ‘AMCOS’. programmers to improve the heat. 12 Kaipuzha Milk Producers  Procurement of milk, MILMA, Kerala  Provides inputs like 89 Interest of Farmers decreasing  Local sale Co-operative Society K.108(D) APCOS of milk at feeds Ltd. Less no. of pouring members  Act as a marketing reasonable price  Sale of cattle feed Kaipuzha P.O cattle feeds. agent Kottayam of milk producers or Farmers to MILMA and local sales 13 Cherumood  Procuring of milk. Ksheerolpadaka  Computerized milk testing DCB Kollam from Farmers, facility is providing for the It ensures marketing members. of milk at reasonable Supply milk to consumers at price. Sahakarna Sangam Q.48[APCOS] Vellimon P.O  Kollam pin- MILMA Procuring of milk Society is working well Computerized milk testing facility fair price Kariyad Milk Producers  Procuring of milk MILMA Society E.46(D) APCOS,  Providing cattle feeds DCB, value Mekkad P.O, pin.683589 at reasonable price. Ernakulum management Nedumbassery,  Ernakulum powder and Milma value Supply of  Agent for suitable chain of milk. calcium  Act added products supplier  feed). Local sales of milk  Provide and to MILMA 90 as input (cattle technical Members are reduced from 250 to 22 guidance to the Farmers. 15 Mambra west  Procuring of milk Koratty Dairy Co-  Providing cattle feeds 0perative Society  Facilities R.124 (D) for MILMA Muringoor Bank  Act as an input Society is working well supplier (cattle feed) Lack of interest among youth  Providing trainings artificial to members insemination  Make Local sales and excess will be given to MILMA 16 Venginissery Milk Procurement of milk and Panchayat The Society act as Producers Co-operative supply of cattle feed to the the Society Ltd No. members (cattle feed) as well R.273(D) APCOS 17 input Have collection centres supplier as marketing agent. Milk Producers Co- Society engaged in local sales Milma, Distributing operative Society & also selling milk to MILMA Mundakkathazha feed at Ltd.No.169 (D) APCOS m rate Pattikkad operative dairy Source: compiled from students visit report. 91 Co- cattle subsidized Society is running in loss CONCLUSION The role of Dairy Co-operatives in procurement of milk and providing necessary services to dairy Farmers make them distinct among the other channels of milk marketing .The dairy Farmers selling the milk to dairy Co-operatives and get fair price of their product .These centers also provide financial security and give the money to dairy Farmers at the certain intervals thus the dairy Farmers get a consolidated amount from the dairy Co-operatives. The major constraints with the channel is delay in payment by the dairy Co-operatives .The poor households are unable to wait for longer periods to get the payment and thereby prefer to transact their marketable surplus through other channels. 92 7. MARKETING CO-OPERATIVES Marketing is one of the major problems of Indian agriculture. Owing to lack or shortage of suitable market, infrastructure, Farmers are compelled to dispose of their produce at very low prices and, thus, they are deprived of the real income which they should get out of their venture. At this condition, Co-operative marketing can prove very beneficial and of course the only solution. According to the Reserve Bank of India, a Co-operative Marketing Society "is an association of cultivators formed primarily for the purpose of helping the members to market their produce more profitably than possible through the private trade." The following are some of the important reasons, which justify the establishment of Co-operative marketing structure.  To overcome the malpractices  To reduce the price – spread between the producer and the consumer  For large-scale expansion of Co-operative credit  For integration  To improve the economic conditions of the producers by strengthening his bargaining power  To educate the Farmers  To overcome the problem of unwanted participation of multi-national companies in domestic marketing. The structure of Co-operative marketing Societies in India consists of  National Agricultural Co-operative Marketing Federation (NAFED) at the National level  State marketing federation at State level.  District or Regional Marketing Societies at the intermediate level.  Primary Marketing Societies at grass root level. 93 Sl No 1 Name & Address Linkage  Block Peringottukara karshikolpanna vipanana Institutional Panchayat vitharana Co-operative  Co-operative Bank Society Reg.No R  Krishi Bhavan 1046  Padasekhara PO Kizhakumuri samithis Peringottukara Business Activity  Procurement produce Observations Made of such Value Chain Perspective agricultural The Society is in loss. So presently The Society act as input supplier as pepper, the procurement and marketing for the Farmers. They provide arecanut, cashewnut etc. from activity is stopped. But they have harvesting machine on rental basis Farmers and the strong market board of directors who to Farmers. extremely need to run this Society. produces  The Society have two combined The working period of Society is harvest machines and they give seasonal, so they wish diversify their it to their for work. They will restart marketing members soon. They take a room for restart harvesting paddy the procurement of agriculture produce. They also conduct festival markets for marketing agricultural producers of Farmers. 2 Kottayam Rubber Marketing Co- operative Ltd.No.778 Kottayam Society  Rubber Board  State Govt  Procurement and marketing of Variation in the price of rubber Society is not working well rubber  Grading of rubber  Provide inputs Ineffective management for rubber cultivation 94 They act s input supplier Marketing agent - Kozhikode District   Co-operative Rubber Marketing   Society No.F.1879 Cheroot road, Kozhikode 4  Depots material, acids, manures, roller) MARKETFE  and inputs(planting the area of operation through direct the rubber Farmers. They also help rubber collection and through depots. to market the products of Farmers. Conducting board meetings and general body KDC  State Marketing & Government Processing Co-  Co-operative Society Procuring, storing, marketing of Purchase of rubber from Farmers in Society acts as input supplier for Rubber board D  Pananchery operative 5 State Govt  Procurement of coconut from Society accepts deposits & provides The loans to the members. Currently marketing Farmers  Banks Pattikad, Thrissur products also. H&C Complex Beach road ,Kollam  State  engaged in processing of two years marketing & processing the members. from members activities will be extended to rubber  & is Processing of coconut procured main activity is Banking, And within coconut produces procured from LTD No:1271, P. O. CAPEX Society Society procures raw cashew nut Distribution of cashew products. To Value addition of cashew nuts is Government from Farmers and process the organize cashew industry into State. the major activity. Using all the Commercial cashew. To Then they market the product. marketing of kernels. Procurement preparation Bank  promote manufacturing and parts and marketing of raw cashew nuts. To deliver high quality tropical edible nuts. 95 cashew for product 6 Thrissur Rubber District Marketing  Marketed  Rubber board Co-operative  NCDC Society ltd  DCB Reg no :285  To promote thrift, self-help, Co-  There is no processing activity operation among members  To establish rubber production done by the Society .Society has different agencies at a reasonable collection centers in price. Society also supplying Thrissur,Vellupadam,Chelakkara, various implements, cup hanger, units  To make arrangement for the transportation have strong board of directors  To make arrangement for the equipment and and distribute machines members on rent or cash 96 who extremely need to run this Society. marketing of rubber products collect Wadakkanchery of raw materials  The Society is in loss. But they and finished goods  To Marketing of rubber of Farmers to to spout, forbic acid, fungicides, aluminum vessels, rubber coats etc. to its members. 7 Thrissur Malsya District  Arecanut Co-  Society procures fishes from The Society runs in profit for many Marketing of dried fishes, meat, Vipanana operative Farmers of both Chavakkad and years except previous year due to vegetables and timber. Consumer Society, Vaniyamkulam area and market some Thozhilali operative CoSociety Ltd No. (R) 933 Kokkale P.O, these dried fishes through their Society is one of the better Societies local market and marketed through  TDCB, own super market & sales outlet in the field of marketing of dried their own super market run by the  Thrissur Fruits nearby Sakthan stand. operative stationeries, meat & fishes for at Chavakkad. The Society has no Society, revenue. District Marketing And Processing CoSociety  FCI  Civil transportation facilities. Currently,  Vegetables, meat, fresh fish and the Society has using private bus timber etc. are marketed directly service for transporting the dried fishes to the sales outlets. through the agencies. stores operative fishes and other products. They have Society at reasonable price. They & Consumer Paddy The goods are purchased from Thrissur  RAIDCO, Kaiparamba Thrissur activities. Vegetables  The Society is also engaged in no processing units. The Society has have no processing unit. the marketing and sale of own godown at Thrissur and depot Marketing Co- Thrissur 8 renovation  Society procures paddy from Society is having godowns in The Society process the paddy Farmers, storing, processing Thrissur district with a capacity of procured from Farmers and market Supply and marketing of paddy. Corporation  DCB 10000 tones. It is providing the product. They sale the product transportation facilities. The Society through their own sales counter Ltd. No R.923 has its own building and also market to FCI. Athani, Thrissur 9 Kodakara block marketing Co- Rubber marketing  Society procure rubber from Society has 2 go downs and 6 The Society helps the rubber depots. No processing activities. Farmers to market their price at Farmers 97 operative Society ltd.R858 P.O  federation Farmer classes They helps the Farmers to Society provides bed and chapels reasonable price. market rubber IRINJALAKUDA 10 Lemon grass oil & general marketing Co-operative Society Ltd  State Govt  Depots packaging and selling of lemon of land and they cultivates products ,Coconut , and lemon  MARKET grass and other essential oils. pine apple. No. 3200, kurupampady FED  RUBCO (P.O), Ernakulum  RARS, & Ambalavayal  KVK,Ambala Development Society,  Purchase of raw materials, P.O. vayal Krishnagiri,  KAU Wayanad  Pookodu  The Societies have 12 acres Marketing of rubber and rubber The Society is also handling  They have one godown marketing of rubber, rubber  The Society is running in products and coconut. 11 Brahmagiri Marketing  loss  To attain food security and provide livelihood to grass oil at reasonable price To attain food security and provide Processing products like Beef bit, actual livelihood to actual Producers. 15 Beef Jonathan, Chicken curry cut, crores from Government of Kerala chicken Lollypop produces  To market branded meats Athijeevanam Project. veterinary University  NABARD  State Planning Board 98 12 Thrissur District  Arecanut Marketing  Co-operative TDCB No processing activities are doing The Society having 3 godowns in The Society helps the arecanut Marketed by the Society. Marketing Arecanut from the members. of the district. The Society is running Farmers to market the produce at on loss reasonable price. Society Ltd.No.R.169 Kokalae, P.O. Thrissur Source: compiled from students visit report. CONCLUSION As part of our field training programme, we were placed Marketing Society for the practical orientation. We visited 12 different categories of Marketing Co-operative Societies at different places, and it covers the agricultural commodities such as Rubber, Paddy, Fish, Lemon grass Arecanut etc. The main activity of Marketing Society was procurement and marketing of the agricultural commodities. Some of the Societies were undertake the processing activity. Also provide inputs to the farmers; thereby help to get reasonable price for their product. The Societies have forward and backward linkages with different institutions. Although, many advantages are envisaged in the Co-operative Marketing the structure has remained relatively weak as compared to credit Co-operatives. The marketing is more difficult involving many technical and commercial aspects. Marketing of perishable is still more different. Arranging quick transport, proper storage to avoid losses, vigilant on demand- supply position to ensure good prices to members is all matters need for good marketi 99 8. COMMERCIAL BANK / REGIONAL RURAL BANKS A Bank is a financial institution which accepts deposits from public and creates credit. Due to their importance in the financial stability of a country, banks are highly regulated in most countries. Most countries have an institutionalized system known as Fractional Reserve Banking under which banks hold liquid assets equal to only apportion of their current liabilities Commercial Banks is a normal bank, it refer to a bank or a division of a bank that mostly deals with deposits and loans from corporations or large businesses. Their main aim is to make profit out of their operations; scope of operations is wide in commercial type banks because it not only provides agriculture finance but also housing loan, car, consumption, letter of credit, credit to big companies. There area of operation is extended to rural, semi-urban and urban areas. Regional Rural Bank (RRB) is the bank for rural development, backward areas development, also providing banking facilities to rural population. Scope of RRB is limited to agriculture finance, small sector loan, handicraft and other small sector loans, RRBs area of operation is rural and semi-urban areas . 100 SL. Name & Address Institutional Linkages Kerala Gramin Bank Central Government, Anikkampoyil, NABARD Observations Made Value Chain Perspective No 1 Good loaning procedure and recovery Provides loan for agriculture  Customer friendly Provides loan for agriculture Thiruvambadi,673580 Kozhikode 2 Indian Bank SHG, NGO’s  Profitably running Vatnappily p.o Thrissur,- HDFC Head office  Bank functioning efficiently Kottayam branch, ISI  Agricultural loans are less building, Baker junction  More loans are disbursed for business Provides loan for agriculture purpose, housing and consumption 4 State Bank of India Central Government,  No delay in loan sanctioning Provide loans to needy persons De paul academy branch, Kudumbasree, Lead bank  Maintain good relationship with without any delay Angamaly south customers Ernakulum- Kerala Gramina Bank  NABARD  Running profitably Koratty,  Indian Bank  Good contact with customers Thrissur,680308  Panchayat 101 Lending to agricultural purpose.  Central government 6 7 8 9 10 Kerala Gramina Bank  Co-operative bank  Bank functioning efficiently Lending to agricultural purpose Kadapakkada,  SHG  Agricultural loans are more and linking SHG’s Kollam,691008  NABARD Kerala Gramina Bank  Co-operative bank  Accepting deposits and lending money The bank provides agricultural Ambalavayal p.o  SHG  Provide safe locker loan to the needy people who are Wayanad  NABARD  ATM facility eligible customers. South Indian bank  Central government  Good contact with customers Agricultural loans are not having Guruvayur  SHG  Good loaning procedure and recovery much share in the total disbursed Thrissur  Panchayat Bank of Baroda  Panchayat  Efficient customer service Provide agricultural loan to the Mannuthy p.o  RBI  Good loan procedure and recovery needy people who are eligible Thrissur,680651  Regional Office system for getting loans  Head office  Other banks They provide different types of loan and They provide agricultural loan to by the bank South Indian bank  Canara Bank  Vadakkancherry P.O  SHG efficient customary services to their the needy people who are Palakad,678683  NGO customers eligible for getting the loan  They offer ATM facility to their 102 customers 11 Union Bank of India  Krishi Bhavan TUDA Building,  Panchayat Sakthan Arcade,  Canara Bank Thrissuy- Good loaning procedure and recovery Bank provides agricultural loans system to the needy peoples who are  Efficient customer service eligible for getting it.  Proper follow up measures Federal Bank  Krishi Bhavan  Agriculture financing is less Chendrepinni  Panchayat  More loans are for housing and purchase Thrissur,-  Provides loans for loans of vehicle State Bank of Travancore  Panchayat  Efficient customer service Bank provides agricultural loans Pattikkad  Canara Bank  Good loaning procedure and recovery to the needy peoples who are Thrissur,680652 eligible for getting it. CONCLUSION We have studied many things on the day to day operations in the bank through observations and also through clearing doubts on various banking activities. We had a great experience by looking to the activities. This enabled us to learn many of the practical applications of the theories we have studied.The agricultural activities carried out by the RRBs were above the expected level, all banks maintain a good customer banker relationship. 103 9. COMMODITY BOARD/AGRI BUSINESS ORGANISATION Agri-Business Organisation: Agribusiness is the business of agricultural production. The term was coined in 1957 by Goldberg and Davis. It includes agrichemicals, breeding, crop production, distribution, farm machinery, processing, and seed supply, as well as marketing and retail sales. All agents of the food and fiber value chain and those institutions that influence it, are part of agribusiness system. Within the agriculture industry, “Agribusiness” is used simply as a portmanteau of agriculture and business, referring to the range of activities and disciplines encompassed by modern food production. There are academic degrees in the Departments of agribusiness, agribusiness trade associations, agribusiness publications, and so forth, worldwide. The UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) operates a section devoted to Agribusiness Development which seeks to promote food industry growth in developing nations.  Commodity Boards: There are five statutory Commodity Boards under the Department of Commerce. These Boards are responsible for production, development and export of tea, coffee, rubber, spices and tobacco.  Coffee Board: The Coffee Board is a statutory organization constituted under Section (4) of the Coffee Act, 1942 and functions under the administrative control of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India. The Board is mainly focusing its activities in the areas of research, extension, development, quality up-gradation, economic & market intelligence, external 7 internal promotions and labor welfare. The Board has a Central Coffee Research Institute at Balehonnur (Karnataka) and it has 5 Regional Coffee Research Stations.  Rubber Board: The Rubber Board is a statutory organization constituted under Section (4) of the Rubber Act, 1947 and functions under the administrative control of Ministry of Commerce and Industry. The Board’s headquarters is located at Kottayam in Kerala. The Board is responsible for the development of the rubber industry in the country by way of assisting and encouraging research, development, extension and training activities related to rubber. It also maintains statistical data of rubber, takes steps to promote marketing of rubber and undertake labour welfare activities. The activities of the Board are exercised through nine Departments viz.Rubber Production, Research, Processing & Product Development, Training, License & 104 Excise Duty, Statistics and Planning, Market Promotion, Finance & Accounts and Administration. The Board has five Zonal Offices and 43 Regional Offices. It has a Central Rubber Research Institute in Kottayam and 10 regional research stations located in various rubbers growing States of the country. It also has a Rubber Training Institute located at Kottayam.  Tea Board: Tea Board was set up as a statutory body on 1st April, 1954 as per Section (4) of the Tea Act, 1953. As an apex body, it looks after the overall development of the tea industry. The Board’s Head Office is situated in Kolkata and there are two Zonal offices, 15 regional offices and 3 overseas offices. The functions and responsibilities of Tea Board include increasing production and productivity, improving the quality of tea, market promotion, and welfare measures for plantation workers and supporting Research and Development. Collection, collation and dissemination of statistical information to all stake holders are yet another important function of the Board.  Tobacco Board: The Tobacco Board was constituted as a statutory body on 1st January, 1976 under Section (4) of the Tobacco Board Act, 1975. Its headquarters is at Guntur, Andhra Pradesh and is responsible for the development of the tobacco industry. The function of the Board is export promotion of all varieties of tobacco and its allied products, its functions extend to production, distribution (for domestic consumption and exports) and export promotion of Flue Cured Virgininia (FCV) tobacco.  Spices Board: The Spices Board was constituted as a statutory body on 26th February, 1987 under Section (3) of the Spices Board Act, 1986. The Board’s Head Office is at Kochi with Regional/ Zonal/ Field offices throughout India. It is responsible for the development of cardamom industry and export promotion of the 52 spices listed in the Schedule of the spices Board Act, 1986. The functions of the Board include production development of small and large cardamom, development and promotion of export of spices. The activities include issue of certificate of registration as exporter of spices; undertaking programmes and projects for promotion of export of spices like setting up Of spices parks, support of infrastructure improvement in spices processing, assisting and encouraging studies and research on medicinal properties of spices, development of new products, improvement of processing, grading and packaging of spices; and controlling & upgrading quality for export etc. 105 Several visit were conducted by students to Commodity boards and agri-business organizations during RAWE programmes and consolidated reports of their visit Sl Name of agri-unit Objectives and functions linkages no 1 Observations and Value chain perspectives problems Rubber Board Technical advices, fair price, NABARD Lack of funds, downsizing Rubber production Regional Office - all assistance and required Rubber in the organization. incentives and Extension Thiruvananthapuram support are giving to the Producer’s services are provided to the . Deputy Rubber rubber Farmers. Societies Rubber Farmers. Agro bio tech To promote organic vegetable KAU Manufacture of bio Sales office in every research centre Ltd, cultivation. Production and TNAU fertilizers and pesticides, districts of Kerala Poovanthuruthu, marketing of bio fertilizers and ICRISAT organic manures Kerala, Industrial pesticides. Awareness RAIDCO Mobile agri-clinic whereby Development Plot, programmes to Farmers Co-operative Farmers will get free Banks service of well experienced Production Commissioner. TC No. 24/469, 2 Kottayam, Kerala 686012 scientists of different branches Runs an eco-shop for selling organic vegetables, fruits 106 3 Thrissur Fruits & Procurement, selling, grading, MARKETFE Lack of funds and lack of The Society procures raw, Vegetables processing, packing and D, professionalism in tender & ripe mango, Marketing Co- marketing of fruits and CONSUMER marketing. Lack of support pineapple, lemon, orange, operative Society vegetables. Provide financial FED, TDCB, from Govt. High garlic & amla for the Ltd No.4076, support to the members and NAFED & competition from private processing unit. KERAFED. sector. Society runs at loss Value added products such High Road, Thrissur, motivate members for the Kerala – 680001, better production due to the huge loss as squash, syrups, jam, - Of quality products. To act as incurred by the processing pickle & mango drink etc. an agent of Government and unit. The Society has its are marketed in the brand distribute the inputs such as own godown at Nadathara name called 'siddha' fertilizers, seeds and and they own two vehicles, implements to the members. 2 retail outlets, wholesale outlet and supermarket. 4 FOAM MATTING  (India ltd), Post Box No. 4619, Beach  Road, Alappuzha, Kerala, India. Tel:- To provide job to coastal Coir Board women in the area. Ministry of To make export quality coir commerce and industry. and coir products.  Provide financial assistance  The organization is encouraging marketing of coir and jute products. and value addition of Exporting quality products products. to European Union, USA,  Good management of the institution. to the members.  It has good product range, production pattern and effective marketing 107 Production and marketing Middleeast,Australia etc. channel  Shortage of skilled labours.  High cost of production 5 6 Hridya Mango To provide good quality Commercial Processing plant is well Processing of all mango Processing Unit, mango products at fair prices Banks functioning. product kodannur, kerala To offer value added and Have large storage and go- Marketing of mango healthy products down facility products through their To generate employment Marketing is only through outlet opportunities their outlet. Kodungallur To build a prosperous and Krishi Bhavan Processing plant is well processing of all coconut Coconut Producer sustainable coconut producers. State Coconut functioning. product Company Ltd. Procuring, pooling, producing, board They have product range of marketing of coconut Address : Plot no. Packaging, manufacturing, 15 coconut product. products through their 10/87, GD complex, marketing, developing of Have large storage and outlet Peringanam Post, coconut product. godown facility Thrissur, Help Farmers to get maximum Marketing is only through Kodungallur - price to their product own outlet. 680686, Kerala Sale of hi-breed plants. To export value added product 7 Pooram Food Procurement , processing and Commercial Lack of finance , shortage Purchasing different type Products, Manjaly marketing of food products, Bank, Double of water, competition with of vegetables from 108 Flour making different types of Horse the other companies different markets and Mills,Nellayi,Thriss pickles, supplying pickle to the making pickle and supply ur,City: Thrissur Double Horse Company to the Double Horse Company 8 Coffee Board  Promotion of the sale and Office of senior consumption in India and liaison officer, elsewhere of the coffee Kottakunnu, produced in India. Sulthanbatery, kozhikkode Coffee Board  Welfare incentives Supply of quality coffee  extension services for seeds to the Farmers. capacity building  replantation and  Promotion of Agricultural development support and technological Research schemes for coffee in the interest of the coffee growers  Support for Industry.  Assistance to coffee estates for their development mechanization for farm operations of coffee  Securing better working growers. condition and the provision and improvement of amenities and incentives for workers  Management of all other operation as per the provisions of the coffee Act. 109 9 10 Vadakara coconut Build a purpose and Coconut board One of the best coconut oil Procuring ,grading and Farmer producer sustainable coconut sector by NABARD production in the district, processing of coconut company Ltd, forming a Farmer owned KERAFED NEERA plant decocts NEERA drink Narayana Nagar, company. Enables the Farmers NAFED brand name Vadakara, Vadakara, to enhance productivity Alpha labin technology, Kerala-673101 through efficient cost effective Competition from local and sustainable resource use brands Deepam Palm Dish,  Gain more income to St. Thomas Street, Farmers by converting Kuriachira, Thrissur, palm waste into multi St Thomas St, utility products Kuriachira, Thrissur, Kerala-680006 No linkages  Unique product Procuring ,grading and  low cost for raw processing of arecanut materials and production leaves  high returns from export  provide customers good  Competition quality products at a fair  low price of paper plates price  diseases affecting arecanut tree 11 Kavungalagri super They provide agri related Wholesale Kavungal agencies They purchase agri related market, Kavungal products including most shops providing home delivery products including most Arcade, Menachery modern farming equipment Retail shops services for increasing the modern farming equipment Gardens, Sree spare parts of various sales, customer satisfaction. spare parts of various Lakshmi Nagar, machines , seeds and fertilizers Competition, machines , seeds and Mannuthy, Thrissur, Delay in market acceptance fertilizers and sell through Kerala 680651 are the major problems wholesale as well as retail 110 market at lower price than the competitor 12 United Curry To provide customers with Competition, Effect of 1.Raw materials are Products, quality curry products demonetisation decreased collected in local basis too Nedumbassery, the business of the unit3. 2. Provide employment to Kerala 683111 Good quality control women _ Source: compiled from students visit report. CONCLUSION As part of the institutional visit, students visited 12 agri-business unit/commodity boards situated in different parts of Kerala. The table elucidate that all the agri-business units/ commodity board have institutional linkages to their respective apex organization, NABARD, KAU, TNAU etc. The major persisting problems of these institutions are lack of financial assistance and professionalism. Many of the units are popular in their local areas, because of the quality of products and faire price. These organizations have an important role on value chain perspective. They are the major pillars of 111 the production of value added product. REPORT - GRAMIKA 2K17 REPORT ON DAILY ACTIVITIES- batch students of BSc (Hons) Co-operation & Banking, the four year professional degree course under Kerala Agricultural University have conducted 9 days Village Stay Programme in Pattithara Panchayat of Palakkad district under the guidance of Dr. R. Sendilkumar, the RAWE Programme Co-ordinator. The programme was conducted from 14/06/2017 to 21/06/2017 under the name ‘GRAMIKA 2K17’. The prime objectives were to acquire practical knowledge from the experienced Farmers about their cultivation and practices, to study about the problems faced by the Farmers in the Panchayat and try to find out solutions for it and to submit the report to State planning Board incorporating the Farmers problems and suggestions. We, 35 girls and 2 boys of ‘2013 Speranza’, reached the Pattithara Panchayat along with Dr. R. Sendilkumar, the RAWE Co-ordinator and two Teaching Assistants (Mrs Divya Vijayan and Dr. A. D Flowerin) on 14/06/2017 afternoon. The inaugural session was conducted on the evening. - On 15/06/2017, the 2nd day of our village stay program Gramika-17, we organised a class on bottle gardening at Gokhale Higher Secondary School. Under the guidance of Dr. Israel Thomas, Programme Co-ordinator, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Pattambi, Sri.Edwin, Subject Matter Specialist (Agril. Engineering) and Dr.Sumaya, Subject Matter Specialist (Pathology) were conducted a class on the topic Paddy integrated pest and diseases management. Sri.Edwin handled a session on mechanisation of paddy and their operation and Dr.Sumaya on Pest and diseases of paddy and their remedies. As a stepping stone to organic farming, KVK Pattambi distributed pseudomonas packets to Farmers. Retired Head Master Sri.Majeed guided and mobilizes the farmer community towards group farming operations. Under the monitoring of Sri.Raman Namboothiri, we made the barren land into cultivable land. Kum.Soniyo, Kum.Chinchu and Kum.Anjali conducted a class on the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in agriculture. 112 We enjoyed the short films “Dasettan” and “Poocha”. It was a grant success and an unforgettable day. 16 -06-2017 The 3rd day starts with a delicious breakfast. After that we went to the field demonstration. There, we saw the land preparation for paddy cultivation by using tractor. Then, we went to a field of a Farmer. The name of Farmer was Mr.P.K.Majeed. He was teacher by profession. During that period he engaged in agriculture in free time only. But after retirement he engaged full time in agriculture. He shared his experience with us. He practiced mixed cropping pattern for cultivation. The crops such as coconut, arecanut, banana, mango, and vegetable crops like amaranths, cucumber, and cowpea were cultivated. The field is with collection of different varieties. Pond and well served as a major source of irrigation for him. In his opinion, if we follow mixed cropping pattern, the yield could sufficient for both consumption and local sales. The planting materials were brought from different parts of Kerala, as well as from neighbouring States. He explained the features of different varieties of banana, arecanut as well as coconut. He used both organic and chemical fertilisers in the field. The field visit was very useful for acquiring practical knowledge. Then, our next task was preparation of kitchen garden. First, we prepared potting mixture for planting vegetables. The potting mixture consists of cow dung, neem cake, pseudomonas fluorescence, and boron powder mixed lime with soil. 5 gm of boron powder and ½ kg of pseudomonas are used in the mixture. The filled grow bags were placed on coconut husks. Coconut husk are used for air circulation. We planted seedlings of Bindi, chilly and brinjal, in grow bags and seeds of ash gourd, bitter gourd and snake gourd in the field. Arecanut Processing: A Brief After the lunch, we went to Mr. Hameed’s areca nut processing unit. It is learnt that the husk removed areca nuts were procured from farmers and put under two days sulphur treatment to get better colour and to prevent insect attack. Then the next stage is grading .The treated areca nut is transferred to grading machine. The grading is done according to the size of areca nuts. Then next process is sorting. The grades of arecanuts jeeni, jama, vajras, motti and mora. Gunny bags are used to store areca nuts for getting air circulation. 113 Then we went to Mr. Moosa, Retired Tahsildar. He shared his experience with us. He also explained about the land mortgage act, how revenue is generating etc. The seminar topic was “Kerala Budget 2017-18 related to agriculture”. Abitha, Anu Maria and Sherin Saji were the presentation team and they gave a clear picture about the concerned topic. The Farmers opined that the amount allocated in the budget was not reaching their hand. The farmers were not getting benefit out of it. The farmers were not getting sufficient loans for cultivation other than one lakh. They said that farmers should be provided green card to identify real farmers through krishi Bhavan. In their region there is no permanent Agriculture Officer posted and lead to situation of not availing the benefits from state government. After the seminar there was a discussion about Kudumbasree. An interactive session for discussing the problems faced by Kudumbasree members was conducted under the guidance of Dr. R. Sendilkumar. The members participated includes kartyayani, Sarojini, Thankamani and Unnikrishnan. They wished to start a hotel and trying to raise funds for it. It is suggested that they should discover their capabilities and build upon them. The main problem identified was lack of confidence to come forward. Many products like paripuvada, pickles, papad, jack fruit items were prepared by the members. Though everyone is interested in preparing the products, they showed reluctance towards sales and marketing of the products. Further it is suggested members share their work with family members especially with children for the sales and marketing. This may help in reducing their work load. They mainly received training for sowing and harvesting being main vocation of that area. It was concluded that members should find out activities stepping into sustained income generation. - Our programme named “Gramika 2017” entered into the fourth session and we are going to enter the field for actual hands on experience. Pattithara is an agrarian village which predominantly depends on paddy cultivation as their major livelihood become one among the best area for paddy cultivation and group farming being the milestone behind the success of paddy cultivation. Earlier, individual farming was prevailed in village. But it leads to higher cost of cultivation due to the lack of proper cultivation practices and mismanagement in the calculation of wages and working hours along with the unavailability of 114 labours. Then Mr. Majid Master brought the concept of group farming in order to protect the Farmers from indebtness. A great change in cultivation practices noticed after introduction of group farming. Presently, Padasekhara samithi shared by the 25 Farmers in the village. Out of this only 20 Farmers are actively participating in the farming practices and they shares the labour Poole available to them with a mutual understanding and fixes the wages according to the time taken for work. There is no need for separate supervisors in all fields and each Farmer will take this responsibility on rotation basis. The duration of work carried out between 9 am & 5 pm which include leisure time. 23 females and 3 male workers were available for the transplantation in the farm, which were owned by three Farmers. We also joined in the transplantation to have a hand on experience in paddy cultivation. It is the first time farmers of Padasekhara samidhi have supplied with the Pseudomonas on the recommendation of KVK, Pattambi. And at 11.30 am farmers took tea break only for 20 minutes and supplied with ‘Kanji’. Resume work at 11.50 A.M. The labour used to do their work by singing traditional folk songs to maintain the energy level throughout the work and we also took part in it. Labours took rest between 1.30 pm & 2.30 pm. The cost of food shared by three Farmers. Labours finished their work at sharp 5. P.M. and in between there was a tea break for 10 minutes. Towards the end of work the wage was distributed among labours and was rupees 400 per head. Here, the wage was calculated per minute and fixed Rs. 1.13 (rounded to Rs.1.15). The time spend in a field by labourer per day is 8 hours i.e. 480 minutes, out of that 90 minute allotted as leisure time. By excluding the break time around 360 minutes would get for a labourer to do actual work by considering working time, the wage is being calculated and distributed by the respective owners of the farm. Evening session started by seminar on the topic contemporary Agricultural Marketing presented by Miss. Rakhi Rajan and Miss. Mishel Mariya Joy at 7.00 pm. They explained about the methods of Agricultural Marketing. And also gave information’s on ‘Karshika Vivara Sangetham oru Viralthumbil’ which is a programme implemented through SFAC (Small Farmers Consortium) of Agriculture Development and Welfare Department. From the discussion held with farmers told that milk and vegetables are marketed through direct methods, paddy is being marketed through SUPPLYCO. We understood that vegetables are cultivated only for their homestead use. All the Farmers have participated in the Onachanda. After presentation and discussions cultural 115 programmes such as folk dance, folk songs, were conducted. Everyone enjoyed the programmes and after having the dinner the programmes ended for the day. - A survey was conducted to analyse the socio-economic profile and agri-profile of ward 1 & 18 of the Pattithara Grama Panchayat. In the morning from 10 am to 1.30 pm. The students were divided into groups containing 4 members each and surveyed the households. From the survey, it is observed that water scarcity is being the main problem. It forced to reduce the agriculture operation in the area. In the evening, we had a presentation by our own students about the crop insurance which was very lively with lots of queries raised from Farmers. After the presentation is over, short films were exhibited by JCC members along with cultural programmes. - The day started with a different experience. We students went for transplantation of paddy seedlings. Students were actively participated in the transplantation programme and the songs sung by the Farmers also energised the students. After that next task carried out was honouring of Farmers who contributed their entire life for farming activities. Two elder farmers namely Kotha (107) and Chemban (93) were honoured with pudava. Afternoon session was an interactive session called PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal). The main participants were SHG units of Pattithara Grama Panchayat namely Anugraha, Soubhagya, Anjana and Bhagyodaya. Miss. Salini, Teaching Assistant gave an introductory speech about PRA followed by the introduction by all the members. And also they mentioned the problems faced by them. The main problem experienced was inadequate attention authorities concerned. After the introductory session the members were put into different groups and given with different tasks, such as resource mapping, Venn diagram, Seasonal calendar, Preference and Problem matrices , Resource mapping was aimed to identify which of the resources are abundant in the region and how that items can be used for commercial purposes. In order to depict the institutional linkages of SHG, Venn diagrams have prepared. Month wise working days are displayed in the seasonal calendar. Preference and problem matrix are aimed to identify the preference and 116 problems faced by the SHG members. After the active discussion there was a short break before starting next session. The evening session was started at 5.30 pm and the chief guest was Mr. Krishnan (Communist Krishnan), Director, Abhayam-NGO, Palakkad. He gave a very good talk about organic farming and relevance of farming. The session concluded with the cultural programmes of the people in the village. - It was the 6th day of our village stay programme. The morning session was interesting &interactive class handled by Mr.Abdul Asees who is a JCI member on the topic of effective public speaking and motivating the students. He gave us some games and all of us participated very well. In the afternoon all students were engaged in the preparation for the next day’s exhibition arrangements. - It was the last day of our VSP “Gramika 2017”. The exhibition was conducted for the whole day. Lots of people visited and purchased the products meant for sale. In the evening, valedictory function and feedback session were conducted. After the inauguration and valedictory function memento distribution and opinion sharing took place. After the valedictory function, villagers performed some traditional dances and students also joined with them. It was very wonderful experience and enjoyed well. CONCLUSION ‘GRAMIKA 2017’, the 9 days VSP has successfully completed by 2013 batch students in Pattithara Panchayat under the supervision and guidance of the RAWE Coordinator, Dr. R. Sendilkumar, and Teaching assistants of CCBM from- to-. The prime objectives were to acquire practical knowledge from the experienced farmers about cultivation practices to understand the study about the problems faced by them. 117 REPORT ON PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL As part of VSP, final year students of CCBM conducted a Participatory Rural Appraisal programme on 19th June, 2017 at Nambath Mana of othaloor. The programme started at 2:30 pm with 16 Kudumbasree members of Pattithara Grama Panchayat with 36 students. Teaching Assistants Mrs. Salini R Chandran welcomed all Farmers and students to the programme. The activities to be done were clearly explained to the participants. The programme started with the esteemed presence of Dr E. Vinaikumar, Professor and Head, Department of Co-operative Management, Dr G Veerakumaran, Professor of Co-operative management and Dr K. N Usha Devi, Professor and Head of Department of Rural marketing management. As a first step of PRA the Farmers are grouped into three, consisting of 5-6 Kudumbasree members and more than 10 students. Different tools of PRA were allotted to each group. Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) is an approach used by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other agencies involved in international development. He approach aims to incorporate the knowledge and opinions of rural people in the planning and management of development projects and programmes. Hundreds of participatory techniques and tools have been described in a variety of books and newsletters, or taught at training courses around the world. These techniques can be divided into four categories.  Group dynamics  Sampling  Interviewing  Visualisation There are five key principles that form the basis of any PRA activity no matter what the objectives or setting: 1. Participation - PRA relies heavily on participation by the communities, as the method is designed to enable local people to be involved, not only as sources of information, but as partners with the PRA team in gathering and analysing the information. 118 2. Flexibility - The combination of techniques that is appropriate in a particular development context will be determined by such variables as the size and skill mix of the PRA team, the time and resources available, and the topic and location of the work. 3. Teamwork - Generally, a PRA is best conducted by a local team (speaking the local languages) with a few outsiders present, a significant representation of women, and a mix of sector specialists and social scientists, according to the topic. 4. Optimal ignorance - To be efficient in terms of both time and money, PRA work intends to gather just enough information to make the necessary recommendations and decisions. 5. Systematic - As PRA generated data is seldom conducive to statistical analysis (given its largely qualitative nature and relatively small sample size), alternative ways have been developed to ensure the validity and reliability of the findings. These include sampling based on approximate stratification of the community by geographic location or relative wealth, and cross-checking, that is using a number of techniques to investigate views on a single topic (including through a final community meeting to discuss the findings and correct inconsistencies). Of these, we selected bio resource mapping, venn diagram, problem matrix and preference matrix as tools for conducting the Participatory Rural Appraisal.  Bio-resource Mapping Bio-resource mapping helps to understand the natural resources and environmental settings in a particular village. The village Bio-Resource Map is a tool helps us to understand the bioresources like rivers, ponds, canals, hills, farm etc. in the particular village. The primary concern is to document and record all the local biological resources available in the village.  Venn diagram The Venn diagram shows institutions, organizations, groups and important individuals found in the village, as well as the villagers view of their importance in the community. Additionally the diagram explains who participates in these groups in terms of gender and wealth. The institutional relationship diagram also indicates, how close the contact and Co-operation 119 between those organizations and groups is measured. Venn diagram was used to assess the linkages of various institutions with Kudumbasree. Objectives:1. To identify external and internal organisations/groups/important persons active in the community. 2. To identify who participates in local organisations/institutions by gender and wealth. 3. To find out how the different organisations and groups relate to each other in terms of contact, Co-operation, and flow of information and provision of services.  Problem matrix Several different techniques can be used to elicit local people’s perception of the most important problems they face. One simple method is to ask participants to list the main problems with a particular profession. It is an important PRA tool. It is used to identify the difficulties faced by the Kudumbasree in undertaking self-employed enterprises.  Preference matrix Similar to problem matrix, preference ranking involves participants assessing different items or options, using criteria that they themselves identify. This technique works well as an introductory exercise in a group discussion as it can reveal interesting differences among group members. These discrepancies can be explored later during the discussion or subsequent interviews with individuals. Gender differences are particularly worth exploring, as men and women often have quite different preferences and criteria for those preferences. Preference matrix was used to know the interest of Kudumbasree members in finding self-employment in different fields. PURPOSE OF PARTICIPATORY TOOLS USED 1. Bio-resource mapping To know about the various bio-resource available in the Panchayat such as rivers, ponds, trees, farms etc. 2. Venn diagram To understand the Kudumbasree members relationship with various institutions connected with financial support, training etc. 120 3. Problem matrix To work with Kudumbasree members and to identify the various problems while undertaking a self-employed enterprises. 4. Preference matrix It is useful to know the interest of Kudumbasree members in finding self-employment in different felids. As part of VSP, final year students of CCBM conducted a Participatory Rural Appraisal for the members of Pattithara Grama Panchayat. Our PRA was conducted among Kudumbasree units functioning in the Panchayat. The aim of the PRA was to identifying the difficulties faced by the Kudumbasree members in undertaking the self-employed enterprises, knowing the interest of Kudumbasree members in finding self-employment in different fields, understanding the institutional linkages of the Kudumbasree members and identifies the various bio resources available in the area. METHODOLOGY The relevant data were collected directly from the Kudumbasree members. The diagrams were drawn by the Kudumbasree members themselves with the helP Of students and facilitators. MATERIALS USED Charts, colour pen, pencil, scale, marker, chalk etc. PARTICIPANTS 16 Kudumbasree members of Pattithara Grama Panchayat Sl No. Name Of The Participants Name Of The Student Participatory Participants Tool Used 1 Smt. Prema Kumaran Kum. Rakhi Rajan Preference Matrix 2 Smt. Anitha Kum. Rohita Nair Problem Matrix 3 Smt. Indira 121 4 Smt. Santha Kum. Daya Dinesh 5 Smt. Nalini Kum. Soumya 6 Smt. Valsala 7 Smt. Kali 8 Smt. Sathi Devi 9 Smt. Valsala Kum. Nivedya M S 10 Smt. Sajitha Kum. Shahana 11 Smt. Ramani 12 Smt. Leela 13 Smt. Sarojini 14 Smt. Geetha 15 Smt. Jayanthi 16 Smt. Jaya Bio Resource Mapping Kum. Aseena Kum. Soniyo Venn Diagram Kum. Rosemol Kum. Anu Kum. Krishnanjana RAPPORTERS Rakhi Rajan, Rohita Nair, Krishnanjana Gopi, Daya FACILITATORS  Dr E Vinaikumar, Professor and Head, Department of Co-operative management, CCBM  Dr G Veerakumaran, Professor, Co-operative management, CCBM  Dr K. N Usha Devi, Professor and Head, Department of Rural marketing management, CCBM  Mrs Salini. R. Chandran, Teaching Assistant, Department of Rural Banking and Finance Management, CCBM  Mrs. Varnana Nair, Teaching Assistant, Department of Rural marketing management, CCBM LOCATION/ VENUE Nambath Mana, othaloor 122 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 1. Problem matrix It was used to identifying the difficulties faced by the Kudumbasree members in undertaking the self-employed enterprises. The problems were listed out using problem matrix. The major problems were follows;  Marketing difficulties  Scarcity of water  Financial difficulties  Lack of demand towards Kudumbasree products  Attack of wild animals in field  Lack of training  High cost of production  Cast discrimination  Intervention of politics  Lack of land 2. Venn diagram By using Venn diagram, it could be understand the institutional linkages of the Kudumbasree in the Pattithara Panchayat. Kudumbasree members were mainly depending on CDS and ADS. They depend on Kumarenellor service Co-operative Bank for getting various financial and other services. The activities of padasekarasamiti are also prominent here. 3. Preference matrix It is useful to knowing the interest of Kudumbasree members in finding self-employment in different fields. The following are the fields which they are interested.  Start a rice mill  Vegetable farming  Jack fruit products 123  Pickle making  Tailoring unit  Ornaments making  Candle making 4. Resource mapping By using resource mapping, it could identify the various bio resources available in the area. Coconut, areca nut, mango, jack are the major bio resources available on Pattithara Panchayat. CONCLUSION Through PRA Exercise conducted in Pattithra Panchayat, we know about various resources, institutional linkages, constraints faced by the farmers etc. from this exercise; we understand that paddy is one of the major crops cultivated here. Marketing, finance, high cost of production and political interventions are the main problems. The study was very informative. It was observed that, Kudumbasree members are preferred towards variety of fields. So they can be brought to the frontline of development through proper training and follow-ups. Figure 4.1Venn diagram 124 Figure 4.2 Bio resource mapping Figure 4.3: problem matrix 125 REPORT ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY INTRODUCTION Socio-economic survey was conducted to examine social and economic factors, to better understand how the combination of both influences lives of people. The surveys are conducted with the objective to analyse how Societies progress, stagnate or regress because of their local or regional economy. PROCESS  Preparation of interview schedule  Data collection and analysis  Findings  Suggestions As part of our Village Stay Programme, ‘GRAMIKA 2017’, a group Of 33 students among us, 2013 batch has conducted a socio-economic survey in the 1st, 17th and 18th wards of Pattithara Grama Panchayat, Palakkad District. The survey has been constrained by the limitation of time to survey all the households in the wards within a single day. It was conducted on 18 th June 2017, from 10:00 AM to 1:00 PM. The survey was conducted using a pre-scheduled questionnaire. Every student had collected details of 5 households and a total of 175 households. The total population of the Panchayat is 26968. The major findings and suggestions derived from the survey are as follows: MAJOR FINDINGS  Major crops cultivating in the area noted were Paddy, Banana, Coconut and Arecanut.  Majority of the respondents were labours.  Out of the total respondents surveyed 25 percent were Farmers.  All the households in the respective area have basic facilities such as electricity, latrine, etc.  73 percent of the households from middle class families.  92 percent of the respondents were leading nuclear family and the rest were leading joint family. 126  Major source of drinking water includes well, bore well, Panchayat pipe connection, etc.  Majority of the respondents suffer inadequacy of drinking water during summer season.  Few of the households have homestead vegetable cultivation for their own consumption.  18 percent of the households were not having LPG connection and 19 percent were not subscribing newspapers.  Every respondent have their own land and houses.  Out of the total respondents 46 were engaged in animal husbandry. Lack of land was the main hindrance to come forward for animal husbandry.  Nearly 68 percent households were having Kudumbasree members.  The Kudumbasree members limited their activities to collection of savings deposit only.  Demonetization has affected every household in many ways.  Majority of people to whom the demonetization affected on their regular income were daily wage earners.  Major problems faced by the Farmers were attack of pest and diseases in paddy and vegetables. SUGGESTIONS Based on the outcome of socio-economic survey following suggestions were mentioned for the development of the study area:  In order to tackle the problem of scarcity of drinking water, cleaning and de-silting of existing water ponds, rain water harvesting tanks and bore wells can be constructed by the Panchayat.  Farmers can be motivated and engaged for group farming activities through strong leadership intervention.  Problem of lack of land for homestead vegetable cultivation can be solved through terrace farming.  It is better to diversify the activities of SHG to various fields apart from savings deposit mobilization. 127 REPORT ON AGRICULTURAL EXHIBITION On 21st June 2017, an exhibition was organised by 2013 batch as a part of our village stay programme ‘Gramika -17’ at Jnanodayam Grandhashala, Padinjarangadi at 10:00 AM. The Agricultural Exhibition was grandly inaugurated by the Programme Co-ordinator of KVK, Pattambi, Dr. M Israel Thomas, in the presence of Villagers, Officials of Krishi Bhavan, JCI members, students and teachers of CCBM and other respected guests. The agricultural exhibition was conducted with varieties of products and exhibits. In the exhibition there were 8 stalls by CCBM along with a stall of ‘Nalla Pacha’. Fake currency identification and demonstration of BHIM App was one of the main attractions of CCBM stall. KAU products, value added products, seeds, seedlings etc. were displayed and their sales were also carried out. The exhibition was very useful to the villagers and they participated with enthusiasm. Programme was ended with a valedictory function at 5pm. VARIETIES OF PRODUCTS DISPLAYED KAU CENTRAL NURSERY Sl No Quantity Seeds Sales ( In number) ( In Rs) 1 Tomato seeds 20 200 2 Cow pea 35 350 3 Cucumber 32 320 4 Chilly 24 240 5 Brinjal 18 180 6 Pumpkin 27 270 7 Amaranthus 45 450 8 Bhindi 38 380 Saplings 1 Mango graft 11 550 2 Pepper 100 1500 3 Teak 11 165 128 4 Curry Leaves 5 75 5 Neem 5 75 6 Red Sandal 2 50 7 Koovalam 1 15 8 Rambootan 2 40 9 Flowering Shrub 10 250 10 Pomegranate 2 20 11 Citrus lime 2 50 12 Mahagani 20 300 13 Acid Lime 2 40 14 Neermaruthu 1 15 15 Manimaruthu 1 15 16 Lakshmitharu 2 40 MEDICINAL PRODUCTS 1 Naruneendi Syrup 5 600 2 Kesasudhi Shampoo 3 210 3 Aadalodaka choornam 5 150 4 Dhandhapala oil 7 420 5 Turmeric powder 7 175 CASHEW APPLE RESEARCH STATION 1 Cashew apple syrup 2 200 2 Cashew pickle 10 500 3 Cashew mixed jam 5 200 4 Cashew candy 10 200 PINEAPPLE RESEARCH STATION 1 Mixed fruit jam 2 170 2 Pineapple jam 3 255 3 Pineapple squash 1 80 COCOA RESEARCH STATION 1 White delight 25 129 250 2 Black delight 43 258 3 Bite 42 252 16 480 ATIC 1 Kalpadenu SALES DETAILS OF KAU PRODUCTS Sl. No Particulars Sales Amount 1 Central Nursery 8380.00 2 Medicinal Plants Nursery 1595.00 3 Cashew Research Station 1100.00 4 Pineapple Research Station 505.00 5 Cocoa Research Station 760.00 6 ATIC 480.00 Total - THEMES PRESENTED IN AGRICULTURAL EXHIBITION Sl. No. Themes Number Charts and Posters 1 Charts on features of genuine currency notes 1 2 Schemes of Panchayat 1 3 Role of ICT 1 4 PRA results 3 Flux 1 Awareness of Dengue fever 1 2 Awareness of Rat-bite fever 1 3 Kissan Credit Card 1 4 KVK products 1 130 CATEGORIES OF PARTICIPANTS VISITED Sl. No. Categories of Participants Number of Participants 1 Public 172 2 Students 36 Total 208 131 CASE STUDY OF FARMERS a) SRI. N.M RAMAN NAMBOOTHIRI Sri. Raman Namboothiri is one of the important person who has a distinct position in the minds of people in Othaloor village, was born in 1968, in othaloor of Palakkad district. He had his primary and higher education from Gokale Government High School, Kumaranellur higher secondary school and from Pattambi Sanskrit College respectively. He was step into marriage life in 1992, and then entered in the field of still photography and trading. In order to look after the family and ancestral temple he was circumventing to forgone several job opportunities. A Catering unit called ‘Sri Ram Enterprise’ which was started 6 years back the objective of the enterprise was not only a profit making enterprise but also visioned to provide employment opportunities for others. In addition to these, he is having paddy cultivation in 3.5 acres of land and fruits & vegetable cultivation in 4.16 acres of land. Different Farmers extension programmes have been conducted in Nambath Mana by Krishi Bhavan and Kumaranellur Service Co-operative Bank with his help and support. In 2016, he was the winner for ‘Yuvakarshakan Award’ by Pattithara krishi Bhavan. Apart from a farmer, he also fulfils his duties related to Padashekara Samithi with lots of trust and sincerity. He is having a great support from his family members to undertake several welfare activities for the villagers and Farmers. We the final year graduates from Kerala Agricultural University thankful to Raman Namboothiri and his family to support us by providing all the suitable facilities which made the programme successful. And made the village stay programme an unforgettable memory in our minds. B) SRI.MAJID MASTER Majid Sir the companion of Pattithara village, born on 23rd march 1950 in Mumbai and migrated to Kochi to start his school life in the age of 5. Then, he settled in a beautiful village of Palakkad called Anakkara. After completing his high school education he joined in Giet College in Palakkad for pursuing pre-degree and completed special training from Ottappalam N S S College. Then, he started his teaching carrier in the age of 18, from Thrithala UP School. Even though he followed very strict measures in his profession, his own way of interaction and good rapport with his colleagues, students and also with their parents make him more respectful person in the school 132 than that of Head of the institution. In 1973, he got a transfer to Pattithara UP School and became the part of Pattithara village. He was very fond of agriculture, arts and sports and he always used to train his students to participate in such items. He was the one, who introduced the vegetable garden in the school to trigger the interest among the students in farming. The thing, which highlights the character of Majid sir, is that he gives equal importance for both education and behaviour moulding and career development in each student. The last school, he served was Pattambi UP School where he was in charge of Head master. During his 36 years of teaching carrier, he subjected to State award nomination for the best teacher twice. And didn’t accepts because of his own ethics and discourage publicity out of it and expect only and love from his students. In 2005, he started his journey into retirement life. By virtue of his motive, it is difficult for him to be idle and engaged in paddy cultivation. At present, he is the President of Padasekhara Samithi in Pattithara village. Majeed master has made a significant role in controlling cost of cultivation through group farming. Cost of transportation and other common expenses are divided among the group and it reduce the unwanted expenses. Another characteristic is that transparency in financial matters of Padasekhara Samithi. Majeed Master is successful in keeping unity and faith among the members. He opined that, group farming can reduce cost of cultivation to a maximum extent. It is the success behind the ‘Majeed Model’ and can be adopted as a model for whole Kerala also. He won the award for best Farmer in block level for the year 2006 & 2012 respectively. He still believes that the invisible hands that make him stronger in his life are the Almighty and his family. Method of calculating cost of cultivation:The cost of cultivation of paddy was critically analysed by based on the group farming technique conducted by Othaloor Padashekhara Samithi ‘Haritha’. The technical parameters were compared with the individual farming and conducted that the cost of cultivation is less in this technique. The cost components and approximate costs of each component are included below in the table. 133 Sl. Components Amount No. required Amount per Total (In unit (In Rs.) (In Rs.) Kg) 1 Seeds 2 Fertilizers 3 Total cost (In Rs.) 30 40 1200 1200 a) Dolomite 200 20 4000 b) Factomphose 70 20 1400 c) Potash 75 6 450 d) Poultry meal 40 120 4800 3300/ acre 3300 6000 6000 9300 2000 4000 4000 1000 1000 1000 85 85 11850 Labour cost a) 1st phase (Raising nursery Transplanting, Manuring Weeding, and Plant protection etc.) b) 2nd phase (Harvesting, Threshing and Processing etc.) c) Miscellanious (Tractor) 4 Post Harvest 2 trips Charges (Storage, Transportation and Marketing etc.) 5 Other Expenses (Medicine and Herbicide etc) a) Pseudomonas 1 Kg b) Others 6 1600 Grand Total (For 1 acre) - Approximately for 1 acre the cost of cultivation of paddy is Rs. 27035 and for 1 hectare (2.47 acre) the required amount is Rs-. In the current scenario, bank provides an amount of Rs. 75000 per hectare as loan for paddy. So the amount is adequate. The labour charges calculation of Haritha Padashekharam is based on the hours of working and in the case of group farming labours can be effectively utilized for a group than individuals which reduces the cost. 134 INTRODUCTION The final semester of B.Sc. (Hons.) C&B is earmarked exclusively for Work Experience Programme. The students have to undertake an individual major project work as part of this semester. Institutions associated with the project viz, Co-operatives, Producer Companies, Banking and Financial Institutions, Rural Development Organizations etc. The project work enables the students to acquire the skills of conceptualizing a research problem; formulating a research design, collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data and organizing the findings in the form of a report. Details regarding the topic of the project and the organization associated with the project are given below. 135 TABLE 5.1 DETAILS OF PROJECT DONE STUDENTS Sl No Name & Admission Number Rakhi Rajan - Rohita Nair- Nimisha B- Tintu Sunny- Aparna K. P- Rosemol J. Mampilly- Name of the Guide Climate change in Banana cultivation- Adaptation and Mitigation: Farmers Perspective Thrikkur Grama Panchayat, Thrissur Climate change Perception and Mitigation Strategies of Paddy Amballoor Grama Panchayat, Dr. R. Sendilkumar Ernakulum Dhanya Rose Tharayil Financial performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Venginissery Service Co-operative Bank ltd no- 4 7 Organization/ study area Project title Dr. R. Sendilkumar Venginissery Service Cooperative Bank Ltd No.528 Sri. P.J. Boniface Marketing Practices of Retail Flower Sellers with Special Reference to Pre & Post Demonetisation Thrissur District Mrs. Varnana Nair Institutional Finance towards Agriculture- A case study of Pananchery Service Co-operative Bank Ltd.no.541 Pananchery Service Cooperative Bank Ltd.no.541 Dr. Philip Thomas Extent of Financial Inclusion among Fishermen Community in Engandiyur Grama Panchayat Engandiyur Grama Panchayat Mrs. Salini R Chandran Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Koratty Service Co-operative Bank Ltd.590 Koratty Service Cooperative Bank Ltd.590 Sri. P.J. Boniface 136 Nivedya M.S- Varsha M.M- Dhanya A Mohanan- 11 Krisnapriya T S- Cicy Cleetus-. Mayu P Nair- 14. Abhishek Kumar- Financial Performance And Effect of Demonetisation on Trichur Taluk Chethu Thozhilali Multi-Purpose Cooperative Society Ltd.4137 Trichur Taluk Chethu Thozhilali Multi-Purpose Cooperative Society Ltd.4137 Mrs. Misha Davis. A Rural Consumer Buying Behavior towards FMCG Products with Special Reference to Pre & Post Demonetisation Paralam Grama Panchayat Mrs. Divya Vijayan Marketing Practices of Retail Fish Sellers; With Special Reference To Pre &Post Demonetisation Thrissur Corporation Area Dr. K. N. Ushadevi Performance Evaluation of Thiruvalla Primary Co-operative Agricultural and Rural Development Bank Ltd.A.159 Thiruvalla Primary Cooperatve Agricultural and Rural Development Bank Ltd.A.159, Thiruvalla Pathanamthitta district. Dr. G. Veerakumaran Kisan Credit Card Scheme: A Case Study in Perumpuzha Gramodharana Service Co-operative Bank Ltd.No.2533 of Kollam District Perumpuzha Gramodharana Service Co-operative Bank Ltd.No.2533 Sri. Jacob Thomas .M Evaluation of Integrated Child Development Services Scheme in Madakathara Panchayat Madakkathara Grama Panchayat Dr. E. G. Ranjitkumar Perception of Professional Agricultural Students towards Start-Ups in Agricultural Sector Kerala Agricultural University and Kerala Veterinary and Animal Science University Dr. R. Sendilkumar 137 Anjana K.K- Anu Maria Baby- 18 Soumya Peter- Juliya Jose- 19 Litty Jerry- 20 Chinchu Baby- Soniyo Yomichan - Dhilshi.M.R- Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Eramala Service Cooperative Bank Ltd.No F .1044 Eramala Service Cooperative Bank Ltd.No F .1044 Dr. P. Shaheena Rural Women Perception towards E-Banking in Koratty Grama Panchayat Koratty Grama Panchayat Dr. K. A. Sunandha Evaluation of Drinking Water Scheme of Pananchery Grama Panchayat Pananchery Grama Panchayat Sri. Jacob Thomas .M Financial Performance and Effect of demonetisation on Kalamassery Service Co-operative Bank Ltd.No.3064 Kalamassery Service Cooperative Bank Ltd No 3064 Dr. E. Vinaikumar Value Chain Mapping of “Rakthashali” Medicinal Rice:Pro- Poor Perspective Palakkad, Ernakulam, Wayanad, Thrissur and Malappuram districts of Kerala Dr. R. Sendilkumar Extent of ICT Usage among Farmers in Pananchaery Panchayat Pananchaery Panchayat Mrs. Salini R Chandran A Study on Niravu Organic Village Model, Vengeri Panchayat, Kozhikode District Niravu Residence Association, Vengeri Panchayat Mrs. Salini R Chandran Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Karuvannur Service Co-operative Bank ltd no.112 Karuvannur Service Cooperative Bank LTD No.112 Dr. Flowarin A. D 138 Neethu.M.P Rural Women Perception Towards - E-Banking In Avanur Grama Panchayat 23 24 Bimi.T.A- Maneesha A.S- Pratyaksha Kumar Avanur Grama Panchayat Dr. K. A. Sunandha Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Peringandoor Service Co-operative Bank Ltd No.297 Peringandoor Service Cooperative Bank Ltd No.297 Dr. G. Veerakumaran Non-performing Assets-A case study of Varandarapilly Service Co-operative Bank Varandarapilly Srvice Cooperative Bank Dr. Philip Thomas Consumer Behaviour towards e-payment KAU Main campus Mrs. Divya Vijayan Role of Kudumbhasree in Women Empowerment. A SEP Model. A case study of Panachikkadu Panchayat in Kottayam District. Panachikkadu Panchayat Sri. Jacob Thomas .M - Sherin Saji- 28 Abitha Babu- Mishel Mariya Joy - Shahana K S- Rinu Eldho- Marketing Practice of Retail Fruit and Vegetable Sellers with Thrissur District Special Reference to Pre and Post Demonetisation Mrs. Varnana Nair Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Chalakudy Service Co-operative Bank Ltd No. R.192 Chalakudy Service Cooperative Bank Ltd No.R.192 Dr. Flowarin A. D Financial Performance And Effect of Demonetisation on Ollukkara Service Co-operative Bank Ltd no.544 Ollukkara Service Cooperative Bank Ltd no.544 Dr. G. Veerakumaran Financial Performance of Mangalam Dam Milk Producers Co-operative Society Ltd. No: P.5 (D) Mangalam Dam Milk Producers Co-operative Society Ltd. No: P.5 (D) Dr. G. Veerakumaran 139 Megha Madan- Sandhesa- Daya Dinesh- Prayaga V R- 36 Anjaly K S- Aseena. K. A- Krishnanjana Gopi- Impact of Homestead farming on the Socio-economic Conditions of the Members of PCARDB, Kollam Ltd No.Q167 Kollam PCARDB Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Karamuck Service Co-operative Bank Ltd No.16 Karamuck Service Cooperative Bank Ltd No.16 Dr. Flowarin A. D Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Chennithala Triperumtura Service Co-operative Bank Ltd No.3553 Chennithala Trip-eruntura Service Co-operative Bank Ltd No.3553 Dr. E. Vinaikumar Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Pudukkad Service Co-operative Bank Ltd.580 Pudukkad Service Cooperative Bank Ltd.580 Dr. P. Shaheena Financial analysis of Nattika-Engandiyur Fishermen Development and Welfare Cooperative Society Ltd No.18/87/CZ Nattika-Engandiyur Fishermen Development and Mrs. Misha Davis. Welfare Co-operative Society A Ltd No.18/87/CZ Rural Women Perception towards E- Banking Services in Pananchery Grama Panchayat Pananchery Grama Panchayat Dr. K. A. Sunandha Financial Performance of Manjoor Ksheera Vyavasaya Sahakarana Sangam Ltd.No.29(D) Manjoor Panchayat, Kottayam District 140 Dr. Philip Thomas Mrs. Misha Davis. A The project work done by the students of B.Sc. (Hons.) C & B is classified under the following major headings. 1. Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development 1.1 Climate Change and Adaptations 1.1.1Climate change in Banana cultivation- Adaptation and Mitigation: Farmers Perspective 1.1.2 Climate change Perception and Mitigation strategies of Paddy 1.2 Value chain of agricultural commodities 1.2.1Value Chain Mapping of “Rakthashali” Medicinal Rice: - Pro- Poor Perspective 1.3 Agricultural entrepreneurship 1.3.1 Perception of Professional Agricultural Students towards Start-Ups in Agricultural Sector 1.4 Organic vegetable cultivation in homestead farming 1.4.1 A Study on Niravu Organic Village Model, Vengeri Panchayat, Kozhikode District 1.4.2 Impact of Homestead farming on the Socio-economic Conditions of the Members of PCARDB, Kollam Ltd No.Q167 1.5 Rural development perspective 1.5.1 Evaluation of Integrated Child Development Services Scheme in Madakathara Panchayat 1.5.2 Evaluation of Drinking Water Scheme of Pananchery Grama Panchayat 1.5.3 Role of Kudumbhasree in Women Empowerment. A SEP Model. A case study of Panachikkadu Panchayat in Kottayam District. 1.6 ICT in agriculture 1.6.1 Extent of ICT Usage among Farmers in Pananchaery Panchayat 2. Institutional Finance and Financial Institution 2.1 Finance for farming community and schemes 2.1.1 Institutional Finance towards Agriculture- A case study of Pananchery Service Co-operative Bank Ltd.no.541 141 2.1.2 Extent of Financial Inclusion among Fishermen Community in Engandiyur Grama Panchayat 2.1.3 Non-performing Assets-A case study of Varandarapilly Service Co-operative Bank 2.2 Utilization of e-Banking 2.2.1 Rural Women Perception towards E-Banking in Koratty Grama Panchayat 2.2.2 Rural Women Perception towards e-Banking in Avanur Grama Panchayat 2.2.3 Consumer Behavior towards e-payment 2.2.4 Rural Women Perception towards E- Banking Services in Pananchery Grama Panchayat 3. Effect of Demonetisation 3.1 Effect of demonetisation in Co-operatives 3.1.1 Financial performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Venginissery Service Co-operative Bank Ltd No.528 3.1.2 Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Koratty Service Co-operative Bank Ltd.590 3.1.3 Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Trichur Taluk Chethu Thozhilali Multi-Purpose Co-operative Society Ltd- Performance Evaluation of Thiruvalla Primary Co-operative Agricultural and Rural Development Bank Ltd.A.159 3.1.5 Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Eramala Service Co-operative Bank Ltd. No F - Financial Performance and Effect of demonetisation on Kalamassery Service Co-operative Bank Ltd.No- Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Karuvannur Service Co-operative Bank ltd no.112 3.1.8 Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Peringandoor Service Co-operative Bank Ltd No.297 142 3.1.9 Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Chalakudy Service Co-operative Bank Ltd No. R- Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Ollukkara Service Co-operative Bank Ltd no- Financial Performance of Mangalam Dam Milk Producers Co-operative Society Ltd. No: P.5 (D) 3.1.12 Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Karamuck Service Co-operative Bank Ltd No.16 3.1.13 Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Chennithala Triperumtura Service Co-operative Bank Ltd No- Financial Performance and Effct of Demonetisation on Pudukkad Service Co-operative Bank Ltd- Financial analysis of Nattika-Engandiyur Fishermen Development and Welfare Cooperative Society Ltd No.18/87/CZ 3.2 Effect of demonetisation in small trade 3.2.1 Marketing Practices of Retail Flower Sellers with Special Reference to Pre & Post Demonetisation 3.2.2 Rural Consumer Buying Behavior towards FMCG Products with Special Reference to Pre & Post Demonetisation 3.2.3 Marketing Practices of Retail Fish Sellers; With Special Reference to Pre &Post Demonetisation 3.2.4 Marketing Practice of Retail Fruit and Vegetable Sellers with Special Reference to Pre and Post Demonetisation 143 SUMMARY OF PROJECT REPORT The summary of each project done is presented along with the suggestions to strengthen the sustainable agriculture and rural development and associated organizations/institutions. 1. Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development 1.1 Climate Change and Adaptations 1.1.1 Climate change in Banana cultivation- Adaptation and Mitigation: Farmers Perspective Rakhi Rajan Dr. R Sendilkumar - Professor Climate is the primary determinant of agricultural productivity and is the biggest challenge the world facing today. Climate change is expected to influence crop and livestock production, hydrological balances, input supplies and other components of agricultural system. The study was entitled “Climate change in banana cultivation – adaptation and mitigation: farmer’s perspective” to understand the awareness and perception of farmers regarding the impact of climate change on banana cultivation, documenting the adaptive resilience mechanisms to combat climate change, describing appropriate strategies for transforming farmers towards climate smart Agriculture system. In bananas and plantains, climate change may significantly alter both yields as well as vulnerability to diseases, which would affect the food security and income of millions. The study area was confined to the “Thrikkur” Panchayat of Thrissur district, Kodakara block. Both primary and secondary data were collected for the study. Primary data were collected through survey method among the sample respondents with the help of pre-tested structured interview schedule. Primary qualitative data generated by informally interviewing selected key informants (Scientists, Extension officers, and Agricultural officers, Meteorological Department and knowledgeable farmers) with the help of check list prepared. The sample frame includes farmers who have carried out cultivation of bananas and plantains commercially for the last 10 years in the “Thrikkur” Panchayat. The sample size fixed was 60, selected based on the simple random sampling procedure. Study found that farmers have less awareness about the effect climate change effected on banana cultivation. It revealed that many of the farmers used adaptive strategies such as crop rotation inter cropping, mulching etc. Farmers were faced some constraints during the implementation of adaptive strategies includes; lack of fund, less awareness about modern combating technology, lack of location specific climatic information and extension education etc. 144 It is suggested that improving the irrigational facilities, providing financial assistance, exposure to the basic ICT/ climate change information would give a solution to this problem. Improved adaptation planning at the local level, through the incorporation of local level perceptions regarding climatic irregularities must be done. The findings here suggest that perceptions on climate could be very helpful for researchers, policy makers, development partners, and other stakeholders concerned with climate change adaptation in framing policies and strategies. Understanding climate change perceptions and the linkages between perceptions and the use of sustainable agricultural practices, is important for public policy targeted at shaping adaptation options for adaptation policy for banana farmers. Integrating knowledge inputs from farmers, Agricultural Officer including the experiences and understanding of climatic variability and impacts of climate change, in addition to the scientific evidence and expert knowledge would help in developing suitable mitigation strategies and framing important policies. Suggestions  Soil moisture content can be retained by practicing drip irrigation followed by organic mulching in the field  Improve basic knowledge of farmers about climate change and adaptation practices by providing climate literacy through seminars and classes about climate change by Governmental and Non- Governmental organisations  Technology for covering the bunch using polythene sheets, plastic sacks, dry leaves of banana etc. To protect banana from pest disease incidence, mixed ripening, and improve the quality of yield  Disseminate knowledge about Climate Smart Agriculture through Krishi bhavan and Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s by displaying bulletins on notice board, conduct workshops related to climate change  Farmers in the local area are vulnerable to water scarcity, so it is very important to conserve water through rain water harvesting techniques and farm pond constructions  Wind break like Shevri (Sesbania egyptifolia) can be raised along the border of field in East-West direction to avoid damage due to heavy & hot winds  Tapioca ( varieties like Sreevishakam (H.1687), Sreesahaya (H.2304), Sreeprakash (S. 856), Sreevijaya, Sree Jaya) cowpea (varieties like Anaswara, Kairali, Varun) can be planted for crop rotation and ginger, elephant yam can be used for inter cropping 145 1.1.2 Climate change Perception and Mitigation Strategies of Paddy Rohita Nair Dr. R Sendilkumar - Professor Climate change has significant impact on agriculture production and productivity irrespective of crops. The study entitled climate change perception and mitigation strategies of paddy was carried out to understand the paddy farmer’s awareness and perception on climate change, study the adaptive mechanisms to combat climate change and describe appropriate strategies for transforming respondent farmers towards Climate Smart Agriculture system. The farmer’s perception adaptation strategies were assessed by surveying farmers of Amballoor Panchayat who have carried out paddy cultivation for at least 10 years. 60 farmers were selected as respondents. Data were collected through a survey among the sample respondents with the help of pre-tested structured interview schedule. On analyzing Farmer’s perceptions and climate change adaptations results show that the awareness level of the farmers was less. Farmer’s impact of climate change on paddy cultivation, awareness and perception about climate change, adaptation strategies followed were assessed through the survey. Climate change is severely affecting the paddy in the area by inception of many diseases and minor pest are converted to major pests. Irregular rainfall, fluctuating temperature and increase in humidity are the main climatic problems leading to increase in diseases. The farmers of study area are experiencing climate change (rainfall and temperature changes) and responding to these changes through alterations in the adoption and use of sustainable agricultural practices. Grain legume rotations, ownership of livestock units, farmyard manure, planting time adjustments, varietal selection and green manuring etc are some of the adaptation strategies adopted. The findings here suggest that perceptions on climate can be very helpful for researchers, policy makers, development partners, and other stakeholders concerned with climate change adaptation in framing policies and strategies. Suggestions  Improve irrigation facilities by building and strengthening existing water reservoirs.  Improve basic knowledge of farmers about climate change and adaptation practices by providing climatic education through seminars and having classes about climate change by Governmental and Non- Governmental organisations.  There was decline in the area of paddy farming in the region. Hence there should be specific programmes to sustain paddy farming in the area  Weather based Agromet Advisory Services in the area need to be strengthened. 146  Disseminate knowledge about Climate Smart Agriculture through, KVK, Krishibhavan by issuing bulletins on notice board, conduct workshops related to climate change. And to attract youth in to agriculture by using modern communication methods (ICT).  Crop rotation with legume varieties like Cow pea varieties should be inculcated to increases the soil fertility.  Strengthening of the Research and Development system is advocated to develop new strategies on the adaptation and mitigation of climate change impacts.  Extension Programmes must be conducted for developing farmer’s education on potential impacts of adaptation strategies on climate change. 1.2 Value chain of agricultural commodities 1.2.1 Value Chain Mapping of “Rakthashali” Medicinal Rice:- Pro- Poor Perspective Litty Jerry Dr. R Sendilkumar - Professor Kerala has a rich tradition in rice farming. But of late many of the traditional varieties are gradually unseen. Rakthashali is widely mentioned in puranas and ancient texts of Ayurveda as having properties potent enough to cure many ailments, including cancer. Ayurveda says this variety of rice, recorded its use back to more than 3000 years is good for the Tridoshas, such as Vatha, Pitha and Kafa. Rakthashali is cultivated in being Ernakulam, Malappuram, Palakkad, Thrissur and Wayanad districts of Kerala. Rakthashali, a crop with its red bran layer and takes around 90 to 120 days from planting to harvest, depending on the area of cultivation of land and weather conditions. This nutritionally rich rice variety having equal importance in food and curative purposes.The presence of the phytic acid and gallic acid shows regular consumption of Rakthashaliwill prevent cancer. Besides being a functional food for promoting lactation,Rakthashaliis acknowledged therapeutic value in the treatments of allergies & skin ailments, uterus related problems, gastro intestinal problems, liver, kidney, obesity, blood related problems, heart diseasesand nerve disorders. The present study entitled ‘Value Chain Mapping of “Rakthashali” Medicinal Rice:-ProPoor Perspective’ was an attempt to identify and analyze the actors involved in the value chain of Rakthashali. Both primary and secondary data were used for the study. The primary data required to analyze actors in the value chain were collected from the farmers, processors, retailers, wholesalers and consumers through group discussion, key informant method and structured 147 interview schedules. The secondary data regarding the rice and its properties were collected from websites and publications. The study revealed that the cultivation of Rakthashali is purely organic to preserve its medicinal value. Application of chemical fertilizers will increase the vegetative growth ofrakthashali and it will increase the pest and disease incidence. The core processes and activities identified in the value chain of Rakthashali were procurement of inputs, cultivation, harvest and post-harvest activities, processing, marketing and consumption and the major players in the chain were farmers, processors, retailers (Vasudha retail, Green mythri, Jaivakalvara, Swaabhimaan farmers’ club and Chandragiri foods Pvt Ltd.) and consumers (individuals and ayurveda hospitals). Consumers are experiencing problems like lack of awareness about medicinal properties of Rakthashali rice, high price, difficulty in differentiating the pure Rakthashali rice, lack of knowledge about availability of pure rice available etc in the market. The study revealed that Rakthashali, the medicinal rice, is worth preserving because of its importance to the people associated with the rice and for the potential future medicinal applications of this rice. It is important to recognize that any effort to conserve Rakthashali must take place in the larger context of rice cultivation on Kerala and the policy encouraging cultivation and marketing of Rakthashali rice needs to be taken into consideration by the Govt. Authorities, to strengthen actors in the value chain of Rakthashali. Suggestions  Rakthashali is wonder medicinal rice; hence it has to be necessarily preserved considering the people associated with core process and the medicinal applications.  It is important to recognize that any effort to conserve Rakthashali must find place in the larger context of rice cultivation in Kerala, with protecting the interest of Rakthashali growers and finding exclusive space in food security mission.  The support policy for encouraging cultivation and marketing of Rakthashali rice needs to be given attention by the Govt. Authorities, with proper linkage and co-ordination mechanism.  A Total Quality Management (TQM) system involving all the stakeholders to be evolved in order to ensure the authenticity of Rakthashali.  The State or Central Govt should work out mechanism to grant domestic Organic Certification to the farmers, who have continuing organic farming in a proper and systemic way. This will help the farmers to sell their produce with premium rate in the market.  Shortage of labour was reported to be a major problem and it could be solved by linking the MGNREGP with location specific participative agricultural plans. 148  The Agricultural Department should promote the organic farming through the cultivation of with the supply of adequate quantity and quality inputs to the farmers in time.  The Kerala State Seed Development Authority (KSSDA) can take appropriate steps for seed development through Farmers’ club, Padasekharasamities and NGOs.  The Krishibhavan can also promote the Rakthashali seed production through selected Padasekharasamities. In this regard, the seed village concept for promotion of Rakthashali seed growers would be a promising solution.  Mass campaigning regarding the medicinal and other uses of Rakthashali rice will be helpful to increase the demand for Rakthashali among consumers, which could improve the consumers’ understanding on attributes of Rakthashali.  The farmers should provide with awareness education regarding and facilities for the value addition in Rakthashali rice at an affordable cost in the local area itself.  Ethnic food court can be made available and it shall be promoted through Kudumbasrees, shgs (Self Help Groups) focusing at Agri-tourism spots in the state.  Growers of Rakthashali can be mobilized to form farmers organization and later gradually transformed into value chain actors.  ‘Rakthashali cultivation’ is promoted through Public- Private Partnership mode, using social responsibility dimension  Research initiating to be taken to evolve standard package of practices for organic cultivation of identified traditional rices like (Njavara, Rakthashali etc.), which is having commercial potential.  Organic cultivation of such traditional varieties of rice (Njavara, Rakthashali etc.) Can be encouraged in the selected schools of each block with support of Krishibhavan and KVK. Marketing aspects entrusted to the students of business studies in the traditional as well as technical universities of Kerala.  Considering the increasing numbers of aneamic patients and cancer patients in the Gods own country, Govt. Should come forward to implement a novel project of distributing cost free Rakthashali rice 500gm per patient per month through concern PHC, with support of Department of Health Science in distribution and support of Department of Agriculture in production. 149 1.3 Agricultural Entrepreneurship 1.3.1 Perception of Professional Agricultural Students towards Start-Ups in Agricultural Sector Abhishek Kumar Dr. R Sendilkumar - Professor Employability and entrepreneurship is highly correlated. Presently the graduates not only judged on the basis of their knowledge but also on the employability in the competitive scenario. The study on Perception of Professional Agricultural Students towards Start-ups in Agriculture Sector was conducted with the objective to examine the awareness and perception of agricultureprofessional students towards start-ups in agriculture sector and to identify and explore the motivating factors in the curriculum for agricultural start-ups. The study was limited to the 8th semester students and the respondents were chosen from the Kerala Agricultural University and Kerala Veterinary and Animal Science University. The primary survey was conducted by administering a pre tested structure schedule. The collected data were analysed with the help of simple statistical tools such as percentage, index and mean method. The study found that even though majority of the agricultural graduates belongs to rural areas, they are interested in the non-agricultural sector rather than opting in agricultural sector. Very few graduates are interested to opt for the entrepreneurship after their study. The key reasons behind this scenario are less awareness of the graduates towards the schemes and policy of the Government for the entrepreneurship development especially for the youth. Lack of motivation from the existing curriculum, lack of Agribusiness Incubation centers in the Agricultural Universities is also one of the main reasons, why Agricultural Graduates not show their interest in the Agricultural sector. There is an urgent need to upgrade the existing curriculum with the entrepreneurship point of view, to establish the Agribusiness Incubation Centres in each out of every college under Agricultural University. By this, the perception of the agricultural graduates may transform towards the entrepreneurship in the agricultural sector and as well the employability of the agricultural graduates will rise to a greater extent. Suggestions  Every college should have the access of the agribusiness incubation centres in order to provide the field training to the students for starting the agricultural venture.  The Colleges under the Agricultural Universities should upgrade their syllabus to impart the entrepreneurial education to the student. 150  The Colleges should provide mandatory training to the students in the agribusiness incubation centres in their RAWE/ELCB/Students READY, and also provide them financial assistance with the help of converging various schemes of the Government for youth like ‘Skill India’, ‘Start-Up India’, ‘MAKE in India’ etc.  The University should implement the recommendation of the 5 th Dean committee as early as possible to nurture the agricultural graduates as the employer rather than the employees.  The agricultural graduates should encash the various Government schemes for the youth and also the facilities provided by the agriculture universities in order to have the sustainable agricultural start-ups after their degree rather than going for a job in the other sector. 1.4 Organic vegetable cultivation in homestead farming 1.4.1 A Study on Niravu Organic Village Model, Vengeri Panchayat, Kozhikode District Soniyo Yomichan Mrs. Salini R Chandran - Teaching Assistant The unsustainability of modern agricultural practices has led farming communities, the World over to look for alternatives. “A Study on NIRAVU ORGANIC VILLAGE model,Vengeri Panchayat, Kozhikode district” is an attempt ,made to study the role of Niravu Organic Village in Vengeri Panchayat in organic farming. Niravu Organic Village is a Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) in Vengeri Panchayat of Kozhikode district. They are the promoters of organic farming in Kerala, and they are named as the first organic village in Kerala. In this model they are executing the Zero-budget waste management along with Zero pesticide organic farming for the past ten successful years. The objective of the study is “To examine the role of Niravu Organic Village model in organic farming, in Vengeri Panchayat”. Sixty organic farmers of Niravu residence association was selected using simple random sampling to study the role of Niravu organic village model in Vengeri Panchayat and benefits they have accomplished through this zero pesticide organic farming. The statistical tools used in the study are Percentage analysis and Indices. Indices were constructed to study the awareness on organic farming, perceived constraints and benefits received from the Niravu Organic Village Model. Adverse effects of modern agriculture practices not only on the farm but also on the health of all living things and thus on the environment have been well documented all over the world. Application of technology, particularly in terms of the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides all around us has persuaded people to think aloud. Their negative effects on the environments are manifested through soil erosion, water shortages, soil contamination, genetic erosion, etc. Organic farming is the best alternative to avoid the ill effects 151 of chemical farming. Sustainable agriculture is an integrated system of plant and animal production practices having a site-specific application that over the long term. Suggestions  Most of the farmers have poor knowledge on the value addition of organic products. Hence, more educational programmes have to be organised on value addition aspects.  Mainly the small farmers have been engaged in organic farming. Hence, it is necessary to attract large farmers.  Niravu should spread their hands to other Panchayat of our state.  More government support for organic farming has to be provided.  There are more consumers for organic products, but the number of organic producers is minimal. 1.4.2 Impact of Homestead farming on the Socio-economic Conditions of the Members of PCARDB, Kollam Ltd No.Q167 Megha Madan Dr. Philip Thomas - Associate Professor The study entitles “ Impact of Homestead Farming (Flexi Credit) on the Socio-Economic Conditions of the Cultivators of Kollam CARDB” was undertaken as a case study to know the extent of homestead farming in on the socio-economic conditions of the cultivators of Kollam CARDB and to suggest suitable measures to popularise the Flexi Credit. The sample was collected out of 25025 total members, 50 members and 50 non flexi credit members is covered for the study. The sampling procedure used was ramdom sampling. Response from all the officials of the Bank is also being gathered for the study. The collected data were analysed with the help of scientific, statistical, mathematical and financial tools like averages and percentage techniques. From the study it is clear that homestead farming concept among households. And the members and non-flexi credit members have favourable attitude towards homestead farming. Majority of the cultivators have got experience of below 1 year in homestead farming. The study shows that the households get or they can save at least Rs 5000 through the homestead farming. Also the study reveals that homestead farming is not done on a commercial basis or considered as an income generating activity. And the grow bags has a major contribution in homestead farming, and it indicates the possibility of extension of homestead farming through terrace farming. Majority of the household are using the produce for their own consumption. This is because of the fact that households are aware about the quality end freshness of the vegetables 152 cultivated in the homestead compared to vegetable brought from the market.The study also reveals the need for better arrangements to create awareness among members about the flexi credit scheme so as to make homestead farming a subsidiary source of income for the households and to improve the availability of pesticides free vegetables to people Kerala. Suggestions  Kollam CARDB has to collaborate with Krishi bhavan for the better implementation of the scheme.  Kollam CARDB should ensure that the members of the scheme are efficiently implementing the scheme.  Kollam CARDB has to make arrangements to create awareness among members about the flexi credit scheme.  Kollam CARDB has to arrange training programmes to households about advantages of adopting technology and scientific management practices in improving homestead farming.  Kollam CARDB has to give special training programmes to females on homestead farming since they were the major participants in homestead farming.  Kollam CARDB should make arrangements for the distribution of fertilizers and grow bags. 1.5 Rural development perspective 1.5.1 Evaluation of Integrated Child Development Services Scheme in Madakathara Panchayat Mayu P Nair Dr. E G Ranjitkumar - Professor The study entitled “Evaluation of Integrated Child Development Services Scheme: A Study in Madakkathara Grama Panchayat” has undertaken with the objective of studying the nutritional status of beneficiaries of Integrated Child Development Services scheme in Madakkathara Grama Panchayat. The study was based on primary data collected from 25 pregnant women, 20 lactating mothers, 15 adolescent girls and 10 three to six years of children of 8 selected wards of Madakkathara Panchayat with the help of structured interview questionnaire. Six important variables were selected for the study such as Supplementary nutrition, Nutrition and Health Education for women, Immunization, Health checkup, Referral services and Non formal preschool education. The study reveals that every one of the children is getting Supplementary Nutritional Food daily at correct time in their Anganwadi Centres. As per ICDS guidelines every pregnant women shall get the Health education classes once in every month. But in Madakkathara 153 Panchayat Anganwadi workers conducts classes once in every 3 months. Everybody is satisfied with the adequacy of coverage of class. By means of ICDS, every one of the beneficiaries should receive services of ICDS from Anganwadi centres. But in madakatharaPanchayat, Supplementary Nutritional Foods are collecting from Anganwadi centres, Maveli store and sometimes Anganwadi workers bring Supplementary Nutritional Foodto home. It is against the norms of ICDS.The Health Education class is about the seasonal diseases and its remedies and nutritional diets during this period. The study reveals that adequacy of coverage of Health Education classes are satisfied by each of the respondents.ICDS provides health education, Supplementary Nutritional Food and immunization services to adolescent girls. But majority of the respondents are not receiving the service of Immunization from Anganwadi. Because they are availing this service from their schools. From the survey result we can observe that, Awareness about Integrated child development services scheme is less among the people in Madakkathara Grama Panchayat. The study concluded that more awareness and publicity about the scheme should be given to the people. Majority of the respondents don’t aware about the scheme and its benefits. .This can be done through awareness programme and seminars. Suggestions  Awards can be given to the best functioning anganwadies in the Panchayat  More awareness and publicity about the scheme should be given to the people. Majority of the respondents don’t aware about the scheme and its benefits. This can be done through awareness programme and seminars.  Ensure cooperation with health centres  Frequent visit to anganwadi centres should be done by the ICDS block level officers to check whether the anganwadi workers properly managing the ICDS services.  Strict monitoring should be done to ensure the effective implementation. Periodic evaluation studies also can be made to know the progress of the scheme in Madakkathara Panchayat.  Supplementary nutrition can be restricted to those who have nutritional deficit. 1.5.2 Evaluation of Drinking Water Scheme of Pananchery Grama Panchayat Soumya Peter Sri. Jacob Thomas - Associate Professor The study entitled “Evaluation of Drinking Water Scheme of Pananchery Grama Panchayat” was conducted to evaluate the performance of drinking water scheme of Panachery 154 Grama Panchayat. The study was based on the information gathered through an in-depth field work in Pananchery Grama Panchayat during the period April 2017 to May 2017. The area of study confined to Pananchery Grama Panchayat, which is 13.0 km from Thrissur town. The Panchayat consists of twenty-three wards of which five wards faces crucial drinking water scarcity. The ten beneficiaries from five wards were selected randomly to constitute a sample of fifty respondents. The primary data were collected through a sample survey of the 50 respondents through interview method by administrating a structured schedule. Secondary data were collected through books, journals and relevant websites. The area which selected for the study to evaluate the drinking water scheme of Panchayat is facing crucial scarcity during summer period. A favorable impact was identified, the scheme is really economic to the respondents, and it ensures women’s active participation in beneficiary group. The services provided during lean period were not satisfactory and monitoring from the part of authority has to improve, for the existence and smooth functioning of the scheme. The Drinking water scheme of Panchayat provides piped water supply connected to public wells of Panchayat. The Operation and Maintenance of the schemes is very poor and there is a very little chance for improvement due to lack of will and poor cost recovery. Available decentralized water supply schemes also do not yield satisfactory results as they often follow a project mode. The scheme conceives the necessity of conservation, development and management of water resources. As a whole, we could able to conclude the role of Grama Panchayat includes identifying needs, planning, involving the community, implementing schemes, monitoring the quality of water and fixing and collecting tariff. Planning for drinking water security in the Grama Panchayat, which includes measures for conservation, protection and augmentation of water sources, quality surveillance and operations and maintenance, would help to overcome drinking water scarcity and improve the health status of the people. Suggestions  The Geographical area of the Panchayat is good enough to construct Check dams. They are created across streams and rivers to partially block the flow of water and allow it to seep into the water table which can be used in lean days.  Make a successful Self Help Group of the ward, authority of the distribution to be known as beneficiary committee. They will exercise full power of distribution of water pertaining to their ward of operation.  Web Self Help Groups of Panchayat, upon where water distribution is vested, to make it uninterrupted during scarce period. Water could be evenly distributed to the area whom there is scarcity, collecting the water from surplus area. 155  Self Help Group must be given priority in utilizing Collector’s contingency fund, which would relieved for the needy areas during summer. Self Help Group could be in a position to raise finance through this undertaking. 1.5.3 Role of Kudumbhasree in Women Empowerment.A SEP Model. A case study of Panachikkadu Panchayat in Kottayam District Sherin Saji Sri. Jacob Thomas - Associate Professor The study entitled Role of Kudumbhasree in Women Empowerment-A SEP Model: A Case study of Panachikkadu Panchayat in Kottayam District has been undertaken with a objective of assessing the extent of Social, Economic and Personal Empowerment of women through Kudumbhasree. A sample of 10 Kudumbhasree units which has been actively working and completed 5 years of existence was selected and 50 members (5 from each unit) were selected as respondents. The data were collected from the units through a sample survey based on structured schedule. The empowerment of women was measured by analysing the status of women before and after joining the Kudumbashree unit. The collected data were analyzed using statistical tool such as Indices and Percentages. Composite index calculated for identifying the role of Kudumbhasree in social, economic and personal empowerment. The overall social empowerment of women by Kudumbhasree showed a high value indicating that the empowerment by Kudumbhasree is good. Among the social factors, access to information, knowledge & skill showed the highest value. The overall economic empowerment was assessed using indicators such as income generation, savings, borrowings and acquisition of assets, among them borrowings showed the highest value. However, economic empowerment was good for most of the indicators. Personal empowerment was excellent for most of the indicators except independence and political involvement. The overall personal empowerment showed a high value indicating that Kudumbhasree were able to influence the personal characteristics of the respondents. Thus it could be concluded that Kudumbhasree has altered the lives of poor women, changed their perception, rebuilt their confidence, boosted their morale, rediscovered their dignity and honor and empowered them economically, socially and personally. 156 Suggestions  Sustainable income generating activities should be taken by the members, for that more financial help should be given by the government, so as to achieve the advantage of the programme.  Measures can be adopted to impart technical/professional training to members based on their interest and skills. Though it can be expensive, assistance of local authorities, professional/technical educational institutions etc. Can be approached for assistance.  Avail credit based on the eligibility of the members and keen monitoring is essential to ensure that the money is utilised for productive purpose itself.  Clustering the groups of different Kudumbhasree doing the same activity helps to do in a more cost effective way.  Local self-government should provide more support for finding out markets for the kudumbhasree products.  More measures to be adopt to attract younger age groups to participate in kudumbhasree activities.  Policies should be framed to enhance organic farming through kudumbhasree and training programmes should be organised to familiarise the modern technologies used in agriculture. 1.6 ICT in agriculture 1.6.1 Extent of ICT Usage among Farmers in Pananchaery Panchayat Chinchu Baby Mrs. Salini R Chandran - Teaching Assistant Information And Communication Technology (ICT) encompasses sources of information such as newspaper, farm magazines, radio, television, telephone, computer and internet including agricultural portals as well as various related services and applications associated with them. The study entitled “Extent of ICT Usage among Farmers in Pananchery Panchayat” was conducted in Pananchery Panchayat of Thrissur district with the objectives to analyze the awareness and utilization of ICT tools among farmers and to identify the constraints faced by the farmers in using ICT tools. The primary data was collected through interview method by administering a pre-structured interview schedule. The sample consists of 60 farmers. Secondary data were collected from the information sources like journals, library, internet etc. The collected data was analyzed by using statistical tools like percentages and other statistical tools. During this era of technological revolution, ICT tools can be used for bridging up the information gap existing 157 among the farmers. So, it is important to identify the constraints faced by the farmers in using ICT’s tools. Only then the effective utilization of ICT tools will be possible by avoiding the constraints faced by the farmers. Hence, in Pananchery Panchayat this study has its own relevance in the current agriculture scenario. Study reveals that extent of ICT usage among the farmers were satisfactory. But farmers are not much aware about all the ICT tools. Extent of usage of new technologies like mobile phones, computer and internet in agriculture extension is not much remarkable. Hence it reveals that, still there is a technology gap exists in the agriculture extension system. Lack of awareness and lack of accessibility of new technologies still remain as the main cause for this technology gap. The study could find the information gap existing between farmers and researchers and suggest suitable methods to resolve the same. Agriculture is still remaining as the primary occupation in developing India. Thus attaining development in agriculture sector is vital important. Through the effective Application of ICT tools in agriculture, the existing information gap among the farmers can be filled. Then only a remarkable impact can be accomplished in the agriculture sector. Suggestions  The organizations and departments concerned with agricultural development need to realize the potential of ICT for the speedy dissemination of information to farmers.  It is important to encourage the use of ICT tools in rural level, by some measures such as: ICT infrastructure development, training on ICT tools use towards farmers.  The farmers’ self-fulfilling faith in the information services provided should be enhanced.  Participatory and rapid rural appraisals should be carried out to ascertain what information the farmers need.  ICT education should be built to the farmers particularly the use of the mobile phone and internet.  Agricultural institutions should establish their websites and link up with others for sharing of information on the use of icts for agricultural extension agents should be encouraged. 158 2. Institutional Finance and Financial Institution 2.1 Finance for farming community and schemes 2.1.1 Institutional Finance towards Agriculture- A case study of Pananchery Service Cooperative Bank Ltd.no.541 Tintu Sunny Dr. Philip Thomas - Associate Professor The study entitled “Institutional Finance towards Agriculture- A Case Study of Pananchery Service Co-operative Bank Ltd.No.541” has undertaken with the objectives of assessing the performance of Pananchery Service Co-operative Bank in agricultural credit, analysing the diversion of agricultural credit for non-agricultural purposes and evaluating the over dues in agricultural credit of the Pananchery Service Co-operative Bank. The period of study was six years from 2010-11 to 2015-16 for the analysis. The tools of financial analysis such as percentage, ratio and growth index were used for analyzing the data. The study was based on primary and secondary data. The primary data was collected through survey method using well-structured questionnaire. The major variables used for the study includes loans and advances, agricultural credit disbursed, utilization of agricultural loan, reasons for diversion, mode of repayment of loan, overdue etc. The study revealed that the agricultural credit of PSC Bank has decreased considerably over the periods of study. The share of agricultural advances in the total advance also has been declining drastically. It is also found that the agricultural loans are being diverted to non-agricultural purposes like education of children, marriage of daughters etc by the borrowers of the PSC Bank. Even though the total overdue of the Bank is increasing, the overdue in agricultural credit of the Bank is showing a decreasing trend. Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy. Credit plays a significant role in the growth and enhancement of agricultural sector in the country. This study is helpful to give an idea about the trend in share of agricultural credit in the total credit and the utilization of the issued agricultural loan for other purposes. Suggestions  The Bank should increase its agricultural advances.  The Bank should take proper control over reducing the overdues of the Bank.  The diversion of agricultural loans to non-agricultural purposes has to be taken more seriously by the Bank and should have proper monitoring of the loan to control the diversion. 159  Visits of Bank officials to the fields of farmers can be made frequently in order to ensure the usage of loan for the said purpose. 2.1.2 Extent of Financial Inclusion among Fishermen Community in Engandiyur Grama Panchayat Aparna K P Mrs. Salini R Chandran - Teaching Assistant Financial inclusion is a fundamental corner stone of economic and social development. In order to achieve inclusive development and growth, expansion of financial services to all sections of Society is important. Financial exclusion results in widespread inequality in income and earning opportunities. The study entitled “Extent of Financial Inclusion among Fishermen Community in Engandiyur Grama Panchayat” has been carried with the objectives of examining the awareness of financial services by fishermen community and to study the extent of financial inclusion among fishermen community in Engandiyur Grama Panchayat. The study based on primary data collected from a sample size 60 fishermen and allied workers selected form the Panchayat .The information required to the study were collected through structured interview schedule and the collected data were analyzed with the help of percentages and indices. The awareness level of fishermen community is measured by observing their Bank account and usages, awareness on financial services and usage, and awareness and usage of electronic Banking. The analysis of the study elucidate that majority of the fishermen and allied workers have Bank accounts and majority of them were activated their account only for availing Government subsidies and funds from welfare societies. The fact revealed from field survey shows that only half of them (50.3 per cent) are aware about the Bank accounts. Fishermen community is poorly aware about the financial services and electronic Banking system provided by the Banks. In current scenario, we cannot measure financial inclusion only by measuring the Bank account holders in a particular community. Even though majority of the fishermen have a Bank accounts, still they are unaware about the services provided by formal financial institutions. Awareness and accessibility be the important key factor of financial inclusion. The analysis of study in Engandiyur Grama Panchayat depicted the importance and necessity of financial literacy programme in the Panchayat. Suggestions  Awareness and accessibility be the important key factor of financial inclusion.  The analysis of study in Engandiyur Grama Panchayat depicted the importance and necessity of financial literacy programme in the Panchayat. 160 2.1.3 Non-performing Assets-A case study of Varandarapilly Service Co-operative Bank Maneesha A S Dr. Philip Thomas - Associate Professor The study entitled “Non-Performing Assets-A case study of Varandarapilly Service Co-operative Bank” was conducted in Varandarapilly Service Co-operative Bank with the objectives to analyse the trend in the growth of NPA of Varandarapilly Service Co-operative Bank and Socio-economic factors of the borrowers which leads to NPA. Primary data were collected using structured interview schedule from 30 respondents identified based on the criteria of having loan in the Cooperative Bank and the collected data were analysed with help scientific, statistical, mathematical and financial tools to explain different variables and impact of Non-Performing Assets.The present study analysed both defaulters and non-defaulters of the Society. Factors leads to increase in NPA of the Bank and the measures adopted by the Bank to recover the NPA were identified. The membership, share capital and deposits of the Society have shown an increasing trend over the period of the Society.The financial position of the Society showed a stable position over the study period, as a result the borrowings of the Society from DCB’s has been reduced. The overdue position of the Bank has shown a fluctuating trend showing an increasing of overdue for the first three periods of the study. The overdue was increased due to lack of strong supervisory staff and also due to lack of regular actions against all defaulters and the Members influences in the board of directors also leads to increase in overdue. From 2014 onwards NPA showed a decreasing trend till-. The Bank has taken several measures to reduce the overdue situation of the Bank i.e. Through one time settlement scheme named ‘ASWAS’ and through direct contact with the defaulters and the Society gives an opportunity to renew the loan by paying the annual interest etc are the various measures taken by the Society to reduce the non-performing assets. Suggestions  The Society has to devise measures and techniques so that it would improve its performance by making its operation more efficient so as to ensure financial viability, good quality in lending and deploying fund in productive Endeavour’s.  The Society should create and maintain a ‘Recovery culture’ in respect of short-term loan, for that VSCB should strengthen the supervisory staff and they should insist on regular actions against all defaulters.  As soon as the loans becomes overdue, the Society should refer all such cases either to arbitration or obtain certificate irrespective of the fact that the members are influential or not. 161  If the borrowers of the non-agricultural loan from VSCB will utilize their loans for business with suitable training and in proper manner, they repay their loan amount in time. Then the NPA for non-agricultural lending will be reduced.  The problems encountered by the borrowers while utilizing the loan productively should be solved at the earliest and also the interference of politicians should be avoided to some extent.  Generally, the customers are expecting new services from VSCB, like money transfer, eBanking, e-transfer etc.  It is essential to upgrade credit skills of the operating staff working in loan section and Society should draws its efforts to sanction the loan in time and avoid delay in disbursement. 2.2 Utilization of e-Banking 2.2.1 Rural Women Perception towards E-Banking in Koratty Grama Panchayat Anu Maria Baby Dr. K A Sunandha - Associate Professor The study entitled “Rural women perception towards electronic Banking in Koratty Grama Panchayat” was conducted in seventeenth ward of Koratty Grama Panchayat of Thrissur district with the objectives to examine the extent of perception and utilization level of rural women towards electronic Banking services. Primary data were collected using structured interview schedule from 60 women respondents identified based on the criteria of having accounts in Cooperative, Private and Public sector Banks and the data were analyzed using various tools to explain different variables and implications. The present study analyzed both users and non-users of identified electronic Banking services. Factors prompting the rural women users to use the innovative electronic Banking technologies and the reasons of rest for not availing the services are identified. With respect to electronic Banking services, awareness and usage level is highest for ATM, followed by Mobile Banking and then by Internet Banking. ATM is the one and only electronic Banking service, which is used frequently by the rural women due to a well-structured knowledge about it on hand. Credit card is the least used electronic Banking service by the rural women. This is due to the personal impediments and lack of awareness. They are acquainted with the old traditional Banking system and they are not having trust in e-Banking services. However, along with the world of conveniences this method of Banking has a few inherent pitfalls, which need to be understood in order to protect the interest of the customers and their money to eradicate complications subsequently. So the result of the study leads to the conclusion that even there were accesses to all the e-Banking facilities the usage of e-Banking is not mounting among the rural 162 women due to some constraints. Hence the need of the hour is maximum promotion of electronic Banking services among the rural women as a need based routine. Suggestions  The Bank should conduct awareness classes and practical sessions on E-Banking services especially among rural women.  The Bank should solve the security and privacy issues related to E-Banking services.  Kudumbasree should be restarted in that area makes it easy to convey Banking education to women.  Service charges should be affordable, particularly by SBI and associates.  Internet Banking is convenient and easy to use, but the mind set of customers is that it is difficult, risky and complicated. So onsite training can be provided for rural women those who intend to use it. 2.2.2 Rural Women Perception towards e-Banking in Avanur Grama Panchayat Neethu M P Dr. K A Sunandha - Associate Professor The study entitled “Rural women perception towards electronic Banking in Avanur Grama Panchayat” was conducted in Avanur Grama Panchayat of Thrissur district with the objectives to examine the extent perception and satisfaction level of rural women towards electronic Banking services. Primary data were collected using structured interview schedule from 60 women respondents identified based on the criteria of having accounts in Co-operative, Private and Public sector Banks and the data were analyzed using various tools to explain different variables and implications. The present study analyzed both users and non-users of identified electronic Banking services. Factors prompting the rural women users to use the innovative electronic Banking technologies and the reasons of rest for not availing the services are identified. With respect to electronic Banking services, awareness and usage level is highest for ATM, followed by Mobile Banking and then by Internet Banking. ATM is the one and only electronic Banking service, which is used frequently by the rural women due to a well-structured knowledge about it on hand. Credit card is the least used electronic Banking service by the rural women. This is due to the personal impediments and lack of awareness. They are acquainted with the old traditional Banking system and they are not having trust in e-Banking services. The rural women are more satisfied with ATM than any other e-Banking technology. However, along with the world of conveniences this method of Banking has a few inherent pitfalls, which need to be understood in order to protect the interest of the customers and their money to eradicate complications 163 subsequently. So the result of the study leads to the conclusion that even there were accesses to all the e-Banking facilities the usage of e-Banking is not mounting among the rural women due to some constraints. Hence the need of the hour is maximum promotion of electronic Banking services among the rural women as a need based routine. Suggestions  E-Banks should create awareness among the rural women about e-Banking products and services. Customers should be made literate about the use of e-Banking products and services.  Different age group women have different perception towards the e-Banking services, mainly the old age people are having the reluctance for using e-Banking facilities, so the proper training on the usage of e-Banking is necessary for all age groups.  Special arrangements should be made by Banks to ensure full security of customer funds. Technical defaults should be avoided by employing well trained and expert technicians in field of computers, so that loss of data can be avoided.  Employees of Banks should be given special technical training for the use of e-Banking so that they can further encourage customers to use the same.  Seminars and workshops should be organized on the healthy usage of e-Banking especially for those who are ATM or computer illiterate.  E-Banking services should be customized on basis of age, gender, occupation etc. So that needs and requirements of people are met accordingly.  Majority of the rural women prefer e-Banking for quickness. So Banks should try in all the ways that e-Banking is working 24 hour round the clock and service is available to all customers without any hassles.  Online Customers are mainly concerned on safety issues so the Banks should educate their customers on the safety use of their passwords and pin numbers and it should insist the customers that they should change the passwords and pin numbers frequently, so no unauthorized fraudulent practices happen in the online Banking.  There should be more number of ATM and CDM machines in the rural areas. So that they can have more access and exposure to these facilities.  With the emergence of ATM facility, only less people approach their Bank for withdrawing cash. So placing cash deposit machine near ATM counters will be very useful. This facility consumes less amount of time for every transaction. So the customers will be very satisfied as they want to spend only less time in the Bank.  Create a trust in mind of towards security of their accounts. 164  Many of the respondents are not satisfied with the service charges levied on various e-Banking instruments. So it is better to reduce the service charges on various e-Banking instruments in order to increase the use of various e-Banking technologies and also to attract more customers towards it. 2.2.3 Consumer Behavior towards e-payment Prathyaksha Kumar Mrs. Divya Vijayan - Teaching Assistant E-payment is becoming popular mode of payment day by day. More and more people are attracted towards e-payment due to its various advantages over cash payment. In such a situation the study entitled “Consumer behavior towards e-payment” was conducted with an objective to assess the awareness level of consumer and to evaluate the consumer attitude and satisfaction towards epayment. The study was conducted on four tools of e-payment; they are debit card, credit card, echeck and e-payment applications/ wallet. This paper is based on research approach using primary and secondary data. The study was conducted at the main campus in Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur. Structured interview schedule was used to collect information from the respondents which constitute students and staff of Kerala Agricultural University. The result of the paper analyzed using percentage, and index. The study reveal that consumers propensity towards e-payment is increasing at slower rate and in a full-fledged manner due to few constraints associated with it and the availability of alternative mode of payment. Risk of being hacked, infrastructural problem, low level of interest, digital illiteracy are few hurdles which cause slow adoption of e-payment among the consumer. However the arrivals of e-payment app have pooled a large section of people towards e-payment. Recently demonetisation announced by the government has created a positive image in the mind of the consumer towards the e-payment. Government has taken many proactive steps like launching of BHIM app, increasing the number of pos machine at massive scale, to make the e-payment more smooth and safe. The consumers have moderately favorable attitude and moderate level of satisfaction towards e-payment. The study also highlights the essence and need of e-payment in present time. E-payment is getting pace due to online marketing where consumer purchase goods on mobile or computer by the use of internet and the amount is also paid online. E-payment is widening its base in all section of Society. An immediate and complete change from cash transaction to digital transaction is practically not possible in short run; as the barriers in epayment will decrease the adoption level will rise gradually. A gradual change from conventional to digital payment is possible by infrastructure support, financial support, awareness, and peoples’ proactive participation. 165 Suggestions  Due to low digital literacy the adoption of e-payment is lesser and penetration is slower, so to cope up with such problem the Bank and the government should play a bigger role. Bankers should organize temporary camp and workshop to educate the people by showing demonstrations.  The government should allot more funds for the advertisement of digital literacy programme, Bankers should visit the schools and educate the children in the at least once in a month.  Electronic payment is associated with risk but it can be made completely secured and safe to use. Government should make e-payment completely hack poof to gain confidence of people and participation of large number of people in e-payment.  E-payment applications are the latest means of fund transfer. Majority of people find difficulties in handling e-payment applications so, in order to make it a tools of masses the government and the e-payment applications companies should organize workshop to educate the people for greater participation.  The number of POS machine is increasing gradually, there is need to reduce the interest charged on the POS machine to make its widespread presence. Lower interest on the pos machine will give a big boost to electronic payment which will ultimately bring e-payment culture in the country.  Smart phone and internet are two strong pillar which can change the future of e-payment in near future. The cost of internet accessibility should be low so as to make affordable to all section of people. The government should give a concession of 1000 rupee on the purchase of each smart phone for the Banking and electronic payment of the consumer.  The government department should accept payment only in electronic format above 25,000 rupee. This plan should be implemented as soon as possible to give a message to the nation about the importance of e-payment. 2.2.4 Rural Women Perception towards E- Banking Services in Pananchery Grama Panchayat Aseena K A Associate Professor - Dr. K A Sunandha The study entitled “Rural women perception towards electronic Banking in Pananchery Grama Panchayat” was conducted in Pananchery Grama Panchayat of Thrissur district with the objectives to examine the rural women perception towards e- Banking services and the awareness level and factors which affect the use of e- Banking services by them. Primary data were collected 166 using structured interview schedule from 60 women respondents identified based on the criteria of having accounts in Co-operative, Private and Public sector Banks and the data were analyzed using various tools to explain different variables and implications. The present study analyzed both users and non-users of identified electronic Banking services. Factors prompting the rural women users to use the innovative electronic Banking technologies and the reasons of rest for not availing the services are identified. With respect to electronic Banking services, awareness and usage level is highest for ATM and Debit Card followed by CDM. ATM and debit card are the electronic Banking service, which is used frequently by the rural women due to a well-structured knowledge about it on hand. Credit card is the least used electronic Banking service by the rural women. The poor use of the e- Banking services is also affects due to the high service charge on the use of eBanking services. Most of the respondents are aware about the e- Banking services provided by Banks. And the Banks further have to take necessary steps to educate the customers regarding the new technology and other services offered by Banks. While the private and public sector Banks have been fast in adopting e- Banking technology in client servicing. Most attitudinal factors including convenience, security, compatibility, complexity, perceived risk, perceived cost and Social influences are found to be significant in adopting the electronic Banking services. Suggestions  The Bank should take efforts to spread the reach of e-Banking services especially among the rural women respondents by arranging awareness classes and practical sections on e- Banking services.  The Bank should take necessary actions to solve all the security and privacy issues related to eBanking services, so that its outreach to vast majority of population can be effectively ensured.  As the physical attacks are increasing over the days on atms, all counters should provide a guardian having technical knowledge about the machine.  Old-age respondents are reluctant in the use of e-Banking services, so proper training to be offer by the Bank for attracting them on such services.  Majority of the respondents were had account with private and public sector Banks. It is because of the sufficient number of ATM and other facilities related to e-Banking provided by those Banks. For promoting the use of e- Banking, the other types of Banks such as RRB and Co-operative Banks should concentrate in providing efficient electronic Banking facilities to their customers. 167  The Bank should also provide e- Banking services to their customer at reasonable cost it will increase the use of such e- Banking services. 3. Effect of Demonetisation 3.1 Effect of demonetisation in Co-operatives 3.1.1 Financial performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Venginissery Service Cooperative Bank Ltd No.528 Dhanya Rose Tharayil Sri P J Boniface - Associate professor The study entitled “Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Venginissery Service Co-operative Bank Ltd No.528” has undertaken with the objective of examining the financial performance of the Bank and also to analyse the effect of demonetisation on the Bank. The period of study was ten years from 2006-07 to 2015-16 for financial analysis. And two years monthly data was also collected to analyse the effect of demonetisation. The study was based on primary and secondary data .The performance was measured from three dimensions viz; efficiency in mobilization of funds, efficiency in deployment of funds and operational efficiency. The tools of financial analysis such as ratios and growth index were used for analyzing the data. Six important variables were used to analyse the effect of demonetisation such as deposit mobilization, Loan disbursement, Recovery position, Loan outstanding, Overdue & Purchase and sale of medicines in Neethi Medical Store. The primary data was collected through survey method using wellstructured questionnaire. The financial performance of the Bank revealed that it had a strong financial base. This is reflected from its high working capital, increasing deposits, less borrowing. For last ten years Bank was running in profit. The study reveals that the business operation of VSCB’s was affected during the crucial months of demonetisation. Deposit Mobilization, Loan Disbursement and Recovery have decreased; Loan Outstanding and Overdue have increased. Cooperatives are very near to customers. In Venginissery region majority of them are depending on VSCB and their savings were with the Society. During the period of demonetisation majority of the respondents face the cash crunch/ availability of ready currency. From the survey results we can observe that the depositors were not having any reluctance to deposit in the Society. It clearly indicate that demonetisation and the move of central government was not affected the trust of depositor with the Co-operative societies. The study concluded that VSCB had overcome the post demonetisation era. But Bank should increase the proportion of savings deposits in total deposits. The increasing trend in fixed deposit is not advisable for the reason that, it attract higher rate of 168 interest and hence they are costly deposits and spread ratio reveals that the Bank should take care to control its interest expenses and take steps to increase its income from interest items. Suggestions  The members and the BOD should be educated on Co-operatives values and principles for ensuring working of Bank in Co-operative lines.  Co-operatives should not be used as an instrument of the State and must be able to act autonomously.  Conduct human resource management programme to improve the efficiency of existing employees.  Loans should be given genuine members checking the needs and repaying capacity.  Ensure efficient and effective Credit Risk Management System.  The Bank has to convert the cost bearing fund to loans and advances.  Provide innovative financial instruments and attract youngsters to the Co-operative Banks.  The increasing trend in fixed deposit is not advisable for the reason that fixed deposit have higher rate of interest and hence they are costly. The Bank has to mobilize current account in order to save the interest cost on total deposits. The fixed deposit has to be brought down to less than 50 per cent of total deposit. The saving and current account together must be increased to more than 50 per cent. This will be an ideal deposit mix for the Bank to ensure profitability. 3.1.2 Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Koratty Service Co-operative Bank Ltd.590 Rosemol J Mampilly Sri P J Boniface - Associate professor The study entitled “Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Koratty Service Co-operative Bank Ltd No.590 (KSCB) has undertaken with the objective of examining the financial performance of the Bank and also to analyze the effect of demonetisation on the Bank. The period of study was ten years from 2006-07 to 2015-16 for financial analysis and last two years (2015-16 to 2016-17) monthly data was also collected to analyze the effect of demonetisation. The study was based on primary and secondary data. The performance was measured from three dimensions viz; efficiency in mobilization of funds, efficiency in deployment of funds and operational efficiency. The tools of financial analysis such as ratios and growth index were used for analyzing the data. Six important variables were used to analyze the effect of demonetisation such as deposit mobilization, Loan disbursement, Recovery position, Loan outstanding, Overdue and Purchase and sale from non-Banking activities. The primary data was 169 collected through survey method using well-structured questionnaire. The financial performance of the Bank revealed that, it had a strong financial base; this is reflected from its high working capital, increasing deposits, less borrowing. The study reveals that the business operations of KSCB were affected during the crucial months of demonetisation. Deposit Mobilization, Loan Disbursement and Recovery have decreased; Loan Outstanding and Overdue have increased. Co-operatives are very near to customers. In Koratty region majority of them are depending on KSCB and their savings were with the Society. During the period of demonetisation majority of the respondents faced the cash crunch/ availability of ready currency. From the survey results it can be observed that, some of the depositors have reluctance to deposit in the Society. Demonetisation and the action of central government were only affected a minority percentage of members of the Bank. The study concluded that KSCB overcame the post demonetisation era, but the Bank should increase the proportion of savings deposits in total deposits. The increasing trend in fixed deposit is not advisable for the reason that, it attract higher rate of interest and hence they are costly deposits and spread ratio reveals that the Bank should take care to control its interest expenses and take steps to increase its income from interest items. Suggestions  The Bank should mobilize the borrowed funds in cost effective manner and should depend more on owned funds.  The Bank should take adequate measure to increase the level of recovery, and thereby reduce the amount of overdue arises each year.  The Bank should control the non-interest expenses and at the same time should try to improve the non-interest income of the Bank to achieve a greater decline in the burden ratio.  The Bank should control interest expenses to achieve a positive spread ratio.  Agriculture plays a vital role for sustenance of human being, thus it is important to promote agriculture by way of providing agricultural credit at a lower rate. So the Bank has to increase their credit flow to agriculture.  The Bank should take adequate measures to nullify the effect of demonetisation by attracting new depositors and loanee members.  The Bank should take suitable steps to maintain the trust of members towards the Bank.  The Bank should start to provide e-Banking facilities to members to sustain in the competitive economy. 170 3.1.3 Financial Performance And Effect of Demonetisation on Trichur Taluk Chethu Thozhilali Multi-Purpose Co-operative Society Ltd.4137 Nivedya M S Mrs. Misha Davis A - Associate Professor The study entitled “Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Trichur Taluk Chethu Thozhilali Multi-Purpose Co-operative Society Ltd No: 4137” has undertaken with the objective of examining the financial performance of the Society and also to analyse the effect of demonetisation on the Society. The period of study was ten years from 2005-06 to 2014-15 for financial analysis. And two years monthly data was also collected to analyse the effect of demonetisation. The study was based on primary and secondary data .The performance was measured from three dimensions viz; efficiency in mobilization of funds, efficiency in deployment of funds and operational efficiency. The tools of financial analysis such as ratios and growth index were used for analyzing the data. Six important variables were used to analyse the effect of demonetisation such as deposit mobilization, Loan disbursement, Recovery position, Loan outstanding, Overdue & Purchase and sale of medicines in neethi store. The primary data was collected through survey method using well-structured questionnaire. The financial performance of the Bank revealed that it had a strong financial base. This is reflected from its high working capital, increasing deposits, less borrowing. For last nine years Bank was running in loss but the last year of reference period Bank was in profit. The study reveals that the business operations of TTCTMCS’s were affected during the crucial months of demonetisation. Deposit Mobilization, Loan Disbursement and Recovery have decreased; Loan Outstanding and Overdue have increased. Co-operatives are very near to customers. In Anthikad region majority of them are depending on TTCTMCS and their savings were with the Society. During the period of demonetisation majority of the respondents face the cash crunch/ availability of ready currency. From the survey results we can observe that the depositors were not having any reluctance to deposit in the Society. It clearly indicate that demonetisation and the move of central government was not affected the trust of depositor with the Co-operative societies. The study concluded that TTCTMCS had overcome the post demonetisation era. But Bank should increase the proportion of savings deposits in total deposits. The increasing trend in fixed deposit is not advisable for the reason that, it attract higher rate of interest and hence they are costly deposits and spread ratio reveals that the Bank should take care to control its interest expenses and take steps to increase its income from interest items. 171 Suggestions  Bank should increase the proportion of savings deposits in total deposits. The increasing trend in fixed deposit is not advisable for the reason that, it attract higher rate of interest and hence they are costly deposits  Spread ratio reveals that the Bank should take care to control its interest expenses and take steps to increase its income from interest items.  Bank should put some efforts to maintain the spread margin and improve the profitability level of Bank.  Provide innovative financial instruments and attract youngsters to the Co-operative Banks.  The Society can generate more income by deploying the borrowed funds into loans and advances.  Loans should be given genuine members checking the needs and repaying capacity  The Society should expand their non-Banking activities, thus we can increase the non interest income. 3.1.4 Performance Evaluation of Thiruvalla Primary Co-operative Agricultural and Rural Development Bank Ltd.A.159 Krishnapriya T S Dr. G Veerakumaran - Professor The study entitled “Performance Evaluation of Thiruvalla Primary Co-operative Agricultural and Rural Development Bank Ltd No.A.159” has been undertaken with the objective of to evaluate the financial performance of Thiruvalla Primary Co-operative Agricultural and Rural Development Bank and to examine the perception and response of members on demonetisation. The period of study was five years from 2011-12 to 2015-16. The study was based on both primary data and secondary data. The primary data were collected from 60 member respondents on the basis of the structured interview schedules. The secondary data were collected from the audit reports and financial statement of the Bank. The financial performance was analyzed mainly with the help of financial ratios. The performance was measured from three dimensions viz.efficiency in mobilization of funds, efficiency in deployment of funds and operational efficiency. The tools of financial analysis such as ratios and growth index were used for analyzing the data. The financial performance of the Bank revealed that it had a strong financial base. This is reflected from its high working capital, increasing deposits and less borrowing. The Bank showed great efficiency in mobilization and deployment of funds. However the profit level of the Bank is not satisfactory during the study period. The Bank has high spread ratio whereas burden ratio shows a fluctuating trend during the reference period. These ratios give a fair idea of past performance of Bank. The study concludes that Bank should initiate strategies for reduction of costs, maximization of 172 revenues and optimal utilization of resources including the human resources. The Bank should also try to augment the profit out of its Banking increasing the proportion of savings deposits and fixed deposits in total deposits. The survey was conducted among 45 member borrowers and 15 member depositors. By analyzing the survey results it was found that the demonetisation has affected the regular income of 41 percent of the respondents. Majority of the respondents were completely accepting the demonetisation move. Majority of the respondents accepted that prime motive of demonetisation was against black money and corruption. Unavailability of money was the major problem during demonetisation. No one took loans during the period of demonetisation. However the trust of customers has not vanished. The attitude of the Bank towards the customers during the period of study was satisfactory. Suggestions  The Bank should mobilize the borrowed funds in cost effective manner and should depend more on owned funds.  The Bank must ensure that no funds lie idle and they are deployed in a most remunerative way.  The Bank should take adequate measure to increase the level of recovery, and thereby reduce the amount of overdue arises each year.  The Bank should control the non-interest expenses and at the same time should try to improve the non-interest income of the Bank to achieve a greater decline in the burden ratio.  The Bank should control interest expenses to achieve a positive spread ratio.  Agriculture plays a vital role for sustenance of human being, thus it is important to promote agriculture by way of providing agricultural credit at a lower rate. So the Bank has to increase their credit flow to agriculture.  The Bank should take adequate measures to nullify the effect of demonetisation by attracting new depositors and loanee members.  The Bank should take suitable steps to maintain the trust of members towards the Bank.  The Bank should start to provide e-Banking facilities to members to sustain in the competitive economy. 3.1.5 Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Eramala Service Co-operative Bank Ltd. No F .1044 Anjana K K Dr. P Shaheena - Professor & Associate Dean The study entitled “Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Eramala Service Cooperative Bank Ltd No F.1044” has undertaken with the objective of examining the financial 173 performance of the Bank, analysing the effect of demonetisation and to examine the perception of members and non-members on demonetisation. The period of study was ten years from 2006-07 to 2015-16 for financial analysis. And two years monthly data was also collected to analyse the effect of demonetisation. The study was based on primary and secondary data. The primary data was collected through survey method using well-structured questionnaire. The sample size of the study is limited to 60 customers (30 depositors and 30 borrowers).The performance was measured from three dimensions viz; efficiency in mobilization of funds, efficiency in deployment of funds and operational efficiency. The tools of financial analysis such as ratios and growth index were used for analysing the data. Five important variables were used to analyse the effect of demonetisation such as deposit mobilization, Loan disbursement, and Recovery position, Loan outstanding and overdue. The financial performance of the Bank revealed that it had a strong financial base. This is reflected from its high working capital, increasing deposits, and high investment. For the last ten years Bank was running in profit. The study reveals that the business operations of ESCB were affected during the crucial months of demonetisation. Deposit mobilization, Loan disbursement and Recovery have decreased during demonetisation period. The study revealed that even though Co-operatives are influencing the customers in a profound way, the customers were not adversely much affected by the demonetisation move and the corresponding consequences in the case of ESCB .During the period of demonetisation majority of the respondents face cash crunch/ availability of ready currency which was managed with the help of nationalized Banks to a limited extent as majority of the respondents were holding accounts in nationalized Banks even prior to demonetisation. However demonetisation and the move of central government did not lead to loss of trust of customers with the Co-operative Banks. The study concluded that ESCB had overcome the post demonetisation era. Bank should increase the proportion of savings deposits in total deposits. The increasing trend in fixed deposit is not advisable for the reason that, it attract higher rate of interest and hence they are costly deposits. Even though the net profit of the Bank shows an increasing trend, the gross profit from non-Banking activities shows a negative value which should be effectively managed to get higher profit. Suggession  The Bank should attract more CASA deposits than fixed deposits and other deposits as this is low cost deposit part of deposit mix which can highly contribute to the credit and working capital.  The Bank must ensure that no fund lie idle and they are deployed in most remunerative way.  The Bank should take adequate measure to increase the level of recovery, and thereby reduce the amount of overdue arise in each year. 174  The Bank should control the non-interest expense and at the same time should try to improve the non-interest income of the Bank.  The Bank has to collet deposits as well as disburses loans and advances in balanced way so as to reduce seasonal variation.  The Bank should take adequate measures to nullify the effect of demonetisation by attracting new depositors and new loanee members  Management should take efforts to increase the income from non-Banking activities. 3.1.6 Financial Performance and Effect of demonetisation on Kalamassery Service Cooperative Bank Ltd.No.3064 Juliya Jose Dr. E. Vinaikumar - Professor The study entitled “Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Kalamassery Service Co-operative Bank Ltd No.3064” has undertaken with the objective of examining the financial performance of the Society and also toanalyse the effect of demonetisation on the Society. The period of study was ten years from 2005-06 to 2014-15 for financial analysis. And two years’ monthly data was also collected to analyse the effect of demonetisation. The study was based on primary and secondary data. The performance was measured from three dimensions viz; efficiency in mobilization of funds, efficiency in deployment of funds and operational efficiency. The tools of financial analysis such as ratios and growth index were used for analyzing the data. Five important variables were used to analyse the effect of demonetisation such as deposit mobilization, Loan disbursement, Recovery position, Loan outstanding& Purchase and sale of medicines in Co-operative medical store. The primary data was collected through survey method using well-structured questionnaire. The financial performance of the Bank revealed that it had a strong financial base. This is reflected from its high working capital and increasing deposits. For last ten years Bank was running in profit. The study reveals that the business operations of KSCB’s were affected during the crucial months of demonetisation. Deposit Mobilization, Loan Disbursement and Recovery have decreased; Loan Outstanding and Overdue have increased. Cooperatives are very near to customers. During the period of demonetisation majority of the respondents face the cash crunch/ availability of ready currency. From the survey results we can have observed that the depositors were not having any reluctance to deposit in the Society. It clearly indicates that demonetisation and the move of central government was not affected the trust of depositor with the Co-operative societies. The study concluded that KSCB had overcome the post demonetisation era. But Bank should increase the proportion of savings deposits in total deposits. The increasing trend in fixed deposit is not advisable for the reason that, it attract higher 175 rate of interest and hence they are costly deposits and take steps to increase its income from noninterest items through more diversification of activities. Suggestions  KSCB should reduce the borrowings to reduce the cost of funds and should depend more on the owned funds.  The Bank should deploy their funds in an effective and remunerative manner.  KSCB should extent their non- Banking activities in a cost effective mode.  Since Bank is located in a township area it will be better to start E- Banking facilities and establish more ATM counters to attract new and young customers.  Opening of new branches of the Bank will increase the publicity as well as access to the customers.  In this technological era a website is essential for projecting the identity of the institution.  KSCB should increase the agricultural loan disbursement along with other types of loan to support the farmers directly. 3.1.7 Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Karuvannur Service Cooperative Bank ltd no.112 Dhilshi M R Dr. Flowarin A D - Teaching Assistant The study entitled “Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Karuvannur Service Co-operative Bank Ltd No.112 (KSCB) has undertaken with the objective of examining the financial performance of the Bank and also to analyse the effect of demonetisation on the Bank. The period of study was ten years from 2006-07 to 2015-16 for financial analysis and last two years (2015-16 to 2016-17) monthly data was also collected to analyse the effect of demonetisation. The study was based on primary and secondary data. The performance was measured from three dimensions viz; efficiency in mobilization of funds, efficiency in deployment of funds and operational efficiency. The tools of financial analysis such as ratios and growth index were used for analyzing the data. Six important variables were used to analyse the effect of demonetisation such as deposit mobilization, Loan disbursement, Recovery position, Loan outstanding, Overdue and Purchase and sale from non-Banking activities. The primary data was collected through survey method using well-structured questionnaire. The financial performance of the Bank revealed that, it had a strong financial base; this is reflected from its high working capital, increasing deposits, less borrowing. The study reveals that the business operations of KSCB were affected during the crucial months of demonetisation. Deposit Mobilization, Loan Disbursement and Recovery have decreased; Loan Outstanding and Overdue have increased. Co-operatives are 176 very near to customers. In Karuvannur region majority of them are depending on KSCB and their savings were with the Society. During the period of demonetisation majority of the respondents faced the cash crunch/ availability of ready currency. From the survey results it can observe that, the depositors were not having any reluctance to deposit in the Society. It clearly indicate that, the demonetisation and the action of central government was not affected the trust of depositor with the Co-operative societies. The study concluded that KSCB overcame the post demonetisation era, but the Bank should increase the proportion of savings deposits in total deposits. The increasing trend in fixed deposit is not advisable for the reason that, it attract higher rate of interest and hence they are costly deposits and spread ratio reveals that the Bank should take care to control its interest expenses and take steps to increase its income from interest items. Suggestions  Bank should increase the proportion of savings deposits and current deposits in total deposits. The increasing trend in fixed deposit is not advisable for the reason that, it attract higher rate of interest and hence they are costly deposits.  The Bank should mobilize the borrowed funds in cost effective manner and should depend more on owned funds.  The Bank must ensure that no funds lie idle and they are deployed in a most remunerative way.  The Bank should take adequate measure to increase the level of recovery and thereby reduce the amount of overdue arises each year.  The Bank should control the non-interest expenses and at the same time should try to improve the non-interest income of the Bank to achieve a greater decline in the burden ratio.  The Bank should control interest expenses to achieve a positive spread ratio.  Agriculture plays a vital role for sustenance of human being, thus it is important to promote agriculture by way of providing agricultural credit at a lower rate. So the Bank has to increase their credit flow to agriculture.  The Bank should take adequate measures to nullify the effect of demonetisation by attracting new depositors and loanee members. 177 3.1.8 Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Peringandoor Service Cooperative Bank Ltd No.297 Bimi T A Dr. G Veerakumaran - Professor The study entitled “Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Peringandoor Service Co-operative Bank Ltd No: 297” has undertaken with the objective of examining the financial performance of the Bank and also to analyse the effect of demonetisation on PSCB. The period of study was ten years from 2005-06 to 2014-15 for financial analysis and two years monthly data from April 2015 to March 2017 were collected to analyse the effect of demonetisation. The study was based on primary and secondary data. The financial performance was measured from three dimensions viz; Efficiency in Mobilization of Funds, Efficiency in Deployment of Funds and Operational Efficiency. The tools of financial analysis such as ratios and growth index were used for analyzing the data. Six important variables were used to analyse the effect of demonetisation such as Deposit Mobilization, Loan Disbursement, Recovery position, Loan Outstanding, Overdue and income and Expenses of Non-Banking activities. The primary data was collected through survey method using well-structured questionnaire. The financial performance of the Bank revealed that it had a strong financial base. This is reflected from its high working capital, increasing deposits, less borrowing. For the past ten years Bank was running in profit. The study reveals that the demonetisation had affected the business operations of PSCB. During this period Deposit Mobilization has increased, Loan Disbursement and Recovery have decreased, no changes could be witnessed in the outstanding position of Loans and Loan Overdue has increased. Cooperatives are very near to customers. During the period of demonetisation majority of the respondents face the cash crunch/ availability of ready currency. From the survey results it is observed that the depositors were not having any reluctance to deposit in the Bank. It clearly indicates that demonetisation and the move of central government have not affected the trust of depositor with the Co-operative societies. The study concluded that PSCB had overcome the post demonetisation era. But Bank should increase the proportion of savings deposits in total deposits. The increasing trend in fixed deposit is not advisable for the reason that, it attract higher rate of interest and hence they are costly deposits and spread ratio reveals that the Bank should take care to control its interest expenses and take steps to increase its income from interest items. Suggestions  The Bank should mobilize the borrowed funds in cost effective manner and should depend more on owned funds. 178  Bank should increase the proportion of savings deposits and current deposits in total deposits. The increasing trend in fixed deposit is not advisable for the reason that, it attract higher rate of interest and hence they are costly deposits.  The Bank must ensure that no funds lie idle and they are deployed in a most remunerative way.  The Bank should take adequate measure to increase the level of recovery, and thereby reduce the amount of overdue arises each year.  The Bank should sustain their non-Banking activities of the Bank in a profitable manner.  Agriculture plays a vital role for sustenance of human being, thus it is important to promote agriculture by way of providing agricultural credit at a lower rate. So the Bank has to increase their credit flow to agriculture.  The Bank should start to provide e-Banking facilities to members to sustain in the competitive economy. 3.1.9 Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Chalakudy Service Cooperative Bank Ltd No. R.192 Mishel Mariya Joy Dr. Flowarin A D - Teaching Assistant The study entitled “Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Chalakudy Service Co-operative Bank Ltd No.R.192” has undertaken with the objective of examining the financial performance of the Society and also to analyse the effect of demonetisation on the Society. The period of study was ten years from 2006-07 to 2015-16 for financial analysis. And two years monthly data was also collected to analyse the effect of demonetisation. The study was based on primary and secondary data .The performance was measured from three dimensions viz; efficiency in mobilization of funds, efficiency in deployment of funds and operational efficiency. The tools of financial analysis such as ratios and growth index were used for analyzing the data. Six important variables were used to analyse the effect of demonetisation such as deposit mobilization, Loan disbursement, Recovery position, Loan outstanding. The primary data was collected through survey method using well-structured questionnaire. The financial performance of the Bank revealed that it had a strong financial base. This is reflected from its high working capital, increasing deposits etc. For last ten years Bank was running in proft. The study reveals that the Banking operations of CSCB’s were affected during the crucial months of demonetisation. Deposit Mobilization, Loan Disbursement and Recovery have decreased; Loan Outstanding and Overdue have increased. Co-operatives are very near to customers. During the period of demonetisation majority of the respondents face the cash crunch/ availability of ready currency. 179 From the survey results we can observe that the depositors were not having any reluctance to deposit in the Society. It clearly indicate that demonetisation and the move of central government was not affected the trust of depositor with the Co-operative societies. The study concluded that CSCB had overcome the post demonetisation era. But Bank should increase the proportion of savings deposits in total deposits. The increasing trend in fixed deposit is not advisable for the reason that, it attract higher rate of interest and hence they are costly deposits and spread ratio reveals that the Bank should take care to control its interest expenses and take steps to increase its income from interest items. Suggestions  The Bank should attract more current deposits and savings deposits in the deposit mix.  The Bank must ensure that no fund lie idle and they are deployed in most remunerative way.  The Bank should take adequate measure to increase the level of recovery, and thereby reduce the amount of overdue arises in each year.  The Bank should control the non- interest expense and at the same time should try to improve the non interest –income of the Bank to achieve a greater decline in the burden ratio.  The Bank should diversify its operations to various non-Banking activities.  The Bank has to collect deposits as well as disburse loans and advances in balanced way so as to reduce seasonal variation.  The Bank should take adequate measures to nullify the effect of demonetisation by attracting new depositors and loanee members.  The Bank should start to provide e-Banking facilities to its members to sustain in this competitive economy. 3.1.10 Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Ollukkara Service Cooperative Bank Ltd no.544 Shahana K S Dr. G Veerakumaran - Professor The study entitled “Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Ollukkara Service Cooperative Bank Ltd No.544” has undertaken with the objective of examining the financial performance of the Society and also to analyse the effect of demonetisation on the Society. The period of study was ten years from 2006-07 to 2015-16 for financial analysis. And five months data was also collected to analyse the effect of demonetisation. The study was based on primary and secondary data .The performance was measured from three dimensions viz; efficiency in mobilization of funds, efficiency in deployment of funds and operational efficiency. The tools of financial analysis such as ratios and growth index were used for analysing the data. Six important 180 variables were used to analyse the effect of demonetisation such as deposit mobilization, Loan disbursement, Recovery position, Loan outstanding, Overdue & Purchase and sale in the supermarket. The primary data was collected through survey method using well-structured questionnaire. The financial performance of the Bank revealed that it had a strong financial base. This is reflected from its high working capital, increasing deposits, less borrowing. For last nine years Bank was running in loss but the last year of reference period Bank was in profit. The study reveals that the business operations of OSCB’s were affected during the crucial months of demonetisation. Deposit Mobilization, Loan Disbursement and Recovery have decreased; Loan Outstanding and Overdue have increased. Co-operatives are very near to customers. In Ollukkara region majority of them are depending on OSCB and their savings were with the Society. During the period of demonetisation majority of the respondents face the cash crunch/ availability of ready currency. From the survey results we can observe that the depositors were not having any reluctance to deposit in the Society. It clearly indicate that demonetisation and the move of central government was not affected the trust of depositor with the Co-operative societies. The study concluded that OSCB had overcome the post demonetisation era. But Bank should increase the proportion of savings deposits in total deposits. The increasing trend in fixed deposit is not advisable for the reason that, it attract higher rate of interest and hence they are costly deposits and spread ratio reveals that the Bank should take care to control its interest expenses and take steps to increase its income from interest items. And the Bank should control the establishment and contingency expenses. Suggestions  The Bank should concentrate more on disbursement of fund.  Increase the spread margin by reducing interest expenses.  Cost reduction in mobilising resources and yield increase in disbursement of funds are to be ensured.  The credit to deposit ratio is not satisfactory, the Bank should kick off some steps for cost reduction in mobilizing resources and ensure yield from deployment of funds.  Provide innovative financial instruments and attract youngsters to the Co-operative Banks.  The increasing trend in fixed deposit is not advisable for the reason that fixed deposit have higher rate of interest and hence they are costly. The Bank has to mobilize current account in order to save the interest cost on total deposits. The fixed deposit has to be brought down to less than 50 per cent of total deposit. The saving and current account together must be increased to more than 50 per cent. This will be an ideal deposit mix for the Bank to ensure profitability. 181 3.1.11 Financial Performance of Mangalam Dam Milk Producers Co-operative Society Ltd. No: P.5 (D) Rinu Eldho- Dr. G Veerakumaran Professor The study entitled “Financial Performance of Mangalam Dam Milk Producers Co-operative Society Ltd No: P.5 (D)” has undertaken with the objective of evaluating the financial performance of the Society and also to study the impact of demonetisation on the Society. The period of study was ten years from 2006-07 to 2015-16 for financial analysis. And two years monthly data was also collected to analyse the effect of demonetisation. The study was based on primary and secondary data .The performance was measured from three dimensions viz; financial ratios, expense ratios, profitability ratios. The tools of financial analysis such as ratios and growth index were used for analyzing the data. Two important variables were used to analyse the effect of demonetisation such as procurement and sales of milk. The primary data was collected through survey method using well-structured questionnaire. The financial performance of the Society revealed that it had a strong financial base. This is reflected from its high working capital, reserves and gross profit.. For last ten years of reference period Society was running in profit. The study reveals that the business operations of MMPCS’s were slightly affected during the months of demonetisation. Milk procurement and sales of milk have slightly decreased. Co-operatives are very near to customers. In Mangalam Dam region majority of them are depending on MMPCS for marketing their milk. .During the period of demonetisation majority of the respondents faces the cash crunch/ availability of ready currency. From the survey results we can observe that the members were not having any reluctance to measuring milk in the Society. It indicate that demonetisation and the move of central government was not affected the trust of members with the Co-operative The increasing trend in procurement and sales of milk in MMPCS shows to concentrate the Society in processing of milk. Suggestions  The Society should attract youth to enter into dairy farming.  Create a website and Facebook page for the Society.  The increase in cost of production can affect the milk procurement, thus made effective measures to tackle the cost of production at a lower rate.  Purchase and sale of cattle feeds can increase, thereby extending the services of the Society to the dairy farmers. 182  Society should start a milk processing unit, thereby they can increase their profit.  The land available to the Society can be used to grow green fodder.  They should introduce Kiosk centres for the selling of value added products of milk.  Introduction of modern technologies in production of value added products can reduce the cost of production.  The Society should be fully computerized.  Online selling of products can also be practiced. 3.1.12 Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Karamuck Service Cooperative Bank Ltd No.16 Sandesa Dr. Flowarin A D - Teaching Assistant The study entitled “Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Karamuck Service Cooperative Bank Ltd No.16 has undertaken with the objective of examining the financial performance of the Bank and also to analyse the effect of demonetisation on the Bank. The period of study was ten years from 2006-07 to 2015-16 for financial analysis and last two years (2015-16 to 2016-17) monthly data was also collected to analyse the effect of demonetisation. The study was based on primary and secondary data. The performance was measured from three dimensions viz; efficiency in mobilization of funds, efficiency in deployment of funds and operational efficiency. The tools of financial analysis such as ratios and growth index were used for analyzing the data. Six important variables were used to analyse the effect of demonetisation such as deposit mobilization, Loan disbursement, Recovery position, Loan outstanding, Overdue and Purchase and sale from non-Banking activities. The primary data was collected through survey method using well-structured questionnaire. The financial performance of the Bank revealed that it had a strong financial base, this is reflected from its high working capital, increasing deposits. The study reveals that the business operations of KSCB were affected during the crucial months of demonetisation. Deposit Mobilization, Loan Disbursement and Recovery have decreased, Loan Outstanding and Overdue is in a stable position. In Karamuck region majority of them are depending on KSCB and their savings were with the Society. During the period of demonetisation majority of the respondents face the cash crunch/ availability of ready currency. From the survey results it can observe that the depositors were not having any reluctance to deposit in the Society. It clearly indicate that demonetisation and the move of central government was not affected the trust of depositor with the Co-operative societies. The study concluded that KSCB had overcome the post demonetisation era. But Bank should increase the proportion of savings deposits and reduce proportion of fixed deposit in total deposits. The increasing trend in fixed deposit is not advisable 183 for the reason that, it attract higher rate of interest and hence they are costly and spread ratio reveals that the Bank should take care to control its interest expenses and take steps to increase its income from interest items. The burden ratio elucidates that non-interest expenses are more than non-interest income and the Bank should take measures to control its expenses incurred from nonBanking activities. Suggestions  Due to the higher deposits mobilization interest paid to deposits is more than interest received by the Bank. The Bank has to mobilize current account in order to save the interest cost on total deposits. The fixed deposit has to be brought down to less than 50 per cent of total deposit. The saving and current account together must be increased to more than 50 per cent. This will be an ideal deposit mix for the Bank to ensure profitability.  To get higher spread ratio it will be possible only if interest received on loans and advances is more than interest paid on deposits and borrowings.  Bank should expand branches of Neethi Stores, it will help the public to get quality goods at reasonable rates and at the same time it enables the Bank to increase its profit from trading.  The Bank should improve its lending operations and thereby reduce the interest expenditure of the Bank.  Loans shall be paid to the members only after assessing the repaying capacity of the borrower. 3.1.13 Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Chennithala Triperumtura Service Co-operative Bank Ltd No.3553 Daya Dinesh Dr. E. Vinaikumar - Professor The study entitled “Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on chennithala Triperumtura Service Co-operative Bank Ltd No.3553 (CTSCB) has undertaken with the objective of examining the financial performance of the Bank and also to analyse the effect of demonetisation on the Bank. The period of study was ten years from 2006-07 to 2015-16 for financial analysis and last two years (2015-16 to 2016-17) monthly data was also collected to analyse the effect of demonetisation. The study was based on primary and secondary data. The performance was measured from three dimensions viz; efficiency in mobilization of funds, efficiency in deployment of funds and operational efficiency. The tools of financial analysis such as ratios and growth index were used for analysing the data. Six important variables were used to analyse the effect of demonetisation such as deposit mobilization, Loan disbursement, Recovery position, Loan outstanding, Overdue and Purchase and sale from non-Banking activities. The 184 primary data was collected through survey method using well-structured questionnaire. The financial performance of the Bank revealed that, it had a strong financial base; this is reflected from its high working capital, increasing deposits, less borrowing. The study reveals that the business operations of CTSCB were affected during the crucial months of demonetisation. Deposit Mobilization, Loan Disbursement and Recovery have decreased; Loan Outstanding and Overdue have increased. Co-operatives are very near to customers. In Chennithala region most of them are depending on CTSCB and their savings were with the Society. During the period of demonetisation majority of the respondents faced the cash crunch/ availability of ready currency. From the survey results it can be observed that, some of the depositors have reluctance to deposit in the Society. Demonetisation and the action of central government were only affected a minority percentage of members of the Bank. The study concluded that CTSCB overcame the post demonetisation era, but the Bank should increase the proportion of savings deposits in total deposits. The increasing trend in fixed deposit is not advisable for the reason that, it attract higher rate of interest and hence they are costly deposits and spread ratio reveals that the Bank should take care to control its interest expenses and take steps to increase its income from interest items. Suggestions  The Bank should mobilize the borrowed funds in cost effective manner and should depend more on owned funds.  The Bank must ensure that no funds lie idle and they are deployed in a most remunerative way.  The Bank should take adequate measure to increase the level of recovery, and thereby reduce the amount of overdue arises each year.  The Bank should develop non-Banking activities of the Bank in a profitable manner.  The Bank should control the non-interest expenses and at the same time should try to improve the non-interest income of the Bank to achieve a greater decline in the burden ratio.  The Bank should control interest expenses to achieve a positive spread ratio.  Agriculture plays a vital role for sustenance of human being, thus it is important to promote agriculture by way of providing agricultural credit at a lower rate. So the Bank has to increase their credit flow to agriculture.  The Bank should take adequate measures to nullify the effect of demonetisation by attracting new depositors and loanee members.  The Bank should take suitable steps to maintain the trust of members towards the Bank.  The Bank should start to provide e-Banking facilities to members to sustain in the competitive economy. 185 3.1.14 Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Pudukkad Service Cooperative Bank Ltd.580 Prayaga V R Dr. P Shaheena - Professor & Associate Dean The study entitled “Financial Performance and Effect of Demonetisation on Pudukkad Service Co-operative Bank Ltd No.580” has undertaken with the objective of examining the financial performance of the Bank and also to analyse the effect of demonetisation on the Bank. The period of study was ten years from 2006-07 to 2015-16 for financial analysis and two years monthly data was also collected to analyse the effect of demonetisation. The study was based on primary and secondary data. The financial performance was measured from three dimensions viz; efficiency in mobilization of funds, efficiency in deployment of funds and operational efficiency. The tools of financial analysis such as ratios and growth index were used for analyzing the data. Six important variables were used to analyse the effect of demonetisation such as deposit mobilization, Loan disbursement, Recovery position, Loan outstanding, Overdue and Purchase and sale from nonBanking activities. The primary data was collected through survey method using well-structured questionnaire. The financial performance of the Bank revealed that it had a strong financial base; which is reflected in its high working capital, increasing deposits, less borrowing. The study reveals that the business operations of PSCB were affected during the crucial months of demonetisation. Deposit Mobilization, Loan Disbursement and Recovery have decreased; Loan Outstanding and Overdue have increased. Co-operatives are very near to customers. In Pudukkad region majority of them are depending on PSCB and their savings were with the Society. The perceptions of the members and difficulties faced during demonitisation were analysed using primary data. During the period of demonetisation majority of the respondents faced cash crunch/ availability of ready currency. From the survey results it can be observed that the depositors were not having any reluctance to deposit in the Society. It clearly indicate that demonetisation and the move of central government was not affected the trust of depositor with the Co-operative societies. The study concluded that PSCB had overcome the post demonetisation era. But Bank should increase the proportion of savings deposits in total deposits. The increasing trend in fixed deposit is not advisable for the reason that, it attract higher rate of interest and hence they are costly deposits and spread ratio reveals that the Bank should take care to control its interest expenses and take steps to increase its income from interest items. Suggestions  Loans should be given to genuine members checking the needs and repaying capacity.  The Bank has to convert the cost bearing fund to loans and advances. 186  Provide innovative financial instruments and attract youngsters to the Co-operative Banks.  The increasing trend in fixed deposit is not advisable for the reason that fixed deposit have higher rate of interest and hence they are costly. The Bank has to mobilize current account in order to save the interest cost on total deposits. The fixed deposit has to be brought down to less than 50 per cent of total deposit. The saving and current account together must be increased to more than 50 per cent. This will be an ideal deposit mix for the Bank to ensure profitability.  The Bank should take adequate measures to nullify the effect of demonetisation by attracting new depositors and loanee members. 3.1.15 Financial analysis of Nattika-Engandiyur Fishermen Development and Welfare Cooperative Society Ltd No.18/87/CZ Anjaly K S Mrs. Misha Davis A - Associate Professor The study entitled “Financial analysis of Nattika-Engandiyur Fishermen Development and Welfare Co-operative Society Ltd No: 18/87/czhas undertaken with the objective of evaluating the financial performance of the Society and also to examine the problems faced by the members in general and also during the demonetisation period. The period of study was ten years from 2006-07 to 2015-16 for financial analysis and last two years (2015-16 to 2016-17) monthly data was also collected to analyse the effect of demonetisation. The Society undertakes other business activities like Neethi medical store and fish auction.The study was based on primary and secondary data. The performance was measured from two dimensions viz; efficiency in mobilization of funds and efficiency in deployment of funds. The tools of financial analysis such as ratios and growth index were used for analysing the data. Three important variables were used to analyse the effect of demonetisation such as deposit mobilization, Neethi sales and Revenue from auction. The primary data was collected through survey method using well-structured questionnaire. The financial performance of the Bank revealed that, it had a financial base which is only satisfactory. The study reveals that theeffect of demonetisation on the non-Banking activities of NEFDWCS were negligible. Fishermen in the Society depends on Society for meeting the capital requirement and Society helps them to fetch good value for their catch by arranging auction in the landing centres. From the survey results it can observe that most of the members in the Society accepted the demonetisation move forward by central government and cooperate with the Society. It clearly indicate that, the demonetisation and the action of central government was not affected the trust of members with the Co-operative societies. The study concluded that NEFDWCS overcame the post demonetisation era, but the biggest challenge faced by the Society is huge accumulated loss over the previous years. For the Society there is scope for mobilizing more deposits by suitable 187 schemes, thereby improving the working capital position of the Society. Education and training to the BOD, members and the staff has to be given important since it can improve the efficiency of the Society by introducing professionalized management and the problems faced by the Society could be minimized through this. Suggestions  The Society can think of schemes for providing interest on savings of the members.  As the respondents are showed interest in joining schemes like chit fund the Society can start monthly deposit scheme (MDS). So that the savings if any of the members can be mobilized by the Society itself.  Society can strengthen its internal control system by having appropriate internal check, so that the discrepancies are found out at an earlier stage.  Lack of professional management has been noticed in each and every aspects of the Society .So that ensure the timely appointment of permanent staffs. 3.2 Effect of demonetisation in small trade 3.2.1 Marketing Practices of Retail Flower Sellers with Special Reference to Pre & Post Demonetisation Nimisha B Mrs. Varnana Nair - Teaching Assistant The study entitled “Marketing Practices of Retail Flower Sellers with Special Reference to Pre & Post Demonetisation” has been undertaken with the objective of examining the changes in the marketing practices, problems faced and problem solving measures adopted by retail flower sellers after demonetisation. The study is mainly based on retail flower sellers in the Thrissur district, were selected conveniently for the collection of primary data. Secondary data were collected from published sources. The data thus obtained were analyzed by using relevant statistical tool and techniques and simple percentages formed the basis of analysis. The details regarding the procurement and sales of flowers before and after demonetisation, problems and measures adopted etc were identified from the selected respondents and satisfaction level of respondents were identified. Retailers faced a lot of problems during demonetisation and it leads to decrease their purchase, sales, profit volume. There were no change in the source of procurement, mode of payment and receipt, mode of transportation after demonetisation. No one is using credit and epayment mode. Most of the retailers are un-satisfied with demonetisation. Sellers faced problems related to competition, price fluctuation, purchase and sales, demand, payment and receipts, transportation etc. Generally, their daily transactions with buyers and sellers in cash, so, they faced 188 losses and business dipped sharply during demonetisation. Because of the Great demonetisation effort that aimed to clean out the black market's cash supply and counterfeit notes, some sectors of the economy continue struggling with the lack of readily available cash, grassroots businesses are still being revolutionized with electronic payment capabilities, and the demonetisation undertaken by the government is a large shock to the economy. The retail flower markets are the worst hit by the short supply of currency notes of lower denominations. The effect of the demonetisation on retail flower sellers was instant, because their daily transactions were in liquid cash. Demonetisation is considered as a stepping stone to convert the economy to cashless economy. Government should take measures to create awareness regarding the usage of e-payment options to recoup with the similar situation in future. Suggestions  Government should take measures to create awareness among sellers regarding the usage of e payments to recoup the situation  All retail flower sellers should take insurance coverage  There should be proper market intelligence system to retail flower market 3.2.2 Rural Consumer Buying Behavior towards FMCG Products with Special Reference to Pre & Post Demonetisation Varsha M M Mrs. Divya Vijayan - Teaching Assistant The study entitled “Rural Consumer Buying Behavior towards FMCG Products with Special Reference to Pre and Post Demonetisation” was conducted in Paralam Grama Panchayat of Thrissur district with the objectives to study the rural consumer buying behavior and to identify the problems faced by consumers for the purchase of FMCG products after demonetisation and problem solving mechanisms. The study was conducted in 60 households of Paralam Panchayat of Thrissur district. Panchayat and two wards (5, 6) were selected by using stratified random sampling and 60 consumers selected by simple random sampling. The products selected are rice powder, wheat powder, tea, coffee, detergent, toothpaste. The study was based on both primary and secondary data and collected from the respondents through personal interview method by administering a pre-structured schedule contained statements related to the socio-economic profile of the respondents, Consumption pattern of consumers, Effect of demonetisation on quantity and amount of purchase, Mode of payment before and after demonetisation, Problems faced by consumers for purchase of FMCG products, Measures adopted to address the problem. Analysis was done with the help of statistical tools like percentages and indices. 189 Study revealed that majority of rural consumer’s surveyed made purchase with respect to near to residence, price affordability, quality of product etc. Quantity of purchase of each products such as rice powder, wheat powder, tea, coffee, detergent, toothpaste was not changed before and after demonetisation. As well as money spends for each product were not changed after demonetisation (similar expenditure pattern). Surveyed all rural consumers always made cash purchase and only 2 consumers out of 60 consumers made credit purchase before and after demonetisation. They are not used e-payments due to unaware about e-payments, its use and how to operate. Rural consumers reluctant to open A/C in Bank. That’s the major reason for not using e-payments. Lack of changes for higher denomination notes was not affected for purchasing of FMCG products. Frequencies of purchase of FMCG product were same as before demonetisation. Demand for FMCG products had not changed after demonetisation. In short, according to findings of survey understand that rural consumers were not faced any problems like difficulty in purchase of products because of limited cash availability, lack of changes for higher denomination notes etc. to purchase of product during demonetisation. Overall it concluded that demonetisation not affected rural consumers for purchase of FMCG products. Suggestion Every rural consumers should open an A/C in Bank because of majority of rural people had not any A/C in Bank. 3.2.3 Marketing Practices of Retail Fish Sellers; With Special Reference to Pre &Post Demonetisation Dhanya A Mohanan Dr. K N Ushadevi - Professor Fisheries sector is one of the major productive sectors of Kerala. Kerala has a million strong fishing communities of which 2.39 lakhs are active fishermen and the rest their dependents. The survival of a million poor people depends on the fate of the fishing industry. Demonetisation is the act of stripping a currency unit of its status as legal tender. It occurs whenever there is a change of national currency: The current form or forms of money is pulled from circulation and retired, often to be replaced with new notes or coins. Sometimes, a country completely replaces the old currency with new currency. Demonetisation announced on November 8, 2016 has impacted various sectors of the economy in varying degrees and it also affected the fisheries sector in the economy. 190 The study ‘Marketing practices of retail fish sellers; with special reference to pre & post demonetisation was undertaken to analyse the changes in the marketing practices and to examine the problems faced and problem solving measures adopted by fish retailers after demonetisation. The study was confined to the Thrissur Corporation area of Thrissur district. Both primary and secondary data were required for this study. The primary data were collected through a sample survey of the 30 fish retailers through interview method by administrating a structured schedule. For collecting primary data, 15 licenced fish sellers and 15 road-side petty sellers were selected from the area based on convenience sampling. Secondary data were collected through books, journals and relevant websites. The objectives of the study were analysed with the help of percentage analysis and rank order scale. Both licenced and un-licensed retailers are prominent in fish retailing. Sellers were purchased fish mainly from auctioneers and wholesalers. All the respondents are aged between 30 to 60 years. Majority of the respondents (90 percent) were males and only limited numbers of the respondents were educated up to plus two. Demonetisation unaffected with variables such as source of procurement, time of sale and mode of transportation. But it negatively affected with variables such as quantity of procurement, mode of payment, frequency of payment, number of customers, sales (both in terms of quantity and value of fish), mode of receipts, frequency of receipts and profit margin etc. The study shows that in short-term demonetisation had negative impact on fish sellers. There are many problems faced by retail fish sellers from procurement to sale of fish. Problems related to payment& receipts, demand, purchase & sale, competition from other sellers, price fluctuations and transportation are the common problems responded by the fish retailers. And it becomes worse at the time of demonetisation. Reduction in the profit margin, promotion of credit sale to daily customers, reduction in the quantity of procurement and sale, suppliers are paid after the complete sale of fish, acceptance of old notes and shift to cheque payment system are the solving measures adopted by them. The study also highlighted the lack of adequate support from government and other institution. As a whole, we could able to conclude that demonetisation is considered as a stepping stone to convert the economy to cashless economy. Government should take measures to create awareness regarding the usage of e-payment options to recoup with the similar situation in future. Because in future there is no option other than going for e-payment mode. The habit of using digital payment systems like Bank cards (Debit / Credit / Cash / Travel / Others) E-wallets, POS machines etc will help to solve the majority of the problems listed. An immediate intervention is not practically feasible in the present scenario. The gradual changes in the prospects of fish marketing through various steps taken by the Government could solve the issues. 191 Suggestions  Demonetisation is considered as a stepping stone to convert the economy to cashless economy. Therefore a, long term solution to be evolved by inculcating the habit of using digital payment systems like Bank cards (Debit / Credit / Cash / Travel / Others) e-wallets, POS machines etc.  Government should take measures to create awareness regarding the usage of e-payment options to recoup with the similar situation in future. Because in future there is no option other than going for e-payment mode.  The government support may be extended to the fish retailers to recoup in the situation at least at the time of crisis. As a whole we could able to conclude that an immediate intervention is not practically feasible in the present scenario.  The gradual changes in the prospects of fish marketing through various steps taken by the Government could solve the issues. 3.2.4 Marketing Practice of Retail Fruit and Vegetable Sellers with Special Reference to Pre and Post Demonetisation Abitha Babu Mrs. Varnana Nair - Teaching Assistant The study entitled “Marketing Practice of Retail Fruit and Vegetable Sellers with Special Reference to Pre & Post Demonetisation” has been undertaken with the objective of examining the changes in the marketing practices, problems faced and problem solving measures adopted by retail fruits and vegetables sellers after demonetisation. The study is mainly based on retail fruit and vegetable sellers in the Thrissur district were selected conveniently for the collection of primary data. Secondary data were collected from published sources. The data thus obtained were analyzed by using relevant statistical tool and techniques and simple percentages formed the basis of analysis. The details regarding the procurement and sales of fruit and vegetables before and after demonetisation, problems and measures adopted etc were identified from the selected respondents and satisfaction level of respondents were identified. Retailers faced a lot of problems during demonetisation and it leads to decrease their sales volume only for a short period of time but their impacts were huge. Generally, their daily transactions with buyers and sellers in cash, they faced losses and business dipped sharply during demonetisation. The fruit and vegetable markets are the worst hit by the short supply of currency notes of lower denominations. The impact of the demonetisation on vegetable and fruit sellers was instant, because their daily transactions were in liquid cash. Hence their business in the market dipped sharply. As business has declined, workers get less work and lower earnings and have had to get into debt to meet their daily expenses. The bold and decisive measure to curb tax evasion and parallel economy 192 government’s resolve to eliminate corruption, black money, counterfeit currency and terror funding. It drop down the economic activity, if any, to be temporary for a long term benefits including reduced corruption, greater digitization, increased flow of financial savings and greater formulation of the economy. Pace of remonetization has picked up and soon reach comfortable level. As a whole, we could able to conclude that demonetisation is considered as a stepping stone to convert the economy to cashless economy. Government should take measures to create awareness regarding the usage of e-payment options to recoup with the similar situation in future. Suggestions  Ensuring more availability of currency note with small denominations and creating a good relation with suppliers and customers  Create more awareness regarding the usage of e payment  Follow the advises of the financial intuitions 193 1. PLACEMENT IN DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENTS/AGENCIES Fig 1.1 Field visit to Tholur Krishi Bhavan Fig 1.2 Field visit to Tholur Grama Panchayat Fig 1.3 Field visit to Apex Voluntary Agency for Rural Development (AVARD) Fig 1.4 Field visit to Thrissur Service Co-Operative Bank Ltd No.R.1097 2. ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME Fig 2.5 (b) Sales centre of ‘Priyadashini Tea Environs’ Fig 2.6 Scultpures depicting culture and life stlye of adivasis of wayanad Fig 2.7 A transect walk in Tea Estate Fig 2.8 Natural beauty of ‘Priyadarshini Tea Estate’ Fig 2.9 (a) Tea garden of ‘Priyadarshini Tea Estate’ Fig 2.10 (b) Tea garden of ‘Priyadarshini Tea Estate’ Fig 2.11 Mechanised plucking of tea leaves in tea estate Fig 2.12 Tea Producing Factory of ‘Priyadarshini Tea Estate’ Fig 2.13 Various stages of tea production- withering machine Fig 2.14 Various stages of tea production- withering process Fig 2.15 Rotovane Machineries Fig 2.16 Interaction with Mr. sreelal V.C (Assistant Manager, Marketing &Transport, MTPC) Fig 2.17 CTC machine Fig 2.18 Fermenting drum Fig 2.19 (a) Sifter Machine Fig 2.19 (b) Sifter machine Fig 2.20 Speranza team at ‘Priyadarshini Tea Estate’ Fig 2.21 Visit to SUBICSHA food processing unit Fig 2.22 Matured Coconut kernals procured for processing Fig 2.23 (a) Machineries used for copra processing Fig 2.23(b) Machineries used for copra processing Fig 2.24 Packing of Coconut oil Fig 2.25 Packed SUBICSHA coconut oil Fig 2.26(a) Interactive sessions with Supervisor of ‘SUBICSHA’ Food Processing unit Fig 2.26(b) Interactive sessions with supervisor of ‘SUBICSHA’ Food Processing unit Fig 2.27 Office of SUBICSHA at Perambra Block Panchayat Fig 2.28 Interactive sessions with sri. M Kunhammed Master (Chairman of ‘SUBICSHA’) Fig 2.29 Products of ‘SUBICSHA’ processing unit 3. VILLAGE STAY PROGRAMME – GRAMIKA 2K17 Fig 3.30 Inauguration of Gramika 2k17 Fig 3.31 Interactive session with farmers Fig 3.32(a) Preparation of Vegetable garden –Students hands on Experience Fig 3.32(b) ) Preparation of Vegetable garden –Students hands on Experience Fig 3.33(a) Method of demonstartion bottle gardening Fig 3.33(b) Method of demonstartion bottle gardening Fig 3.34 (a) Endowment distribution for farmers Fig 3.34 (b) Endowment distribution for farmer Fig 3.35 Class by Sri. P Krishnan( Director, Abhayam NGO) Fig 3.36(a) PRA Exercise with Kudumbasree members Fig 3.36(b) PRA Exercise with Kudumbasree members Fig 3.36(c) PRA Exercise with Kudumbasree members Fig 3.37(a) Inaugural Session of Agricultural Exhibition Fig 3.37(b) Sales Counter Of Agricultural Exhibition Fig 3.38(a) Hand on experience in the paddy field Fig 3.38(b) Hand on experience in the paddy field Fig 3.39 Cleaning land for cultivation Fig 3.40 Discussion with entrepreneur of Arecanut processing unit, Othaloor Fig 3.41 Exposure visit to, Sri. Majeed Master- Progressive farmer field Fig 3.42 Valedictory function Fig 3.42 Good moments with progressive farmers VILLAGE NEWS PROGRAM IN VARIOUS NEWSPAPERS DESHABHIMANI MATHRUBHUMI OTHER NEWSPAPERS....... WORK EXPERIENCE PROGRAMME The final semester of B.Sc.(Hons.) Co-operation and Banking is earmarked exclusively for work experience proramme which includes financial institutions, agri-business enterprises, training modules in the Department Of Co-operation, Co-operative Institutions, Entrepreneurship Development Programme(EDP), Panchayati Raj Institutions, NGO’s, Krishi Bhavans, and Village Stay Programme. The main objectives of RAWE programme includes:• To help the students to familiarize with socio-economic conditions of farmers and the rural society and the management practices of various rural development agencies, institutions and programmes. • To study the working of agricultural support institutions like Co-operatives, financial institutions, Commodity boards, Agri-business organizations, NGO’s. • To impart the skills in project work and preparation of project reports • To enhance confidence and competence by providing field exposure in order improve organizational and managerial skill. PROGRAMME SCHEDULE OF WORK EXPERIENCE PROGRAMME KERALA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF CO-OPERATION, BANKING AND MANAGEMENT, VELLANIKKARA No. CBM/Academic (2)/- Date- Sub: RAWE calendar - to 19 .06.2017) (148days) – 2013 Admission- Reg SL. Particulars Duration 1 Registration 28.12.16 2 Orientation Programme (Phase I) - to- 3 EDP module - to- 4 Field Training (i) Placement in Development No Departments/Agencies (ii) a.Grama Panchayat - to- b.Krishi Bhavan - to- c.NGOs - to- Placement in Co-operative Banking and Other sectors a. Agricultural Credit Cooperatives - to- b. Consumer Cooperatives - to- c. Marketing Cooperatives - to- d. Dairy Cooperatives - to- e. Commodity Boards/ Agri-business organization - to- f. Commercial Banks - to Reporting at College& Meeting the Guide - Orientation on Placement in Department of Co- - operation - 5 8 Placement in Department of Co-operation a. Audit Wing - to- b. General Wing - to- Reporting at college and compilation work - (AW,GW) 9 Meeting with RAWE Coordinator & Compilation - to- of report(Institutional Visit module) 10 Meeting with Guide , Orientation to Research - to- methodology and Placement in institution selected for project work(Phase 1) 11 Reporting to Guide and preparation of project - to- proposal 12 Presentation of project proposal - to- 13 Orientation to Research methodology, - to- Placement in institution selected for project work , conduct of Project work and preparation of project report (Phase 11) 12 Submission of final project report for evaluation Panel - (Phase III) 13 Seminar, evaluation and viva - to- 14 Correction and fine tuning for ready to print format- to- and preliminary preparatory work for conduct of village stay programme 15 Submission of bound volume of project report - 16 Preparation for village stay programme - to- 17 Village Stay Programme - to- 18 Compilation work for final report submitted to - to- funding agency and 19 End of RAWE programme -